Perceptual and Motor Skills

This report describes a standardized training and sensory screening procedure which was used to obtain 7 separate lingual vibrotactile thresholds for each of 5 normal subjects during a 30-day interval. Baseline observations of lingual sensitivity were highly consistent and occurred within a narrow range of contractor displacements. The authors conclude that the screening method provides a quick and reliable clinical tool for general diagnostic use and discuss directions for continued research applications.

This study explored the hypothesis that Japanese children perform significantly better on simultaneous processing than on sequential processing. The K-ABC served as the criterion of the two types of mental processing. Regression equations to predict Sequential and Simultaneous processing from McCarthy performance were derived from three validity studies of the K-ABC in which 123 American children were tested on both the McCarthy Scales and the K-ABC and were applied to Lynn's analysis of Japanese McCarthy standardization data. Results of these analyses supported the hypothesis that Japanese children show a preference for simultaneous processing across virtually the entire 2 1/2- to 8 1/2-yr. age range.

Although reaction time is one of the most common measures of neurological function, protocols often do not take into consideration many of the extraneous factors that may invalidate such assessments. This paper discusses several issues related to matters of instrumentation, subject control, design of assessment, and interpretation. Twenty recommendations are provided as a guideline for those who assess reaction time of clients or patients. While these suggestions are not proposed as definitive or complete, the points should serve as a guide to young researchers as well as a checklist for more seasoned experimenters.

A nonstandard group format of the Ammonses' Quick Test was administered to 40 third grade Acadian-French and 31 Anglophone children in Nova Scotia, Canada. The difference in mean scores for number of English words identified correctly was not statistically significant. The results are discussed in terms of the methodology of testing vocabulary and the additive value of English.

Since copying span has been said to reflect text difficulty, copying span may reflect learners' written language ability when text is held constant. The present study investigated this hypothesis, using as subjects 43 adult women who were learning English as a second language. Analysis showed that copying span moderately correlates with reading, dictation, and spelling ability. Individual differences in imbalance between reading and writing abilities seem to lower the magnitude of the correlation. An optimal text in terms of difficulty and length for the copying task is needed and remains an important matter for further research.

The youngest subject (age 5) participating in the 1986 evaluation studies published in this Journal returned 25 mo. after finishing REHABIT training. This boy's test scores showed a significant decline in verbal ability. It was concluded that follow-up studies of REHABIT clients are necessary and that such clients should be cautioned that regression may occur.

42 Japanese preschoolers were administered tasks of copying, reading, and writing of Japanese kana (cursive syllabic letters) and simple forms. Multiple regression analyses were used to determine whether two kana-copying measures, speed and span, make significant contributions to children's reading and writing achievement after a conventional form-quality measure had been controlled. Analysis showed that speed or span accounts uniquely for a significant and sizable amount of the variance of reading and writing, suggesting that kana-copying is a good predictor of reading and writing for Japanese preschoolers.

American (31 men, 31 women) and Japanese (69 men) students showed significant agreement in responses to 30 nonverbal projective differential items on the topics GOOD and STRONG. A projective differential item consists of a pairing of abstract visual images, and the response is a rapidly made choice of the one image from a pairing that seems “somehow” to be more like the topic being rated. Present results are discussed in the context of developing a nonverbal method for cross-cultural measurement of attitudes toward various topics.

The present study investigated the effects of the use of the right and left hands on haptic identification of letters of the alphabet. Each of the 64 right-handed subjects was given three series of randomly ordered presentations of the 26 letters of the alphabet. The subjects were asked to feel each letter and name correctly each letter as quickly but as accurately as possible. Analysis showed faster identification by those subjects using their left hands on Series 1 with no hand-differences appearing on Series 2 and 3. Significant over-all improvement in identification time occured with practice. The results were interpreted in terms of a novelty hypothesis of right-hemisphere function and an explanation of perceptual learning of letter identification.

The Boehm Test of Basic Concepts and the Gates-MacGinitie Readiness Skills test were compared on predicting reading achievement in Grades 1 and 4. Both tests were significant predictors of achievement in both grades. These findings show that the Boehm test has utility as a predictor of reading achievement and as a practical alternative to readiness tests.

