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Abstract

BACKGROUND:

A recent study has demonstrated that the long non-coding RNA VPS9D1-AS1 is highly expressed in colorectal cancer and predicts poor prognosis. However, roles of VPS9D1-AS1 in gastric cancer remained poorly understood.

OBJECTIVE:

The aim of this study is to decipher the expression of VPS9D1-AS1 in gastric cancer (GC) patients, so as to assess whether or not it could be used as a novel biomarker for prognosis in gastric cancer patients.

METHODS:

The expression of VPS9D1-AS1 was examined in cancer tissues and paired adjacent non-tumorous tissues from 126 gastric cancer patients using qRT-PCR. Correlations between the expression of VPS9D1-AS1 and clinicopathological parameters and patients’ survival were analyzed.

RESULTS:

VPS9D1-AS1 expression was downregulated in gastric cancer tissues than that in adjacent non-tumorous tissues ( $P<$ 0.001). VPS9D1-AS1 expression level was markedly correlated with tumor size and TNM stage in gastric cancer. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed low expression of VPS9D1-AS1 were correlated with poor overall and disease free survival. On multivariate analysis, the hazard ratio of VPS9D1-AS expression was 0.30 (95% CI $=$ 0.13–0.66, $P=$ 0.003) for overall survival.

CONCLUSIONS:

Overall, our data suggest that downregulated VPS9D1-AS1 may be used as a novel prognosis predictor of gastric cancer.

Keywords

Long non-coding RNA VPS9D1-AS1 gastric cancer downregulation

1. Introduction

Gastric cancer (GC) remains one of the most common malignancies and the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide [1, 2]. Although numerous advances in diagnostic interventions and therapeutic alternatives have been made in the past decades, gastric cancer still constitutes a major challenge because more than half of patients have stepped into a progressive stage at diagnosis [3, 4]. The 5-year overall survival rate of GC patients is estimated to be less than 30% [1, 4]. It is thus urgent to find novel molecular biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment of GC.

Recently, development in sequencing technology and bioinformatics has contributed to the findings that the vast majority of human genomes are actively transcribed into non-coding RNAs without protein coding potentials [5, 6], which are classified into long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and small non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs according to their lengths [7]. Previous studies have revealed that microRNAs play important roles in cancer development [8]. Increasing evidences are emerging to show that dysregulated expression of lncRNA may be associated with a variety of biological processes including cell growth, differentiation, senescence, tumorigenesis and treatment response [6, 7, 9]. For example, the lncRNA XIST, which was essential for X chromosome inactivation during female development [10], was found to be overexpressed in GC and promote malignant phenotype of GC cell lines in vitro and in vivo [11]. HOTAIR acted as a scaffold to recruit proteins required for chromatin remodeling [12] and high expression of HOTAIR predicted poor prognosis of several human cancers [13, 14]. The lncRNA VPS9D1-AS1 was recently found to be upregulated in human colorectal cancer tissues and considered to be a potential prognosis biomarker via re-mining the Affymetrix array data [15]. However, roles of VPS9D1-AS1 in GC remain poorly understood.

In this study, the expression of VPS9D1-AS1 was investigated in GC cancer tissues and corresponding adjacent non-tumorous tissues. The association between expression of VPS9D1-AS1 and clinicopathological parameters was investigated. This could highlight the possibility whether VPS9D1-AS1 could be used as a novel diagnosis biomarker or treatment target of GC.

2. Materials and methods

2.1 Clinical samples

A total of 126 primary GC cancer tissues and matched adjacent non-tumorous tissues were obtained from patients who underwent gastrectomy in the Sun Yan-sen University Cancer Center between April 2007 and September 2010. No patients enrolled into our study received radiotherapy or chemotherapy prior to surgery. Informed consent of all the patients was obtained for using the tissue samples for research purpose. Our study about the human specimens was approved from the Ethics Committee of the Sun Yan-sen University Cancer Center and in accordance with the principles set out in the Declaration of Helsinki 1964 as modified by subsequent revisions. The samples were immediately snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored in $-$ 80 ${{}^{\circ}}$ C until use. The clinicopathological characteristics were obtained from the medical record.

