Abstract
Background:
The best pedagogical approach to teaching medical ethics is unknown and widely variable across medical school curricula in the United States. Active learning, reflective practice, informal discourse, and peer-led teaching methods have been widely supported as recent advances in medical education. Using a bottom-up teaching approach builds on medical trainees’ own moral thinking and emotion to promote awareness and shared decision-making in navigating everyday ethical considerations confronted in the clinical setting.
Objective:
Our study objective was to outline our methodology of grassroots efforts in developing an innovative, student-derived longitudinal program to enhance teaching in medical ethics for interested medical students.
Methods:
Through the development of a 4-year interactive medical ethics curriculum, interested medical students were provided the opportunity to enhance their own moral and ethical identities in the clinical setting through a peer-derived longitudinal curriculum including the following components: lunch-and-learn didactic sessions, peer-facilitated ethics presentations, faculty-student mentorship sessions, student ethics committee discussions, hospital ethics committee and pastoral care shadowing, and an ethics capstone scholarly project. The curriculum places emphasis on small group narrative discussion and collaboration with peers and faculty mentors about ethical considerations in everyday clinical decision-making and provides an intellectual space to self-reflect, explore moral and professional values, and mature one’s own professional communication skills.
Results:
The Leadership through Ethics (LTE) program is now in its fourth year with 14 faculty-clinician ethics facilitators and 65 active student participants on track for a distinction in medical ethics upon graduation. Early student narrative feedback showed recurrent themes on positive curricular components including (1) clinician mentorship is key, (2) peer discussion and reflection relatable to the wards is effective, and (3) hands-on and interactive clinical training adds value. As a result of the peer-driven initiative, the program has been awarded recognition as a graduate-level certification for sustainable expansion of the grassroots curriculum for trainees in the clinical setting.
Conclusions:
Grassroots medical ethics education emphasizes experiential learning and peer-to-peer informal discourse of everyday ethical considerations in the health care setting. Student engagement in curricular development, reflective practice in clinical settings, and peer-assisted learning are strategies to enhance clinical ethics education. The Leadership through Ethics program augments and has the potential to transform traditional teaching methodology in bioethics education for motivated students by offering protected small group discussion time, a safe environment, and guidance from ethics facilitators to reflect on shared experiences in clinical ethics and to gain more robust, hands-on ethics training in the clinical setting.
Introduction
Everyday health care ethics continues to be more complex and dynamic within the current evolving health care system, requiring physician trainees to continuously develop and build on their ability to recognize and critically approach everyday ethical considerations that arise in clinical practice. Although there is consensus that medical ethics is an important topic to the training of future physicians, the best pedagogical approach to teaching ethics to medical students is still debated. In recent years, student involvement in curriculum development, role-modeling, and active peer-to-peer learning techniques have been supported as valuable learning methods that additionally receive high student satisfaction.1–4 Advantages of a peer-driven curriculum include similarities in knowledge-base and social position shared among peers. 5 Students are more likely to ask questions and engage in discussion among peers with no perceived position of authority. In addition, peers are more understanding of the knowledge gaps and learning barriers in their education as their level of training and foundation of knowledge is similar among classmates.
With a shift in health care ethics training away from highly debatable and publicized medical ethics cases, focus has moved toward the ethical considerations pertinent to medical decision-making in everyday clinical practice at the level of the clinical knowledge and training experience of medical students in their preclerkship and clerkship years. 6 Emphasis for trainees is placed on self-awareness, evolution of one’s own moral identity, and sustaining lifelong learning. 7 This method of reflective practice is shown to lead to improved understanding of clinical context, transformation of one’s perspective, and development of trainees with more thoughtful decision-making and increased awareness of the uncertainties of clinical medicine. Using a conversational and narrative storytelling approach toward reflection in the setting of clinical supervision encourages trainees to think critically and creatively, understand the strengths and weakness of their clinical decision-making, and develop goal-setting for their learning. 8
Scher and Kozlowska 9 support informal ethical discourse by teaching cases from everyday clinical practice, focusing on “cases or situations that were bothering [trainees]” instead of viewing clinical situations as presenting specifically “ethical” problems. In this teaching method of health care ethics, promoting conversation and collaboration among trainees reframes the model for discussing clinical ethics to build on the native moral and ethical thinking of trainees. This method emphasizes an approach to making decisions regarding everyday ethical considerations as they arise in challenging medical practice. With an eye to developing and maintaining habits of good practice, Scher and Kozlowska emphasize informal ethics, skills of communication, collaboration, reflective listening, cultural competency, and team-based decision-making. 10 The aim of this report is to detail our methodology of a student-driven curriculum for interactive, longitudinal, and sustainable medical ethics training intended for interested medical students and other health care professionals in training. The findings of this report are important to guide medical school curricula and enhance elective opportunities for medical students to approach everyday clinical ethics through active learning relevant to practical clinical scenarios. Furthermore, we identify strengths and weaknesses based on preliminary assessment of this interactive pedagogical approach among the many alternative ways to teach ethics.
