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Abstract

Study Design:

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective:

Compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) with a stand-alone interbody cage versus a conventional cage and anterior cervical plate technique.

Methods:

A systematic Medline search was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library Database of Systematic Reviews. Search terms included “anterior cervical discectomy and fusion,” “cage,” and “bone plates,” or variations thereof. Only studies involving a direct comparison of ACDF with a stand-alone cage versus a cage and plate were included. From the selected studies, we extracted data on patient demographics, comorbidities, surgical risk factors, and pre- and postoperative radiographic findings. A meta-analysis was performed on all outcome measures. The quality of each study was assessed using the Downs and Black checklist.

Results:

Nineteen studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients who underwent ACDF with a cage-only technique had significantly lower rates of postoperative dysphagia and adjacent segment disease compared with patients who underwent ACDF with a cage-plate technique. However, patients who underwent ACDF with a cage-plate technique had better radiographic outcomes with significantly less subsidence and better restoration of cervical lordosis. There were no other significant differences in outcomes or postoperative complications.

Conclusions:

ACDF with a cage-only technique appears to have better clinical outcomes than the cage-plate technique, despite radiographic findings of increased rates of subsidence and less restoration of cervical lordosis. Future randomized controlled trials with longer term follow-up are needed to confirm the findings of this meta-analysis.

Keywords

cervical degenerative disc disease discectomy ACDF fixation

Introduction

Since its initial description by Smith and Robinson¹ in 1958, anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) has been used for the treatment of cervical degenerative disc disease, radiculopathy, and myelopathy.^2

–5 Developments in ACDF techniques have led to the introduction and routine application of anterior plate fixation in order to provide additional stability.⁶ However, there have been reports of complications associated with anterior cervical plates, such as esophageal soft tissue damage, neurovascular injuries, and dysphagia.^7,8 To address these complications, stand-alone interbody cages were designed to provide stability and facilitate fusion between cervical vertebrae without necessitating the use of an anterior plate.⁹ This new technique, however, has its own complications, such as cage subsidence, cervical dislocation, and cervical kyphosis.¹⁰ Past studies have compared the 2 techniques, but a general consensus has not yet been reached about the superiority of one technique over the other.

To date, 2 meta-analyses have been published comparing the use of a zero-profile device versus a cage and plate technique in ACDF.^11,12 Both studies, however, were limited by a relative paucity of studies—11 and 7, respectively. The primary goal of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes of ACDF with a stand-alone interbody cage versus a conventional cage and anterior cervical plate.

Methods

Literature Search

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and review recommendations.^13,14 A systematic Medline search was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library Database of Systematic Reviews, using a search strategy with the terms “anterior cervical discectomy and fusion,” “cage,” and “bone plates,” or variations thereof.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

To meet inclusion criteria for this analysis, the study must have directly compared ACDF with a stand-alone cage and ACDF with a cage and anterior cervical plate. Study designs were either prospective or retrospective cohort studies. Only human studies were included. Cadaver studies, basic science studies, and other biomechanical simulation studies were excluded. Review papers and studies conducted using the same data set were excluded as well. Two investigators independently reviewed and assessed the quality of the selected articles. Discrepancies between the 2 reviewers were resolved by discussion and consensus.

Quality Assessment

The quality of each study was independently assessed by two investigators using the Downs and Black checklist, which is a reliable and validated 27-item checklist designed to assess the quality of both randomized controlled trials and nonrandomized studies.¹⁵ It consists of questions that evaluate 5 quality domains: reporting, external validity, bias, confounding, and power. Each item on the checklist is scored according to the following method: “Yes” is given a score of 1, and “No” or “Unable to determine” is given a score of 0. Exceptions to this rule are item 5 assessing principal confounders (“Yes” = 2, “Partially” = 1, and “No” = 0) and item 27 assessing power (scored from 0 to 5). In this study, we employed a modified version of the Downs and Black checklist in which item 27 was revised to a binary system in which 1 point was awarded if a power or sample size calculation was performed, and 0 points were awarded if the study did not document a power or sample size calculation. The total score correlates with the quality of the study, with a maximum possible score of 28 in our modified version of the checklist. Only a randomized controlled trial can obtain a full score of 28.