We studied the correlation of one measure of imagery ability, the Visual Elaboration Scale, with two others, absorption of image and effort required to form a mental image. Significant correlations were obtained between the Visual Elaboration Scale and the other scales, with the exception of Absorption for women.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of training on subjects' ability to speechread sentences at varying visual distances of 3–6 ft., 6–12 ft., and 12–18 ft. 15 college women who received training obtained higher sentence speechreading scores than the 15 untrained women. The emphasis placed on kinesthetic feedback may have assisted the trained subjects' performance; however, distance up to 18 ft. did not appear to affect subjects' ability to speechread sentences, regardless of training.

In 1973 Manfred Clynes wrote a paper about the biocybernetics of emotion communication in which he described an experiment which seemed to point to a universal metalanguage with which human beings communicate specific emotions by touch. In an attempt to confirm Clynes's findings by replicating his experiment, a flaw was discovered in the design of his apparatus for detecting tactile patterns, and the replication study was undertaken using an improved pressure-detection instrument. Data from the replication study were analysed using various techniques but no correlations were found to confirm Clynes's original work.

The Attitudes Toward Disabled Persons Scale (Form B) and a ranking survey of 10 disabling conditions were administered to 38 physical education teachers and 47 adapted physical education teachers. Both groups of teachers' attitudes toward the disabled were below the scale median. Both groups of teachers were more accepting of individuals with physical disabilities such as, amputee, harelip, and epilepsy, than individuals who were mentally retarded, cerebral palsied, and emotionally disturbed.

This study reviewed relationships among and between four span and three variance measures of the dispersions of 36 persons' ratings of the interpersonal behavior of 6 to 8 small group peers and self. Indicating near functional equivalence, same-method, same-occasion span and variance measures correlated highly (mean r = .96). Separately derived from the 15 substantive scales and 140 items of Lorr and McNair's Interpersonal Behavior Inventory, these similar-method, same-occasion spans also correlated highly (.92). Each linked significantly but modestly with spans on a brief, eight-item survey of interpersonal conduct administered about two weeks earlier. Suggesting that such measures' generalizability may be quite limited, different-method, different-occasion span and variance measures correlated only modestly to faintly. Group leaders used wider spans than members, corroborating prior evidence linking larger dispersions with higher rater status and/or self-confidence.

We hypothesized that in the decodification of connotative aspects of visual chromatic stimuli the periphery of the body plays an important role. In particular we hypothesized that the decodification process of so called “warm” and “cold” colours is related to a real modification of the temperature of the body which is the basis of the “subjective feeling” and of the attribution of the “emotional meaning” to the stimulus. So we have measured the temperature of the body of 36 female psychology students while they were looking at a luminous screen through spectacles in which filters (coloured lenses) of different colours were placed. Analysis indicated that during the perception of so called “warm” colours a statistically significant increase in the temperature of the body appeared. We observed an enhancement of temperature on the left side of the body during the perception with red and yellow filters and a small increase in temperature on the right side of the body with orange and yellow filters. In the discussion of the results we considered also the role of the cerebral dominance in decodification process of the connotative components of stimuli.

Rotary pursuit performance (time on target) and reminiscence data were collected for 113 androgynous and feminine men and women under massed or distributed practice conditions. On the final (eighth) block of practice men performed better than women under conditions of massed practice; while no sex differences were found under distributed practice conditions. Under distributed practice conditions androgynous women performed better than feminine women. In addition, men performed better over-all than women, and subjects in the distributed practice condition performed better than subjects in the massed practice condition. Reminiscence data indicated that under massed practice feminine women obtained larger scores than did feminine men and androgynous women. For women sex-role as well as practice condition influenced performance and reminiscence.

Psychological ratings of harshness were available for both normal and hyperfunctional productions of the vowels of the vowel quadrilateral /a/, /i/, /æ/, and /u/. A consistent pattern was observed across the two conditions. The vowel /u/ was perceived least harsh and /æ/ most harsh, with /a/ and /i/ being perceived about equally harsh. The perceptual concomitant of “harsh” applied to vowels seems independent of muscular adjustments associated with “tense” vowel production and requires another explanation.