Methods
Setting and participants
All 190 incoming first-year medical students at the Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University were offered the opportunity to complete an application for acceptance into the 4-year Leadership through Ethics (LTE) program. The inaugural class began during the 2015 to 2016 academic year supported by an Alpha Omega Alpha 3-year US$9000 grant. A total of 16 first-year medical student participants were accepted during each academic year.
Needs assessment
The student-driven mission was to foster a more robust training environment in medical ethics for fellow trainees with a shared interest in medical ethics. With emphasis on small group discussion, our vision was to create an opportunity for students to discuss and analyze everyday ethical considerations commonly faced in the clinical setting to develop one’s own ethical and moral thinking while respecting the views of others. We informally surveyed medical students at our institution in their preclinical years and found only 15% were not interested in ethics, more than 65% would like more ethics in the curriculum, and 70% of students were unsure of resources available for handling ethical dilemmas, specifically the availability of our intuition’s robust medical ethics committee for personal consultation. 11 A follow-up, institution-wide, interdisciplinary survey of medical, nursing, physical therapy, and undergraduate BS/(D)MD students (n = 562) indicated that almost half of the respondents reported no prior medical ethics training in their previous educational experience, while 60% reported an interest in more ethics education, and 92% noted that an understanding of medical ethics was important to their future career. 12
The current formal medical education curriculum at our institution includes mandatory quarterly 1-hour large classroom-based lectures provided by faculty covering standard medical ethics and professionalism topics, such as informed consent, conflict of interests, end-of-life care, etc throughout both the first- and second-year curriculum. In addition, large classroom-based lectures were incorporated into a 3-day Art of Doctoring intercession during the first-year curriculum and a 2-day Art of Doctoring intercession during the second-year curriculum, each with approximately 8 hours of contact time dedicated to medical ethics topics.
Program description
Due to the strong student interest in medical ethics, a longitudinal training program was designed to span all 4 years of medical school for interested students to run in parallel with the formal medical education curriculum. The curricular components were designed and facilitated by a group of LTE executive board student members under supervision of a faculty mentor. Curricular components encompassed didactic lectures, interactive learning, small group peer discussions, pastoral care shadowing, and student-faculty mentoring related to medical ethics. Teaching and learning strategies implemented throughout the integrative curriculum were based on core learning to include the following: (1) small group discussion should be based on everyday ethical considerations faced in the clinical setting relevant to the current training of preclerkship and clerkship medical students, (2) students should be able to self-direct and self-select their learning topics of interest through discussion and reflection with peers, and (3) the environment should foster an opportunity for students to evolve their own moral ideas while also learning from the differing perspectives of others. The curriculum is structured to integrate training over all 4-years of medical school and is designed for participating students to commit an average of 3 to 4 hours per month during the academic calendar year. A more detailed review of the leadership strategy, curricular components, and program details is outlined in Appendix 1.
Goals and objectives
Our student-driven mission of the enhanced training opportunity in medical ethics was to provide interested medical students a grassroots interactive study of medical ethics and promote medical student leadership development as future physicians throughout the longitudinal program. The major goals of the LTE program were 4-fold:
Develop future leaders in medicine through experiential learning of medical ethics;
Strengthen student understanding and participation in clinical ethics discussion and reflection through an innovative student ethics committee experience;
Create and implement an interactive ethics curriculum for the medical student body with future expansion to foster collaboration and communication with other interprofessional disciplines and the local community;
Promote a better understanding of cultural and spiritual competence through shadowing pastoral care and medical ethics committee members.