We defined an excellent quality study as a total score of 26 to 28, a high-quality study as a score of 20 to 25, a moderate quality study as a score of 15 to 19, and a poor-quality study as a score of 14 and less. Bucketing scores in this manner is a practice routinely used in the spinal orthopedic literature.^16,17 The Down and Black checklist has been shown to have high intrarater, interrater, and test-retest reliability.¹⁵ The final results were reviewed and confirmed by a senior investigator.

Data Extraction

For each included study, data was extracted to record study characteristics, patient-specific risk factors, radiographic risk factors, surgical risk factors, and outcome measures. Study characteristics included study design, level of evidence, time of data collection, patient demographics, and duration of follow-up. Patient-specific risk factors included age, smoking status, diabetes, and bone mineral density. Radiographic variables included pre- and postoperative sagittal alignment, segmental angle endpoints, preoperative total intervertebral height, preoperative disk height, and pre- and postoperative anterior intervertebral disk height. Surgical risk factors included single- or multi-level fusion, number of levels fused, specific levels fused, operative time, type of cage, and indication for the procedure.

Outcome measures included length of hospital stay, complications (dysphagia, hoarseness, intraoperative blood loss), radiographical outcomes (total intervertebral height, anterior disk height, posterior disk height, pseudarthrosis rates, mean time to fusion, adjacent segment degeneration (ASD), adjacent disc height, change in adjacent disc height, subsidence, change in kyphosis, postoperative fused segment angle, and patient-reported clinical outcomes (visual analog scale [VAS] for arms and neck, Japanese Orthopedic Association [JOA] score, Neck Disability Index [NDI], Short Form Health Survey [SF-36], and Odom’s scale).

Statistical Analysis

Odds ratios (ORs) were reported as a summary statistic. We tested random-effect models to account for interstudy variation in baseline clinical characteristics and methodology. Chi-square (χ²) tests were used to evaluate heterogeneity between trials. The I² statistic was used to estimate the percentage of total variation across studies owing to heterogeneity rather than chance, with values greater than 50% considered to be indicative of substantial heterogeneity. The I² statistic was calculated as I² = 100% × (Q − df)/Q, with Q defined as Cochrane’s heterogeneity statistic and df defined as degrees of freedom. Subgroup analyses evaluating possible confounding factors were not possible because the raw data was not available. Statistical significance was set to a P value of .05. Review Manager Version 5.3.2 (Cochrane Collaboration, Software Update, Oxford, United Kingdom) was used for all statistical analyses.

Results

Literature Search

Our literature search yielded 455 relevant citations. After initial review of titles and abstracts, 397 references were excluded. After full text review of the remaining 58 articles, 39 were excluded. A total of 19 studies remained that met our inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in our meta-analysis (Figure 1)^{7

–10,12,18

–30}. Of the 19 studies, 15 were retrospective cohort studies and 4 were prospective cohort studies. There were no statistically significant differences in patient age, gender, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, or diabetes among the studies (Figure 2). There were no significant differences in follow-up duration between the cage-only and cage-plate groups in any of the included studies (Table 1). Graft material differed among the studies, but within each individual study, the same graft material was used in the cage-only and cage-plate groups. Graft material included β-tricalcium phosphate, demineralized bone matrix, autologous cancellous bone, or recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein–2 (rhBMP-2) with osteophytes. The remaining 4 studies either did not include details on the type of graft used or was a meta-analysis.

Figure 1.

Flowsheet illustrating study selection for this systematic review and meta-analysis.

Figure 2.

Baseline patient demographics and comorbidity variables.

Table 1.

Duration of Follow-Up.