Psychological research on physical appearance remains predominantly the study of physical attractiveness as a trait dimension. This perspective ignores the fact that most persons actively modify their appearance across time and situations by means of self-grooming or self-adornment, for example, as many females do by use of cosmetics. To document and facilitate research from the perspective that appearance is not merely a fixed trait, this bibliography of psychological studies, reviews, and commentaries is provided.

This study tests the thesis that the internalization of the traits associated with astrological signs affects suicide ideation. Data are from a national sample (N = 7,508). Only the most negativistic sign of Pisces was significantly associated with suicide ideation.

35 hypersomniacs (20 with obstructive sleep apnea and 15 with narcolepsy) and 15 controls estimated sleep latency during systematic trials of attempting to remain awake during the day. The error in subjective assessment of sleep latency was more variable for both patient groups than for controls. In addition, narcoleptics could not provide a determination of sleep latency or differentiate sleep-wake states on nearly 23% of all trials. Ratings on a subjective sleepiness scale did not covary with objective sleep latency for any hypersomniac. The findings suggested that patients with either sleep apnea or narcolepsy had difficulty differentiating sleep and quiet wakefulness during the day.

The Group Environment Questionnaire was administered at the end of the season to 44 football players from a large high school, 25 players from a medium-sized high school, and 52 players from a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III university. It was hypothesized that starters would be more cohesive than nonstarters and that high school teams would be more cohesive than the university team. Scores from the four sub-scales were analyzed with two-way (High School/University X Starter/Nonstarter) analysis of variance. Main effects for Team and for Starter/Nonstarter were significant for the Individual Attraction to Group-Task and Group Integration-Task scales. Starters scored higher than nonstarters on both scales, and high school teams scored higher than the university team on both scales. Results support Widmeyer, Brawley, and Carron's 1985 model, which specifies that teams' characteristics and players' characteristics are antecedents of team cohesion.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate possible effects of exposure upon psychophysical scaling responses when vibrotactile magnitude estimation and cross-modal matching are conducted within the same experiment. Four groups of 10 subjects each, with an over-all age range of 18–23 yr., were employed. Groups 1 and 2 performed magnitude estimation for lingual vibrotaction and cross-modal matching with the lingual vibrotactile stimulus as the standard. Group 1 received the magnitude-estimation task first and Group 2 received the cross-modal-matching task first. Groups 3 and 4 performed magnitude estimation for vibrotaction applied to the thenar eminence of the hand and cross-modal matching with the vibrotactile stimulus applied to the thenar eminence of the hand as the standard. Group 3 received the magnitude-estimation task first and Group 4 received the cross-modal-matching task first. The psychophysical scaling methods of magnitude estimation and cross-modal matching showed very little exposure effect of one upon the other when used in the same experiment. Also, magnitude scaling responses tended to increase more rapidly with increases in vibrotactile stimulus intensity when the test site was the thenar eminence of the hand as opposed to the dorsum of the tongue.

Individual speakers vary widely in their reactions to delayed auditory feedback. In this pilot investigation, 21 adults with normal speech and hearing completed standardized readings under simultaneous and 200-msec. delayed auditory feedback. Minimally and maximally affected speakers were identified. Vibrotactile thresholds were obtained from the tongue and thenar eminence of the right hand for a group of five minimally and a group of five maximally affected speakers. Analysis showed that vibrotactile thresholds were lower (more sensitive) at both assessment sites for the group of maximally affected speakers. This finding is discussed in relation to the possible implications of heightened tactile sensitivity in the control of speech under delayed auditory feedback.

In this study the reasons for starting to run, starting to run marathons and the psychosocial benefits and costs derived from an involvement in running were compared for blue collar and for white collar nonelite runners. Extrinsic rewards were more important to the blue collar runners than to the white collar runners. No class differences were found for the importance of intrinsic rewards or in the benefits/costs associated with an involvement in running.

It is argued that in spite of the methodological and interpretive problems with them, experiments on laterality in normal subjects must continue in view of other problems with direct neuroclinical investigations. A variety of such problems are listed, ranging from the relative paucity of the potential subject population to the difficulty in inferring normal function from damaged brains. The main justification for such studies must be the possible amelioration of the lot of brain-damaged patients and improvement of their treatment rather than scientific curiosity.