Ethics facilitators
The chair of the institution’s medical ethics committee served as the clinical advisor during the development and deployment of the program. However, the LTE self-derived student executive board members were the primary persons responsible for the ongoing management and evaluation of the training. The entire institution’s medical ethics committee continually supported the program by offering topic ideas for discussion, providing opportunity to shadow during daily clinical ethical interdisciplinary discussion rounds, serving as small group ethics facilitators, and moderating mock student ethics committee discussions. The wide variety of medical training and professional backgrounds of the volunteer ethics facilitators offered a unique experience for students to receive a robust difference in perspectives on medical ethics and methods for approaching everyday clinical practice. The group of 14 ethics facilitators included numerous physician department chairs, hospital ethics committee members, hospital chaplains, as well as interprofessional representation from a lawyer with a focus on health care ethics, a Doctor of Nursing representative, and a PhD professor in philosophy.
Program evaluation
The program is now ending its fourth year with 65 active program participants. The program’s basic pedagogical approach and evaluation metrics are outlined in Table 1. Currently, there is no formal graded assessment for the program to promote the grassroots training approach and emphasize peer discussion, reflection, and collaboration. The use of written self-reflections and verbal feedback from discussion with peers and ethics facilitators promotes an environment for self-regulation and accountability. Preliminary student narrative feedback from LTE student members in their clerkship years was obtained as part of a larger, institution-wide survey evaluating interdisciplinary student interest in medical ethics education. 12 Qualitative results were analyzed to identify program strengths and opportunities for future improvement.
Description of the Leadership through Ethics (LTE) program’s pedagogical approach and evaluation process.
Future outlook
The current student-derived grassroots efforts have been expanded into a graduate-level certification being offered to all incoming graduate students at Augusta University in an interdisciplinary setting. This opportunity will be offered free of cost to interested graduate-level nursing, medical, and allied health students and will accept 16 students in the inaugural semester on a rolling application basis. The purpose of expanding the grassroots training is to sustain the funding, space, and organizational support to allow students the opportunity to continue to have dedicated time and resources for informal peer discussion and reflection, along with further collaboration and communication with interdisciplinary peers. While maintaining the structure of peer-to-peer discussion, self-reflection, and hands-on active learning in the clinical environment, the training will be enhanced with an additional component that addresses relevant philosophical theory to complement the decision-making thought processes experienced in the clinical setting.
Results
The LTE program curriculum received preliminary positive feedback from the 2015 to 2016 inaugural class participants (n = 16) in regard to their confidence in recognizing every day medical decisions with ethical considerations that they questioned or made them uncomfortable during their transition to providing direct patient care on the clinical wards, with selected student examples provided in Figure 1.
Initial student feedback from the 2015 to 2016 inaugural class in evaluation of the Leadership through Ethics (LTE) program during their transition to clerkship years.
Preliminary student narrative feedback further revealed recurrent themes on the positive aspects of the interactive curriculum design including (1) clinician mentorship is key, (2) peer discussion and reflection relatable to the clinical wards is effective, and (3) hands-on and interactive clinical training adds value. With selected examples provided in Table 2, participating students outlined the impact of mentorship from ethics facilitators with a variety of training and perspective, and opportunity for self-learning. In addition, students highlighted the informal approach in enhancing their awareness of everyday ethical considerations by group discussion, reflection, and shared decision-making and their awareness of resources to address clinical ethical scenarios with multidisciplinary peers.
Selected student feedback representing recurrent positive themes of the Leadership through Ethics (LTE) current impact on medical students in their clinical clerkship years.
The ongoing challenges faced by the program leaders and participants include the time availability for participating students and clinicians, particularly as much of the structured group discussion and reflection practice relies on dedicated, enthusiastic volunteer ethics facilitators. In addition, the supplemental curriculum is designed as an elective in addition to the student’s core coursework which was the driving force for formalization of the curriculum into a graduate-level certification program to offer dedicated time, space, and institutional recognition for continued peer discussion and reflection. Although the grassroots effort was found to be especially strong for generating student interest, the reality is students’ curricular obligations, time constraints, and attending the school for a finite period of time highlight the reliance on constant support and long-term involvement of ethics facilitators to create a sustainable, fluid program. However, these challenges were significantly lessened by a supportive faculty mentorship group, along with a healthy partnership with the institution’s robust medical ethics committee and the institution’s Center for Bioethics and Health Policy. Suggestions for curricular improvement provided by participating students were largely focused on the lack of dedicated time and structure for continued grassroots efforts in promoting development of one’s own moral and ethical thinking through small group discussion with peers. In addition, student feedback suggested incorporation of didactic instruction on theory to support the ethical considerations discussed in the clinical setting, with selected student responses displayed in Table 3.
