Recent advances in biomedical engineering as applied to neurologic rehabilitation
have finally borne clinically relevant fruit. Nowhere is this more evident than
in the field of functional electrical stimulation (FES). This article highlights
the remarkable clinical progress that has been made in the use of electrical
stimulation for restoring movement and function in individuals with spinal cord
injury. Specific attention is given to respiratory-assist devices, hand-grasp
systems, standing and walking, and bladder control. This review article features
discussion of eight devices that have gone through the United States Food and
Drug Administration (FDA) regulatory approval process.
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