2.2 Cell lines and cell culture

The GC cell lines and one normal gastric epithelial cell line (GES1) were obtained from the Shanghai Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). The gastric cancer cells were cultured in RPMI1640 (MGC803, BGC823 and MKN45) or in DMEM (SGC7901 and AGS) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 mg/ml streptomycin (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) at 37 ${}^{\circ}$ C in 5% CO ${}_{2}$ .

2.3 Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis

Total RNA from tissue samples or cells was extracted with TRIzol Reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Reverse transcription from 1 $\mu$ g of total RNA was performed in a volume of 20 $\mu$ l mix containing random and oligo dT primers according to instructions of the PrimeScript RT Kit (TaKaRa, Dalian, China). For qRT-PCR analysis, SYBR mix (Promega) was used to determine the expression levels of VPS9D1-AS1. The primer sequences were used as follows:

VPS9D1-AS1 forward, 5’-CTCAGCAGTAAGTA ACAGTGGTAGA-3’ VPS9D1-AS1 reverse, 5’-CTTCAGCATCTTGGA GGTGTC-3’ GAPDH forward, 5’-GGAGCGAGATCCCTCCA AAAT-3’ GAPDH reverse, 5’-GGCTGTTGTCATACTTCT CATGG-3’

The average value from three biological replicates with three technical replicates was used to calculate the relative amount of VPS9D1-AS1. The ABI PRISM Cycler software (ABI, Foster City, CA, USA) was used to calculate the threshold cycle number (Ct) value for GAPDH and VPS9D1-AS1 during the log phase of each cycle. VPS9D1-AS1 levels were normalized to the expression level of GAPDH ( $\Delta$ Ct $=$ Ct ${}_{\text{VPS9D1-AS1}}$ $-$ Ct ${}_{\text{GAPDH}}$ ). These values were compared with values obtained from GES1 cells according to the formula: 2 ${}^{-\Delta\Delta\text{Ct}}$ , where $\Delta\Delta$ Ct $=$ $\Delta$ Ct ${}_{\text{unknown}}-\Delta$ Ct ${}_{\text{GES1}}$ .

2.4 Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 18.0 (IBM, Chicago, IL, USA) and GraphPad Prism 5.0 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA). All data were presented as mean $\pm$ standard deviation (SD) from three independent experiments. Student’s t test, $\chi$ 2 test, or Wilcoxon’s test were used to analyze the significance of the differences between groups. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the survival probability in subgroups determined by expression level of VPS9D1-AS1. Two-sided P values were calculated and less than 0.05 was considered significant.

3. Results

3.1 VPS9D1-AS1 is downregulated in GC cancer tissues and cell lines

Expression level of VPS9D1-AS1 in 126 paired GC cancer and adjacent non-tumorous tissues was detected by qRT-PCR assays. As shown in Fig. 1A, expression of VPS9D1-AS1 was significantly downregulated in cancer tissues compared with that in non-tumorous tissues. Underexpression of VPS9D1-AS1 (fold change (Tumor/Normal) $<$ 0) was found in 74.60% of GC patients in our cohort (Fig. 1B). Moreover, we examined expression of VPS9D1-AS1 in a panel of GC cell lines including SGC7901, MKN45, BGC823, MGC803, AGS and one normal gastric epithelial cell GES1. Our data revealed that VPS9D1-AS1 was downregulated in cancer cells compared with that in GES1 cell (Fig. 1C).

Figure 1.

VPS9D1-AS1 is downregulated in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines. (A) Expression level of VPS9D1-AS1 in gastric tumor tissues are significantly lower than that in non-tumorous tissues. Results were presented as cycle threshold (Ct) of Ct (VPS9D1-AS1) relative to that of Ct (GAPDH). (B) Expression of VPS9D1-AS1 in 126 GC samples were shown as log2 (Ct (tumor)/Ct (normal)). (C) Expression of VPS9D1-AS1 in GC cancer cell lines including SGC7901, MKN45, BGC823, MGC803 and AGS and one gastric epithelial cell GES1 was examined. Values are from three biological replicates with three technical replicates and presented as mean $\pm$ SD. * $P<$ 0.05.