26 normal, self-reported dextral subjects (12 men, 14 women) were assessed with a Purdue Pegboard 5 times at weekly intervals to evaluate temporal stability and efficacy of lateralization with this test. There was a statistically significant increase in performance over time for men on the right- and left-hand placing subtests and for women on the assemblies subtest. For men/women the test-retest reliability over the 5 sessions averaged .63/.76 for the right-hand, .64/.79 for the left-hand, .67/.81 for both-hands, .81/.83 for assemblies, and .33/.22 for the right/left-hand ratio.

Prior studies have yielded estimates for relations between the Group Embedded Figures Test, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, and demographic characteristics. This study presents findings for 107 men and 119 women enrolled in business school. Correlations between the Embedded Figures and Sensing-Intuition scale of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator were significant as were values of Judgment-Perception with both Sensing-Intuition and Thinking-Feeling. Scores on the two tests show these students perform differently from the normative population.

49 children in Grade 1 in an isolated community were assessed on their form and skill in making a basket for a one-step basketball lay-up following practice using a pseudoshaping, specific, or schema procedure. Analysis gave a significant form effect but no difference in success of making baskets.

Electromyographic reaction times (EMG-RTs) of the right biceps brachii muscle were examined for two movement patterns, elbow flexion and forearm supination, in 8 healthy male subjects under simple and complex RT conditions with varied preparatory intervals (PIs): 0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 msec. In the simple RT condition, the subject was informed of the movement patterns to be performed prior to beginning the trials. In the complex RT condition the subject had to choose one of the two movement patterns at the time of the presentation of a warning signal. The results indicated that: (1) compared with the simple RT condition a delay of about 100 msec. in over-all mean EMG-RT was observed at PI = 0 msec. in the complex RT condition; (2) the difference of over-all mean EMG-RT between the two RT conditions disappeared when PI = 400 msec.; and (3) the difference in EMG-RTs between flexion and supination in the complex RT condition became the same as that in the simple RT condition when PI = 700 msec. It is assumed that the preparatory set for response movements is organized in an order, resulting in the differentiation of RT.

The effect of using selected cognitive strategies that are compatible with a person's cognitive style on performance accuracy of the overhand volleyball serve was examined. Moderate R²s between cognitive style and strategy use showed that learning this sport skill may be influenced by preferences for processing information during motor skill acquisition.

Strain in basketball competition can be structured temporally into three psychologically meaningful phases: a beginning, main, and endphase of each half-time. The relevance of these phases for the diagnosis of an individual psychological crisis during the competition is discussed. Empirical evidence is based on the results of a study conducted on 28 basketball experts, who were asked to assess the components of the Bayesian likelihood ratio (diagnosticity) for each phase, thereby evaluating the crisis-relevance of that phase. Analysis of variance shows the significant influences of the hypothesized crisis-noncrisis character, half-time (first-second) and phase (beginning, main, end) on the (considerable) diagnostic relevance of the time-phases. The authors briefly discuss the meaning of the present results.

On each trial of this experiment, a subject was visually stimulated by one or two shadows on a translucent background in a Telebinocular. For each subject, there were 40 trials of monocular stimulation by one shadow, 40 trials of monocular stimulation by two shadows (one in each hemifield), and 40 trials of binocular stimulation by two shadows (one in the left hemifield of one eye and another in the right hemifield of the other eye). Across these randomly ordered trials, 52 subjects were unable to discriminate two right-eye shadows from two left-eye shadows and were unable to discriminate two monocularly perceived shadows from two binocularly perceived shadows. Generally, subjects tended to misidentify right-hemifield shadows as right-eye shadows and tended to misidentify two-hemifield shadows as two-eye shadows.