Authors	Year	Duration of Follow-up (Months)
Authors	Year	ACDF Cage Alone	ACDF Cage and Plate
Han et al	2016	12	12
Yun et al	2016	12.77 ± 7.85	13.62 ± 9.21
Liu et al	2016	23.3 ± 6.9	24.2 ± 6.4
Oh et al	2013	23.4	20.6
Wang et al	2015	24.1 ± 7.8	23.8 ± 8.2
Ahn et al	2016	25.88 ± 1.95	26.14 ± 1.96
Li et al	2016	29.7 ± 6.5	30.8 ± 6.6
Song et al	2009	29.9	29.9
Shi et al	2015	30.3	30.3
Yang et al	2015	30.6	33.1
Chen et al	2016	36	36
Yan et al	2014	15.32 ± 2.13	14.26 ± 2.35
Son et al	2014	6	6
Kwon et al	2016	6	6
Shao et al	2015	Meta-analysis	Meta-analysis
Vanek et al	2013	24	24
Ji et al	2015	24	24
Li et al	2015 R	24	24
Li et al	2015 M	24	24

Abbreviation: ACDF, anterior cervical discectomy and fusion; R, radiculopathy group; M, myelopathy group.

Quality Assessment

The average modified Downs and Black score of the studies included in this meta-analysis was 18.2 (standard deviation, 2.2; range, 14-22). There were 6 high-quality studies, 12 moderate-quality studies, and 1 poor-quality study.

Perioperative Complications

A summary of all parameters analyzed in this meta-analysis is outlined in Table 2. Seven studies reported rates of dysphagia within 3 months of surgery. Dysphagia was significantly less common in the cage-only group (OR 0.32; P < .01). There was moderate heterogeneity between the studies with an I² value of 0.45. Eleven studies reported rates of dysphagia after 3 months postoperatively. Dysphagia was significantly less common in the cage-only group as well (OR 0.27; P < .01). There was minimal heterogeneity with an I² value of 0.08 (Figure 3).

Table 2.

Summary of Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes in the Cage-Only and Cage-Plate Groups.

Parameter	No. of Patients in Cage Group	No. of Patients in Cage-Plate Group	Mean Difference/Odds Ratio^a	Odds Ratio or Mean Difference Used	P	I ²	Favors	Statistically Significant
Postoperative Cobb angle	325	339	−1.44	Difference	.04	0.59	CP	Yes
Postoperative disc height	96	96	−0.39	Difference	.003	0	CP	Yes
Blood loss	351	362	−9.90	Difference	.0001	0.82	Cage	Yes
Postoperative dysphagia	603	567	0.30	Odds	.00 001	0.22	Cage	Yes
ASD	263	270	0.40	Odds	.003	0	Cage	Yes
Subsidence	443	424	2.49	Odds	.0001	0.20	CP	Yes
Operation time	351	362	−1.50	Difference	.65	0.92	Cage	No
Fusion rate	312	310	0.56	Odds	.09	0.02	CP	No
Postoperative VAS neck	240	246	0.18	Difference	.28	0.81	CP	No
Postoperative VAS arm	64	67	−0.37	Difference	.64	0.94	Cage	No
Postoperative JOA	340	355	0.14	Difference	.10	0	Cage	No
Postoperative NDI	181	187	0.11	Difference	.62	0	CP	No
Hospital stay	98	103	−0.24	Difference	.52	0.47	Cage	No
hoarseness	86	90	1.05	Odds	.96	0	CP	No
Kyphotic change	95	103	1.34	Odds	.61	0.56	CP	No
Odom E	214	226	0.74	Odds	.26	0.38	Cage	No
Odom G	214	226	1.15	Odds	.51	0	CP	No
Odom F	214	226	1.03	Odds	.94	0.13	N/A	No
Odom P	214	226	1.52	Odds	.52	0	CP	No
Postoperative fused segment angle	87	84	−1.76	Difference	.09	0	CP	No
Postoperative sagittal alignment	46	46	5.91	Difference	.37	0.94	Cage	No

Abbreviations: CP, cage with anterior plate; ASD, adjacent segment disease; VAS, visual analog scale; JOA, Japanese Orthopedic Association; NDI, neck disability index.

^a Compared with CP as baseline

Figure 3.

Forest plot of differences in dysphagia within and beyond 3 months of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) between the cage-only (Cage) and cage-plate (CP) groups. The cage-only group experienced significantly less dysphagia than the cage-plate group both within and beyond 3 months of surgery.

Twelve studies reported intraoperative blood loss. The cage-only group had an average of 9.90 mL lower intraoperative blood loss (P < .01). There was considerable heterogeneity between the studies with an I² value of 0.82 (Figure 4).

