Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Dispositional gratitude has recently emerged as a variable of interest in organizational contexts. However, it remains unclear whether dispositional gratitude is predictive of employee well-being, with limited theoretical and empirical elucidation of the underlying mechanisms. To address these limitations, the present study investigated dispositional gratitude as a predictor of employee well-being and organizational commitment. Drawing on the broaden-and-build theory of positive affect, the study also examined whether the social bonding resources of leader-member exchange (LMX) and coworker exchange (CWX) mediated these effects. The participating employees (N = 300) completed the survey in three waves at one-week intervals. The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) confirm that dispositional gratitude is positively related to employee well-being and organizational commitment and that these effects are mediated by LMX and CWX. The paper concludes by discussing the theoretical and practical implications of these findings, the study’s limitations, and future research directions.

Keywords

dispositional gratitude leader-member exchange coworker exchange employee well-being organizational commitment

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Algoe

S. B.

(2012). Find, remind, and bind: The functions of gratitude in everyday relationships. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6(6), 455–469. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00439.x

Algoe

S. B.

Haidt

Gable

S. L.

(2008). Beyond reciprocity: Gratitude and relationships in everyday life. Emotion, 8(3), 425–429. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.8.3.425

Andersson

L. M.

Giacalone

R. A.

Jurkiewicz

C. L.

(2007). On the relationship of hope and gratitude to corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 70(4), 401–409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9118-1

Aron

Norman

C. C.

Aron

E. N.

McKenna

Heyman

R. E.

(2000). Couples’ shared participation in novel and arousing activities and experienced relationship quality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 273–284. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.273

Aryee

Chen

Z. X.

(2006). Leader–member exchange in a Chinese context: Antecedents, the mediating role of psychological empowerment and outcomes. Journal of Business Research, 59(7), 793–801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2005.03.003

Bakker

A. B.

Demerouti

(2007). The job demands‐resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309–328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115

Blau

P. M.

(1964). Exchange and power in social life. Wiley.

Brislin

J. A.

(1993). The effect of the federal family and medical leave act upon employee benefits. Employee Benefits Journal, 18(3), 2–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2092(07)69676-8

Brush

D. H.

Moch

M. K.

Pooyan

(1987). Individual demographic differences and job satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 8(2), 139–155. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030080205

10.

Busseri

Sadava

DeCourville

(2007). A hybrid model for research on subjective well-being: Examining common-and component-specific sources of variance in life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect. Social Indicators Research, 83(3), 413–445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-006-9028-8

11.

Chen

L. H.

Chen

M.-Y.

Kee

Y. H.

Tsai

Y.-M.

(2009). Validation of the gratitude questionnaire (GQ) in Taiwanese undergraduate students. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10(6), 655–664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-008-9112-7

12.

Chen

Z. X.

Francesco

A. M.

(2000). Employee demography, organizational commitment, and turnover intentions in China: Do cultural differences matter? Human Relations, 53(6), 869–887. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726700536005

13.

Cheng

Stockdale

M. S.

(2003). The validity of the three-component model of organizational commitment in a Chinese context. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62(3), 465–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(02)00063-5

14.

Chen

Guo

Song

L. J.

Lyu

(2020). From errors to OCBs and creativity: A multilevel mediation mechanism of workplace gratitude. Current Psychology, (Advance online publication.), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01120-5

15.

Chen

Yang

Xia

Deng

Fan

(2021). The relationship between gratitude and job satisfaction: The mediating roles of social support and job crafting. Current Psychology, (Advance online publication.), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01658-y

16.

Cheung

G. W.

Rensvold

R. B.

(2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5

17.

Chhajer

Dutta

(2021). Gratitude as a mechanism to form high-quality connections at work: Impact on job performance. International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management, 22(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJICBM.2021.112613

18.

Chiaburu

D. S.

Harrison

D. A.

(2008). Do peers make the place? Conceptual synthesis and meta-analysis of coworker effects on perceptions, attitudes, OCBs, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(5), 1082–1103. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.5.1082

19.