The effect of “bandwidth” knowledge of results (KR), given only if the subject's response is outside of a certain movement-time bandwidth, on learning and performance of a rapid elbow-flexion movement was examined. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three feedback groups, a 5% bandwidth group (BW5), a 10% bandwidth group (BW10), or a control group (KR), who received knowledge of results on every trial. Subjects moved a light, horizontal, aluminum lever through 60° in 200 msec, for 100 acquisition trials with KR given depending on group and 25 transfer trials without KR (transfer phase). Although the subjects in the BW10 group received knowledge of results fewer times during acquisition, they showed less within-subject variability chan the BW5 and KR groups on the transfer test which suggests that giving KR about a relatively large bandwidth enhances movement consistency.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the social psychological components of Personal Investment Theory and exercise behaviors among 47 middle-aged and older men and women participating in an organized exercise program. Specifically, the degree to which personal incentives for exercise, perceptions of sense of self (i.e., physical self-efficacy, fitness locus of control, self-motivation, social identity), and the congruence between program and participants' goals predict present physical activity and estimated future physical activity was examined. Multiple regression analyses indicated that present and future exercise behaviors significantly related to social psychological variables reflecting personal investment.

Correlation matrix based on questionnaire item responses by 38 Czechoslovak refugees suggested that “escape nightmares” (recurrent nightmares about being back in the exhomeland, wanting to or trying to re-escape to the free world) are unrelated to postescape incidence of various stressful events (e.g., illness, job difficulties, financial problems). However, refugees who reported a greater number of the stressful events also reported a somewhat higher incidence of nightmares on themes other than escape from homeland (r = .34).

Three different modes of instruction were used to give a series of SCUBA-diving task instructions to three randomly selected groups of 10 subjects each. The first group heard the instructions; the second group read the instructions; and the third group both heard and read the instructions simultaneously. A one-way analysis of variance performed on mean scores yielded a nonsignificant F, suggesting that performance of simple tasks in SCUBA-diving is not dependent on how instructions ate presented.

The consistency of responses to a disguised form of self-assessment, originally a check measure, was thought to serve a moderating role affecting the congruence between different forms and sources of assessment. It was predicted that scorers of high consistency would show greater congruence than scorers of low consistency between their self-assessments on two procedures, a disguised vs an undisguised. The same pattern was predicted for congruencies between disguised self-assessments and undisguised supervisors' assessments. A disguised and an undisguised version of an assessment inventory addressing Extroversion, Emotionality, and Self-reliance, were administered to 414 male executives. The undisguised version was also completed by their supervisors. The results supported the predictions except for the congruency with the supervisors' evaluation of Self-reliance. These findings, the meaning of consistency, and its moderating function are discussed.

Fixation accuracy was related to perception of laterally presented consonants. Small left-eye fixation inaccuracy influenced perceptual performance of 8 men and 8 women.

24 subjects were tested to check the hypothesis proposed by Kleitman about a “basic rest-activity cycle”. Reaction time tasks were delivered at 10-min. intervals for 320 min. Spectral density function analyses showed no significant periods within the limits of the cycle. Discussion concerns fulfilling assumptions of spectral analysis and Fisher's test.

College students of both sexes served as their own controls to test four hypotheses in each of three experiments designed to assess effects of knowledge of results (KR) as verbal information correct to the nearest .01 sec. on time estimations. Analysis indicated that (1) KR significantly increased the mean accuracy of time estimations obtained by the methods of production and estimation but not by the method of reproduction, (2) that KR significantly decreased the variance of the time estimations in all three experiments, (3) that in all three experiments after KR underestimators significantly increased their mean time estimates whereas overestimators significantly decreased their mean time estimations, and (4) that no significant sex differences were present. Notions of excitation and inhibition as intervening variables and of the Pavlovian first- and second-signalling systems were employed in tentative explanations.

This note describes a task that requires simple reasoning and can be used, e.g., in research on noise. The task includes a series of items of approximately equal difficulty. Each item consists of five geometric figures and a sentence that claims to describe spatial relations between the figures. The subject must decide whether the description is true. The task is short (3 1/2 min.) but can be extended at will.

The Khatena-Morse Multitalent Perception Inventory was administered to 613 undergraduate students representing four groups: art majors, music majors, majors other than art taking an introductory art course, and majors in other disciplines. The groups' three subscores from the inventory (art, music, and Other) were compared for differences in variability and means. Significant differences were found on the art and music subscores for both forms of the instrument, with students majoring or taking courses in the area showing higher scores and less variability than students not majoring in that area. The only significant difference on the “other” subscore was that of art students who obtained higher mean scores on Form B. The instrument can differentiate among persons on the basis of talent in specified areas.