Table 1

The correlation between clinicopathological parameters and VPS9D1-AS1 expression

	VPS9D1-AS1 expression		$P$
	Low, $n$ (%)	High, $n$ (%)
Age
$<$ 60	51 (54.3)	20 (62.5)	0.536
$\geqslant$ 60	43 (45.7)	12 (37.5)
Gender
Male	59 (62.8)	22 (68.8)	0.670
Female	35 (37.2)	10 (31.2)
Alcohol consumption
Ever and current	18 (19.1)	4 (12.5)	0.590
Never	76 (80.9)	28 (87.5)
Smoking status
Ever and current	31 (33.0)	11 (34.4)	1.000
Never	63 (67.0)	21 (65.6)
Differentiation status
Well or moderate	29 (30.9)	13 (40.6)	0.386
Poor	65 (69.1)	19 (59.4)
Lymph node metastasis
Present	75 (79.8)	23 (71.9)	0.460
Absent	19 (20.2)	9 (28.1)

Table 2

Univariate and multivariate analyses of various potential prognostic factors in GC patients

	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
	HR (95% CI)	$P$	HR (95% CI)	$P$
Age ( $<$ 60 vs $\geqslant$ 60)	0.83 (0.48–1.44)	0.505	–	–
Gender (Male vs Female)	1.16 (0.66–2.03)	0.606	–	–
Tumor size ( $<$ 5 cm vs $\geqslant$ 5 cm)	0.94 (0.54–1.62)	0.815	–	–
Differentiation (Moderate/Poor, Well)	1.61 (0.87–2.98)	0.127	–	–
Lymph node metastasis (Present vs Absent)	2.70 (1.15–6.33)	0.022	1.06 (0.41–2.80)	0.899
TNM Stage (III/IV vs I/II)	4.56 (2.05–10.1)	0.000 ${}^{*}$	4.27 (1.72–10.6)	0.002 ${}^{*}$
VPS9D1-AS1 (High vs Low)	0.28 (0.13–0.63)	0.000 ${}^{*}$	0.30 (0.13–0.66)	0.003 ${}^{*}$

HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; ${}^{*}$ $P<$ 0.05.

Figure 2.

VPS9D1-AS1 correlated with tumor size and TNM stage. (A) Relative expression level of VPS9D1-AS1 in GC cancer tissues with tumor size larger than 5 cm and smaller than 5 cm compared with tumor size smaller than 5 cm. $P=$ 0.003. (B) Relative expression level of VPS9D1-AS1 in GC cancer tissues in different TNM stages. $P=$ 0.026.

3.2 Downregulation of VPS9D1-AS1 correlated with clinicopathological parameters

To analyze correlations between VPS9D1-AS1 expression and the clinicopathological features of 126 GC patients, our patient cohort was divided into high expression arm (expression of VPS9D1-AS1 above the cutoff, $n=$ 32) and low expression arm (expression of VPS9D1-AS1 below the cutoff, $n=$ 94) (Fig. 1B) with the 75% quantitle expression level (0.05) as the cutoff value based on the expression pattern. The correlations between expression of VPS9D1-AS1 and the clinical pathological parameters of GC patients are summarized in Table 1. Lower VPS9D1-AS1 expression level was observed in tissues with tumor size larger than 5 cm than tissues with tumor size smaller than 5 cm (Fig. 2A, $P=$ 0.003). In addition, VPS9D1-AS1 expression was markedly downregulated in stage III/IV compared with that in stage I/II (Fig. 2B, $P=$ 0.026). However, correlations of VPS9D1-AS1expression with other parameters including age, gender, alcohol consumption, and smoking status were not observed (Table 1).