Selected student feedback representing recurrent themes for suggested improvement of the Leadership through Ethics (LTE) curriculum by students in their clerkship years.
Discussion
There has been significant attention to medical ethics in medical schools over the past 3 decades, but there is large variability in both content and the delivery across institutions with no consensus on the “best” curriculum. We presented our single-institution experience using a grassroots effort to improve medical ethics training for motivated students through an interactive, 4-year longitudinal curriculum designed by medical students. From preliminary student feedback, this strategy generated student interest and faculty support and successfully enhanced medical ethics training for interested students at a single-institutional level. Overwhelming feedback from current program members in their clerkship years highlighted participants’ appreciation for small group discussion and reflection with peers on everyday ethical considerations, as well as hands-on experience with medical decision-making alongside clinician ethics facilitators on the wards.
This novel approach offers an alternative teaching method to the time-constrained formalized, large group lecture-based medical education curriculum. It also offers a viable alternative to the current formal master’s level degree programs that may be intimidating to attain or cost-prohibitive to a group of individuals who already have significant debt. 13 The major focus in the grassroots efforts is to empower trainees with the awareness and respect of their own moral and ethical thinking to further develop their own reflective ethical framework for approaching everyday clinical practice by asking themselves “what’s bothering me?” or “what’s going well or what isn’t?.” 9 , 10 This type of awareness is promoted by reflective listening, collaboration, communication, and shared decision-making. Mann et al. 7 suggest that the most influential factors contributing to the development of a reflective practice include a supportive environment, authentic context, accommodation of different learning styles, mentorship, group discussion, and most importantly free expression of opinions and time for reflection.
Regardless of the pedagogical approach, we encourage an interactive modality (eg small group format, case-based narrative discussions, role-playing, mentoring, shadowing, etc) to promote experiential learning and long-term retention of medical ethics knowledge that can be recalled and later applied to clinical practice. 14 This approach is particularly beneficial for physicians in training where most professionalism, self-awareness, and clinical decision-making is experienced and learned in the clinical training environment. Furthermore, peer-to-peer teaching has been shown to improve student critical thinking skills, group participation and discussion, and interest in learning medical ethics. 15 , 16
It is important to discuss the role of ethics facilitators in providing clinical supervision and structured framework for supervised practice. 8 , 9 Although the grassroots training efforts focus on the development of one’s own native moral and ethical thinking through peer-to-peer discussion and reflection, guidance and supervision are key to lead reflection and elicit structured feedback on thought content and decision-making processes. 7 Scher and Kozlowska provide a framework for the regular presence of an ethics facilitator to guide background reading and clinically relatable theory, probe further thinking by asking open-ended questions, and provide critical appraisal of thought processes. 9 , 10 In this way, the practical wisdom garnered by experienced clinicians intersects with the enthusiasm, idealism, and developing clinical moral identity of the younger learners.
The historically limited and wide variability in contact hours allocated to medical ethics training in the traditional curriculum poses a challenge to implementing an interactive curriculum. Across all 4 years of medical education, medical schools nationwide average 35.6 ± 23.6 hours of medical ethics instruction with 46% of dedicated time occurring in the first-year curriculum. 17 This skewed time distribution toward the preclinical years is concerning as most medical students have yet to experience ethical considerations encountered in the day-to-day clinical setting, and therefore, students are not able to integrate or reflect on their clinical experience with the practical knowledge being taught in the traditional curriculum. Our proposed curriculum attempts to further integrate training over all 4 years of medical school and is designed for participating students to commit an average of 3 to 4 hours per month during the academic calendar year during preclinical and clinical years.
We acknowledge that our proposed program focuses on medical school years, yet ethical learning and development begins well before medical school and continues into formal clinical practice. However, our approach was to focus on a unique strategy for the motivated medical student population. We propose that a solid foundation in one’s ability to recognize everyday ethical considerations in clinical practice, confidently problem-solve an approach to resolution, and communicate and collaborate with multidisciplinary colleagues such as an institution’s nursing staff, social workers, chaplains, and medical ethics committee members will provide a fundamental foundation of knowledge and clinical experience that will translate to the postgraduate setting as a practicing physician.