Cho

(2019). Effects of social support and grateful disposition on employees’ psychological well-being. The Service Industries Journal, 39(11–12), 799–819. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2018.1444755

20.

Chughtai

Byrne

Flood

(2015). Linking ethical leadership to employee well-being: The role of trust in supervisor. Journal of Business Ethics, 128(3), 653–663. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2126-7

21.

Cogliser

C. C.

Schriesheim

C. A.

Scandura

T. A.

Gardner

W. L.

(2009). Balance in leader and follower perceptions of leader–member exchange: Relationships with performance and work attitudes. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(3), 452–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.03.010

22.

Cortini

Converso

Galanti

Di Fiore

Di Domenico

Fantinelli

(2019). Gratitude at work works! A mix-method study on different dimensions of gratitude, job satisfaction, and job performance. Sustainability, 11(14), 3902. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11143902

23.

Da Silva

A. M.

(2019). Leadership through the Lens of gratitude: The moderating Role of Gratitude on the Relationship between perceived transformational Leadership and occupational stress (doctoral dissertation). https://www.proquest.com/docview/2203442319?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true

24.

Daniels

(2000). Measures of five aspects of affective well-being at work. Human Relations, 53(2), 275–294. https://doi.org/10.1177/a010564

25.

Di Fabio

Gori

(2016). Measuring adolescent life satisfaction: Psychometric properties of the satisfaction with life scale in a sample of Italian adolescents and young adults. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 34(5), 501–506. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282915621223

26.

Di Fabio

Palazzeschi

Bucci

(2017). Gratitude in organizations: A contribution for healthy organizational contexts. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2025–2030. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02025

27.

Diener

Suh

E. M.

Lucas

R. E.

Smith

H. L.

(1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276

28.

Dose

Desrumaux

Bernaud

J. L.

Hellemans

(2019). What makes happy counselors? From self-esteem and leader-member exchange to well-being at work: The mediating role of need satisfaction. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 15(4), 823–842. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v15i4.1881

29.

Emmons

R. A.

(2003). Acts of gratitude in organizations. In Cameron

Dutton

Quinn

(Eds.), Positive organizational scholarship (pp. 81–93). Berrett-Koehler.

30.

Emmons

R. A.

McCullough

M. E.

(Eds.), (2004). The psychology of gratitude. Oxford University Press.

31.

Emmons

R. A.

Froh

Rose

(2019). Gratitude. In Gallagher

M. W.

Lopez

S. J.

(Eds.), Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures (pp. 317–332). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000138-020

32.

Emmons

R. A.

Mishra

(2011). Why gratitude enhances well-being: What we know, what we need to know. In Sheldon

K. M.

Kashdan

T. B.

Steger

M. F.

(Eds.), Designing positive psychology: Taking stock and moving forward (pp. 248-262). Oxford University Press.

33.

Ensher

E. A.

Thomas

Murphy

S. E.

(2001). Comparison of traditional, step-ahead, and peer mentoring on protégés' support, satisfaction, and perceptions of career success: A social exchange perspective. Journal of Business and Psychology, 15(3), 419–438. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007870600459

34.

Fehr

Fulmer

Awtrey

Miller

J. A.

(2017). The grateful workplace: A multilevel model of gratitude in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 42(2), 361–381. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2014.0374

35.

Feng

Yin

(2021). Social support and hope mediate the relationship between gratitude and depression among front-line medical staff during the pandemic of COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 579. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.623873

36.

Ford

M. T.

Wang

Jin

Eisenberger

(2018). Chronic and episodic anger and gratitude toward the organization: Relationships with organizational and supervisor supportiveness and extrarole behavior. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 23(2), 175–187. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000075

37.

Fredrickson

B. L.

(1998). Cultivated emotions: Parental socialization of positive emotions and self-conscious emotions. Psychological Inquiry, 9(4), 279–281. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0904_4

38.

Fredrickson

B. L.

(2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218

39.