3.3 Decreased VPS9D1-AS1 expression is an unfavorable prognostic factor in GC patients

To further explore whether VPS9D1-AS1 expression predicted prognosis of GC patients, we used Kaplan-Meier methods with log-rank tests. As shown in Fig. 3A, the median overall survival of patients with low VPS9D1-AS1 expression was significantly shorter than that of patients with high VPS9D1-AS1 expression ( $P<$ 0.001). Moreover, expression of VPS9D1-AS1 correlated with disease free survival of GC patients ( $P=$ 0.003, Fig. 3B). Univariate and multivariate survival analyses showed that TNM stage ( $P=$ 0.002) and VPS9D1-AS1 expression ( $P=$ 0.003) were independent prognosis indicators of GC patients (Table 2).

4. Discussion

Figure 3.

VPS9D1-AS1 predicts prognosis of GC patients. Kaplan-Meier overall survival (A) and disease-free survival (B) curves according to VPS9D1-AS1 expression level. Patients with low VPS9D1-AS1 expression ( $n=$ 94, blue column) showed reduced survival times compared with patients with high VPS9D1-AS1 expression ( $n=$ 32, red column) ( $P<$ 0.001 and 0.003, log-rank test).

It has been recognized that in addition to protein-coding genes, non-coding genes exist primarily in human genomes [6, 9], of which lncRNA was recently identified. Generally, lncRNAs play oncogenic or suppressive roles in cancer biology, although the underlying mechanisms were diverse [9, 16, 17]. One of the well-characterized models is that lncRNAs act as endogenous competitive RNA for microRNA leading to release of downstream target genes. For instance, lncRNA PVT1 promotes gastric cancer progression via regulation of microRNA-186 [18]. LncRNAs such as HOTAIR or XIST may function as a scaffold to recruit proteins involved in chromatin remodeling or histone modification [12, 19, 20]. In addition, the lncRNA NBR2 directly binds to the metabolic master AMPK and regulates tumor cell metabolism under glucose deprivation [21]. Through interactions with other RNA, DNA or proteins, lncRNAs can regulate cell function and are proposed to be diagnostic markers or therapeutic targets of human cancer [22, 23, 24].

Over the past decades, the possible molecular alterations underlying gastric carcinogenesis have been thoroughly explored [25, 26]. However, particular pathogenesis of GC is still largely vague. Multitudinous reports have demonstrated dysregulated lncRNAs in GC. For example, the lncRNA GClnc1 was found to be overexpressed in GC and acted as a modular scaffold for WDR5 and KAT2A complexes [27]. Li et al. reported that MALAT1 promoted malignant transformation of gastric cancer by regulating vasculogenic mimicry and angiogenesis [28]. Yang et al. found higher VPS9D1-AS1 expression in the colorectal cancer tissues and CRC cell lines than in normal tissues and cell lines. Upregulated VPS9D1-AS1 indicated shortened OS time [15]. In this study, we found downregulated expression of VPS9D1-AS1 in GC tissues and cancer cell lines compared with that in adjacent non-tumorous tissues and gastric epithelial cells. Moreover, downregulation of VPS9D1-AS1 predicted poor overall and disease free survival of GC patients. These results showed that VPS9D1-AS1 may play different functions in colorectal cancer and GC. However, exact mechanisms underlying VPS9D1-AS1 in GC progression warrant further investigation.

In conclusion, we found for the first time that VPS9D1-AS1 was underexpressed in GC. Our data suggest that VPS9D1-AS1 may be used as a novel prognosis predictor of GC.

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital Youth Funding (No. GZSQN [2016] 20).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Decreased expression of lncRNA VPS9D1-AS1 in gastric cancer and its clinical significance

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

OBJECTIVE:

METHODS:

RESULTS:

CONCLUSIONS:

Keywords

1. Introduction

2. Materials and methods

2.1 Clinical samples

2.2 Cell lines and cell culture

2.3 Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis

2.4 Statistical analysis

3. Results

3.1 VPS9D1-AS1 is downregulated in GC cancer tissues and cell lines

3.3 Decreased VPS9D1-AS1 expression is an unfavorable prognostic factor in GC patients

4. Discussion

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

Conflict of interest

References