Figure 4.

Forest plot of differences in estimated blood loss between the cage-only (Cage) and cage-plate (CP) groups. The cage-only group had statistically significant lower blood than the cage-plate group.

There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups in terms of duration of operation, postoperative hoarseness, and length of hospital stay.

Radiographic Outcomes

Ten studies reported pre- and postoperative C2-C7 Cobb angles. The cage-only group had a significantly smaller postoperative C2-C7 Cobb angle than the cage-plate group (mean difference 1.44°, P = .04). There was substantial heterogeneity among these studies (I² = 0.59). There was no significant difference in preoperative Cobb angles between the 2 groups with moderate heterogeneity among studies (I² = 0.40).

Three studies reported preoperative disc height. There was no significant difference in preoperative disc height between the cage-only and the cage-plate group (P = .46). Two studies reported postoperative disc height, which was significantly lower in the cage-only group (mean difference 0.39 mm, P < .01). For both pre- and postoperative disc height, there was perfect homogeneity among studies (I² = 0) (Table 1).

Seven studies reported ASD. The cage-only group had a significantly decreased risk of ASD compared to the cage-plate group (OR 0.40; P < .01). There was perfect homogeneity among studies (I² = 0) (Table 1, Figure 5).

Figure 5.

Forest plot of differences in adjacent segment disease (ASD) between the cage-only (Cage) and cage-plate (CP) groups. The cage-only group had significantly decreased risk of ASD than the cage-plate group.

Nine studies reported the incidence of subsidence. Most studies measured subsidence within two years of operation, although some did not define a time frame. Furthermore, the parameters used to define “subsidence” differed across studies. Four of the studies defined cage subsidence as either a reduction >3 mm in intervertebral body height or a distance >3 mm between the midpoint of the upper margin of the upper vertebral body and lower margin of the lower vertebral body.^8,18,20 Four other studies used a cutoff of 2 mm instead of 3 mm.^21,24,31,32 Finally, 1 study defined cage subsidence as a distance >6 mm between the midpoint of the upper margin of the upper vertebral body and lower margin of the lower vertebral body.^8,18,20 The cage-only group had a significantly greater risk of cage subsidence than the cage-plate group (OR 2.49; P < .01). There was minimal heterogeneity among these studies (I² = 0.20) (Table 1).

There was no significant difference between the cage-only and cage-plate groups with regards to absolute fusion rate (Figure 6). Independent verification was used to assess radiographic fusion in 10 studies. In comparison, the operating surgeon assessed fusion status in 8 studies. Studies varied slightly in their criteria for assessing fusion. These criteria are outlined in Table 3.

Figure 6.

Forest plot of differences in fusion rate between the cage-only (Cage) and cage-plate (CP) groups. There was no significant difference in fusion rate between the 2 groups.

Table 3.

Criteria for the Assessment of Fusion on Radiographs or CT.

Study	Year	Fusion Criteria	Imaging Modality
Wang et al Li et al Liu et al	2015 2016 2016	(1) Absence of motion between the spinous processes at dynamic lateral radiographs, (2) absence of a radiolucent gap between the graft and endplates, and (3) presence of continuous bridging bony trabeculae at the graft-endplate interface	X-rays and CT
Oh et al Song et al Ji et al Chen et al Shi et al	2013 2009 2015 2016 2015	(1) <2° movement on lateral flexion/extension views, (2) the presence of bridging trabecular bone between the endplates on anteroposterior/lateral views, (3) the lack of implant failure signs of the anterior plate system, and (4) <50% radiolucency in the perimeter surrounding the cage	X-rays and CT
Li et al Li et al	2015 R 2015 M	(1) <4° of angular motion on flexion and extension radiographs, (2) the presence of bridging trabecular bone between the fused vertebrae, and (3) the absence of any radiolucent zones spanning <50% of the implant-vertebral interface on CT	X-rays and CT
Yun et al	2016	(1) <10° movement on lateral flexion/extension views, (2) presence of bridging trabecular bone between the end plates on anteroposterior and lateral views, (3) <50% radiolucency in the perimeter surrounding the cage, and (4) no evidence of pullout of the device	X-rays
Ahn et al	2016	Bridwell fusion grading system. We defined grades 1-2 and motion <2 mm on flexion/extension lateral radiographs as fusion	X-rays and CT
Yan et al	2014	Continuity of trabecular pattern on CT	CT
Son et al Kwon et al Yang et al Han et al	2014 2016 2015 2016	Not mentioned	X-rays, MRI, CT
Shao et al	2015	Meta-analysis	Meta-analysis
Vanek et al	2013	Assessed based on radiologic stability	Dynamic X-rays