The strengths of this report are a clear methodology of a successful medical ethics program that can be replicated on an elective basis at other institutions. The major limitations include the generalizability as we recognize resources across institutions differ. Our institution was fortunate to have highly active and engaged ethics facilitators with an interest in physicians-in-training education. The shared goals between student leaders of the LTE program and ethics facilitators and mentors were invaluable for the success of the program. In addition, we presented a paucity of quantitative, long-term results from this pedagogical approach to translation into the future competency of trainees in medical ethics. However, the program plans to follow students prospectively and focus on long-term impacts of the program in future research. Although, medical ethics is a domain that frequently relies on both qualitative and quantitative assessment, it is an overall challenging domain for educational leaders to grade and assess. 18
The implications of our findings for students support more involvement in curriculum development and taking ownership over one’s education through self-awareness and self-directed learning, specifically for the large number of students expressing an interest in medical ethics. For educators, our report details one strategy to teach ethics using a novel student-led, longitudinal approach. For society, medical students who are better equipped to successfully identify and navigate ethical considerations in everyday clinical practice have the opportunity to be more self-aware and diligent in their thought process, ultimately aiming to improve patient care during postgraduate training and beyond.
Future direction
With the expansion of our student-driven curriculum into a graduate-level certification, we aim to preserve our grassroots efforts in medical ethics training through continued small group peer discussion and reflection along with hands-on experiential learning alongside ethics facilitators practicing everyday medical decision-making. Maintaining dedicated time and space for group discussion allows students to self-direct their learning and self-reflect on patient care encounters with an ethical dimension that brings about emotional responses of worry, anxiety, doubt, anger, and uncertainty. With mounting attention highlighting the benefits of interprofessional education (IPE), 19 , 20 our vision is to incorporate nursing, dental, and allied health students in group discussion and reflection, which will positively impact trainees’ opportunities to learn respectful consideration of the perspective from their multidisciplinary peers as well as promote group collaboration and communication. Future areas of research focus for the informal medical ethics training include improved outcome analysis for content acquisition, formal assessment, and positive physician attributes. This is vital for continued funding, program improvement, and relative valuation of time allotted in the overall curriculum.
Conclusions
A student-developed, 4-year medical ethics grassroots initiative is one solution to enhance the traditional medical ethics curriculum for interested students in medical school. In the span of 4 academic years, our LTE program, initially designed by 2 medical students eager to address the current gaps in traditional medical ethics education, has grown from a grant-funded student initiative to achieving sustainment of the grassroots efforts with dedicated time and space for peer discussion and reflection on everyday clinical medicine decision-making processes with strong ethical considerations. A focused medical ethics student-derived curriculum may guide students with the tools to recognize, problem-solve, and communicate difficult decisions in clerkships, residency, and beyond as practicing physicians. More importantly, for training the future physician workforce, peer-to-peer directed discussion and reflection with clinical supervision from ethics facilitators provides an opportunity to develop the skills of empathy, active listening, teamwork, and collaboration when involved in direct patient care. Further research is needed to determine the best strategy to teach medical ethics and specifically how teaching modalities are associated with improved patient outcomes.
Footnotes
Appendix 1
Leadership through Ethics (LTE) program mission, leadership strategy, curricular components, and program details.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank all members of the Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University’s Medical Ethics Committee and the Center for Bioethics and Health Policy for their constant support and involvement to make this program’s mission and dream a reality. Furthermore, they would like to thank the Alpha Omega Alpha organization for their steadfast support of medical student development and financial support with the Medical Student Service Leadership Project award. Also, they thank the Dean’s Office at the Medical College of Georgia for allowing the opportunity for students to play an active role in the ongoing development of the curriculum. Finally, they would like to thank all student leaders and participants in the Leadership through Ethics (LTE) program for their active participation and goals to improve medical education for the next generation of students.
Funding:
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The authors received US$9000 funding from the Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Medical Society’s Medical Student Service Leadership Project for financial support in the initial development of the Leadership through Ethics (LTE) program.
Declaration Of Conflicting Interests:
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Author Contributions
All authors contributed to the conception and design of the outlined curriculum and manuscript and to the content and drafting of the final manuscript. They gave final approval of the submitted version.