The California Psychological Inventory and a Privacy Regulation Rating Scale were administered to 35 men and 40 women college students to estimate correlations between personality characteristics and attained privacy. The California Psychological Inventory measured 18 personality traits, and the rating scale assessed the amount of desired privacy actually achieved for six kinds of privacy: Reserve, Isolation, Solitude, Intimacy with Friends, Intimacy with Family, and Anonymity. Pearson product-moment correlations between the two sets of variables indicated distinct and meaningful personality profiles for people who were dissatisfied with their customary attainment of each kind of privacy. The profiles for men and women were dissimilar.

In this study techniques were employed to induce exercising subjects to focus attention on themselves or on an external event. A total of 20 adult subjects (10 men and 10 women) were familiarized with a treadmill exercise protocol and then on two subsequent occasions performed sub-maximal exercise followed by a run to exhaustion under attentional conditions of self-focus (watching themselves in a mirror while listening to their breathing) and external focus (watching and listening to a movie). The order of focus conditions was counterbalanced among subjects. Analysis of postexperimental responses from subjects indicated that the procedures used to induce each type of attentional focus were successful. However, physiological and psychological responses in the two focus conditions were not always uniform for men and women, particularly during light work when men tended to have higher heart rates and significantly lower Rated Perceived Exertion while women had lower heart rates and higher Rated Perceived Exertion under self-focused conditions than under externally focused conditions. Possible explanations for the incongruence of physiological and psychological responses of men and women to the two types of attentional focus are discussed.

An early instance of what we call behavior therapy, devised by Ignatius Loyola, is noted.

This study examined differences in K-ABC performance between at-risk (n = 44) and normal (n = 49) preschool children. For the group at-risk, all of the mean global scores on the K-ABC clustered around a standard score of approximately 90. The normal group's mean scores were 15 to 21 standard-score points higher and clustered near 110. The results of t tests for independent samples indicated that the normal group's scores on both the global scales and K-ABC subtests were significantly higher than the at-risk group's scores in nearly every instance. Correlations among scores were consistent with previous findings for preschoolers on the K-ABC For the normal group, correlations obtained among the global scales were nearly identical to chose reported for the standardization sample. For the at-risk group, however, the correlation of .75 between Sequential processing and Achievement was higher than that (.58) between Simultaneous processing and Achievement.

This study investigated the effects of sex, computer aptitude, computer attitudes, computer experience, mathematics aptitude, and mathematics experience on the prediction of course grades in a computer language course. The sample consisted of 119 women and 73 men who completed an assembly-language programming course at a midwestern state university. While men in general had higher mathematics aptitude and computer aptitude, women received higher course grades in the computer language course. Students who failed the course were significantly lower in computer aptitude, computer experience, mathematics aptitude, mathematics experience, and high school GPA. A discriminant analysis for the total sample correctly classified passing and failing students at 81.1% accuracy rate. A short test of computer aptitude significantly added to high school grades and mathematics experience in a regression analysis of course grades. Computer attitudes were not related to course grades.

This study examined the associations between mothers' estimates of both hearing family members' competence in sign language and their deaf child's loneliness. 32 mothers of children who functioned as deaf were asked to assess their hearing family members' competence in sign language and to complete the UCLA Loneliness Scale for an estimate of their deaf child's loneliness. Significant positive correlations were found among hearing family members' estimated competence in sign language; however, no significant correlations were found between hearing family members' estimated competence in sign language and their deaf child's estimated loneliness. These findings suggest that hearing members may contribute to each other's competence in sign language and may communicate with their deaf child through alternative methods rather than formal sign language.

Given two taps on the skin at the same position and a third tap some distance away, an observer reports the second tap as occurring at a position between the first and third taps. This is the saltation phenomenon, and as presented in this theoretical note, it is a phenomenon which is easily accommodated by a theoretical rotation of space-time axes.