Abbreviations: CT, computed tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; R, radiculopathy group; M, myelopathy group.

Finally, there was no significant difference in kyphotic change between the cage-only and cage-plate groups. Pre- and postoperative fused segment angles and sagittal alignment were not statistically different between the 2 groups.

Patient-Reported Clinical Outcomes

The results of patient-reported clinical outcomes are outlined in Table 1. There were no significant differences in patient-reported outcomes between the cage-only and cage-plate groups, including Odom’s criteria, VAS neck score, VAS arm score, JOA score, and NDI score.

Discussion

ACDF is a well-recognized treatment for cervical disc degeneration, radiculopathy, and myelopathy. ACDF with an anterior cervical plate has been shown to be an effective method of fusion with low pseudarthrosis rates reported for 1- to 2-level fusions.⁶ However, given the postoperative complications that have been attributed to the presence of an anterior plate, there has been rising interest in the use of techniques such as stand-alone cages that do not require plate fixation. Our systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated that ACDF with a cage-only technique was associated with decreased incidence of postoperative dysphagia, intraoperative blood loss, and ASD compared with a conventional cage-plate technique. However, a cage-only technique was found to have increased rates of cage subsidence, decreased postoperative disc height, and less restoration of cervical lordosis.

Postoperative dysphagia is the most common complication of ACDF.³³ While the exact mechanism of dysphagia following ACDF is unknown, several hypotheses have been proposed. Fountas et al³³ suggested that esophageal injury, soft tissue edema, hematoma, and adhesion formation around the anterior cervical plate may be potential contributors to the development of dysphagia. Lee et al noted a positive correlation between the thickness of the plate and the rate of postoperative dysphagia.³⁴ In addition, Fogel and McDonnell demonstrated in their meta-analysis that removal of an anterior plate and lysis of associated esophageal adhesions significantly reduced rates of both immediate and chronic postoperative dysphagia in patients who had previously undergone ACDF.³⁵

In this meta-analysis, the association between the conventional cage-plate technique and higher rates of dysphagia does not come as a surprise, but it is important to note that almost half of the studies included individually reported no significant difference in dysphagia between cage-only and cage-plate cohorts.^{8,18,21,24,27} By pooling together the results from these studies, statistical power was increased and we found strong evidence that the stand-alone cage technique is associated with lower rates of dysphagia compared to the conventional cage-plate technique. This suggests that use of a stand-alone cage could potentially reduce rates of postoperative dysphagia by as much as 5-fold, which in turn, could have a significant impact on patient comfort and satisfaction.

The cage-only technique was also associated with a statistically significant lower intraoperative blood loss. However, given that average blood loss during an ACDF is relatively low, this difference is likely not clinically significant.

ACDF with a cage-only technique was found to be superior to the conventional cage-plate technique with regards to the incidence of ASD. Biomechanical studies have demonstrated that ACDF with a conventional cage-plate technique affects the mechanical properties of intervertebral disks at adjacent levels to the fusion. There is increased stress and mobility in adjacent segments after fusion, which potentially contributes to accelerated ASD.^19,36 ASD is associated with accelerated disc degeneration as well as sagittal malalignment, which may necessitate additional treatment months to years after the index operation.^9,37

The higher rate of ASD seen with the cage-plate technique has been attributed to surgical factors such as proximity of the plate to the adjacent intervertebral disk.⁵ However, if stand-alone cages have at least equivalent outcomes to the conventional cage-plate technique, then one of the major proposed benefits in favor of the cage-only technique is a theoretical reduction in the rate of ASD due to the absence of an anterior plate. In this meta-analysis, we indeed found a significantly decreased rate of ASD in the cage-only group. Again, it is notable that only 1 of the 6 studies included in the analysis reported a decreased rate of ASD with the cage-only technique. However, with the increased power from pooled data, the cage-only technique was found to be associated with a 2- to 3-fold decrease in the rate of ASD, which may potentially reduce later-onset complications after the index operation.¹⁹

One of the major concerns of ACDF with a stand-alone cage is the potential increase in the rate of cage subsidence. Our pooled results did demonstrate a significantly increased rate of subsidence in the cage-only group, but as noted previously, there was variability among studies in terms of the definitions of “subsidence.” Unfortunately, this makes it difficult to truly assess the difference in cage subsidence between the cage-only and cage-plate groups. Studies have reported that cage subsidence may cause local cervical kyphosis and hypermobility in the posterior cervical region.¹⁹ However, it is also important to note that a previously published systematic review found that cage subsidence following ACDF does not affect clinical outcomes or fusion rates.³⁷ Therefore, the clinical significance of higher rates of radiographic cage subsidence in the cage-only group in this meta-analysis is unclear and should be further examined in future studies.

This meta-analysis also found that the cage-only technique was associated with less restoration of cervical lordosis compared to the cage-plate technique. Loss of cervical lordosis has been associated with postoperative pain and functional disability.¹⁰ In additional, sagittal alignment plays an important role in the distribution of stress across fixation devices.²³ Loss of cervical lordosis is a theoretical risk factor for ASD as cervical kyphosis accelerates degenerative changes of the cervical spine by increasing biomechanical stress on the anterior portion of the vertebral bodies of adjacent segments.¹⁰ Our pooled results in this meta-analysis demonstrated that the cage-plate technique resulted in significantly greater sagittal Cobb angles (ie, greater cervical lordosis) than the stand-alone cage technique. Of the 9 studies included, only 1 study independently reported a significant difference in postoperative cervical lordosis between the 2 groups.¹⁰ While previous studies have shown that loss of cervical lordosis is associated with poorer clinical outcomes, we did not find worse clinical outcomes in the cage-only group.³¹ This may be due to the fact that the clinical sequelae resulting from loss of cervical lordosis may take years to develop and thus, were not captured in the relatively short-term follow-up time period of the included studies.

There are several limitations to this study. First, there was significant heterogeneity across studies for some of the parameters analyzed in this meta-analysis. Only 5 of the studies included were prospective studies, while most of the remaining 17 studies were observational in nature and therefore, more susceptible to selection bias. Second, the number of studies analyzed for each outcome measure varied widely. The heterogeneous nature of the studies created imbalances in the amount of data available for each outcome variable. Additionally, 9 of the studies reviewed included outcomes from multiple surgeons, which may introduce bias as estimated blood loss; operation time and fusion rates can vary from surgeon to surgeon. Furthermore, the operating surgeon assessed radiographic fusion in 8 studies, which is another potential source of bias. Finally, our literature search only included studies from select databases and excluded studies that were not published in English, which may have potentially overlooked some studies with relevant data.

In conclusion, ACDF with a stand-alone cage technique is associated with a reduced incidence of postoperative dysphagia and decreased risk of ASD. The cage-alone technique was also associated with less restoration of normal cervical lordosis, but this did not seem to have short-term clinical significance. Long-term outcomes remain unclear as the studies included in this meta-analysis had relatively short-term follow-up. In summary, the cage-only technique appears to have better short-term clinical outcomes than the conventional cage-plate technique, despite radiographic findings of greater cage subsidence and less restoration of cervical lordosis. More randomized controlled trials with longer-term follow-up are needed to determine whether the findings of this meta-analysis hold up in the long-term.

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

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Comparison of Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion With a Stand-Alone Interbody Cage Versus a Conventional Cage-Plate Technique: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Study Design:

Objective:

Methods:

Results:

Conclusions:

Keywords

Introduction

Methods

Literature Search

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Quality Assessment

Data Extraction

Statistical Analysis

Results

Literature Search

Quality Assessment

Perioperative Complications

Radiographic Outcomes

Patient-Reported Clinical Outcomes

Discussion

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

Funding

References