MMPI profiles of 22 chronic arthritic patients were compared to 22 control pain (nonorganic) patients. While elevations were noted in the HS, D, and Hy scales for the rheumatoid patients, the over-all profiles differed from controls on the PA scale.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate possible effects of exposure upon suprathreshold psychological responses when auditory magnitude estimation and cross-modal matching with audition as the standard are conducted within the same experiment. Four groups of 10 subjects each whose over-all age range was 18 to 23 yr. were employed. During the cross-modal marching task the Groups 1 and 2 subjects adjusted a vibrotactile stimulus presented to the dorsal surface of the tongue and the Groups 3 and 4 subjects adjusted a vibrotactile stimulus presented to the thenar eminence of the right hand to match binaurally presented auditory stimuli. The magnitude-estimation task was conducted before the cross-modal matching task for Groups 1 and 3 and the cross-modal matching task was conducted before the magnitude-estimation task for Groups 2 and 4. The psychophysical methods of magnitude estimation and cross-modal matching showed no effect of one upon the other when used in the same experiment.

This paper reports the correlations of abstractness and emotional values for French and Spanish words. We obtained a correlation −.12 between abstractness and emotion values. The correlation was .77 between abstractness values for French and Spanish words and .79 to emotional values.

A total of 187 subjects in three conditions involving 1- or 3-sec. exposure times and 10-min. or 7-day delays were shown 20 photographs of faces, half of which were bespectacled, and then tested from a set of 40 consisting of the original 20 mixed up with 20 new ones, half of which were also bespectacled. Accuracy of recognition declined with shorter exposure and longer delay and was lower for faces with than without spectacles at the shorter delay. In all three conditions, there were more false-alarms for faces with than without glasses. It is concluded that eyeglasses did not serve as an efficient discriminating feature in recognition memory, and it is recommended that positive eyewitness identification of people wearing spectacles be treated with particular caution.

The present study reports a factor analysis of the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory using 103 alcoholic men. Kirton in 1976 and we in an unpublished work in 1986 noted identical factor structures when responses from nonalcoholic populations to the inventory were factor analyzed. Recent reviews regarding personality characteristics of alcoholics suggest characteristics similar to the adaption-innovation concepts of Kirton. This factor analysis for an alcoholic sample supports the validity of the inventory as a measure of problem-solving style of alcoholics.

As part of a large organizational investigation, 52 managers were asked to identify their leadership style on a Climate Opinion Survey. Within the same study, a group of 40 employees who worked for the managers were asked to describe their supervisors' leadership style. There was a wide discrepancy between the responses of the two groups. The authors suggest that possibly the reason so many managers deemphasize “people” concerns in the workplace is their inaccurate self-perception, a perception that allows them to believe they are striking a balance between “task” and “people” concerns when, in fact, their overwhelming focus is on the “task” alone.

Kirton (7) reported that the factor structure of the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory involved three factors which were labeled, (a) originality, (b) efficiency, and (c) rule-group conformity. The present study is a replication of Kirton's study, using a sample of 249 American college students and 40 university administrators. The items found in each of the three factors replicated Kirton's original analysis in items placed in each factor. This result and the similarity of factor loadings of the original sample (from England) and the present one supports the cross-cultural factor stability of the inventory.

The Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT) Reading Comprehension subtest was administered to a group of 23 learning disabled children in Grades 5 through 7 who had been classified by the clinical Lexical Paradigm as good readers or poor readers. Using standardized test administration, 14 poor readers scored substantially below the 9 good readers; however, when the child was allowed to listen and read silently while the test item was read aloud, poor readers showed marked improvement in performance compared to only moderate improvement shown by the good readers. This difference in improvement between the groups was significant and resulted in poor readers achieving performance similar to that of the good readers administered the test in the standard manner.

Light-eyed individuals generally perform better at self-paced activities while dark-eyed individuals perform better at reactive activities. Using multiple regression it was found that dark-eyed students hit a target with a frisbee more times than did light-eyed students.

The use of technology to color classic black and white movies has been controversial. Prior research has suggested that coloring adds to subjects' evaluation of a television episode. The present study examined whether college subjects (26 men, 60 women) evaluated a colorized movie differently from its original black and white version. As no differences were found, it was concluded that colorization may add to a marginally good performance, but its effect on outstanding movies and performances is minimal.