Fredrickson

B. L.

(2004). Gratitude, like other positive emotions, broadens and builds. In Emmons

R. A.

McCullough

M. E.

(Eds.), The psychology of gratitude (pp. 145–166). Oxford University Press.

40.

Fredrickson

B. L.

(2013). Positive emotions broaden and build. In Advances in experimental social psychology (47, pp. 1–53). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407236-7.00001-2

41.

Froese

F. J.

Xiao

(2012). Work values, job satisfaction and organizational commitment in China. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(10), 2144–2162. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.610342

42.

Froh

J. J.

Yurkewicz

Kashdan

T. B.

(2009). Gratitude and subjective well-being in early adolescence: Examining gender differences. Journal of Adolescence, 32(3), 633–650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.06.006

43.

Gerstner

C. R.

Day

D. V.

(1997). Meta-Analytic review of leader–member exchange theory: Correlates and construct issues. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(6), 827–844. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.6.827

44.

Gino

Schweitzer

M. E.

(2008). Blinded by anger or feeling the love: How emotions influence advice taking. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(5), 1165–1173. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.5.1165

45.

Gordon

A. M.

Impett

E. A.

Kogan

Oveis

Keltner

(2012). To have and to hold: Gratitude promotes relationship maintenance in intimate bonds. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(2), 257–274. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028723

46.

Graen

G. B.

Uhl-Bien

(1995). Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. The Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 219–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(95)90036-5

47.

Grant

A. M.

Gino

(2010). A little thanks goes a long way: Explaining why gratitude expressions motivate prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(6), 946–955. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017935

48.

Guest

D. E.

(2017). Human resource management and employee well‐being: Towards a new analytic framework. Human Resource Management Journal, 27(1), 22–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12139

49.

Tang

T. L. P.

Jiang

(2015). Does moral leadership enhance employee creativity? Employee identification with leader and leader–member exchange (LMX) in the Chinese context. Journal of Business Ethics, 126(3), 513–529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1967-9

50.

Gutiérrez

J. L. G.

Jiménez

B. M.

Hernández

E. G.

Pcn

(2005). Personality and subjective well-being: Big five correlates and demographic variables. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(7), 1561–1569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.09.015

51.

Guzzo

R. F.

Wang

Abbott

(2020). Corporate social responsibility and individual outcomes: The mediating role of gratitude and compassion at work. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 1–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938965520981069

52.

Harter

J. K.

Schmidt

F. L.

Keyes

C. L. M.

(2003). Well-being in the workplace and its relationship to business outcomes: A review of the gallup studies. In Keyes

C. L. M.

Haidt

(Eds.), Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived (pp. 205–224). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10594-009

53.

Hill

P. L.

Allemand

(2011). Gratitude, forgivingness, and well-being in adulthood: Tests of moderation and incremental prediction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(5), 397–407. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2011.602099

54.

Hofstede

(2001). Culture's recent consequences: Using dimension scores in theory and research. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 1(1), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/147059580111002

55.

L. T.

Bentler

P. M.

(1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118

56.

Huhtala

Parzefall

M. R.

(2007). A review of employee well‐being and innovativeness: An opportunity for a mutual benefit. Creativity and Innovation Management, 16(3), 299–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8691.2007.00442.x

57.

Hui

Graen

(1997). Guanxi and professional leadership in contemporary Sino-American joint ventures in mainland China. The Leadership Quarterly, 8(4), 451-465. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(97)90024-2

58.

Kaplan

(2015). Is “feeling good” good enough? Differentiating discrete positive emotions at work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(1), 39–58. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1941

59.

Kashdan

T. B.

Mishra

Breen

W. E.

Froh

J. J.

(2009). Gender differences in gratitude: Examining appraisals, narratives, the willingness to express emotions, and changes in psychological needs. Journal of Personality, 77(3), 691–730. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00562.x

60.

Kim

S. R.

Park

O. L.

Kim

H. Y.

Kim

J. Y.

(2019). Factors influencing well‐being in clinical nurses: A path analysis using a multi‐mediation model. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 28(23–24), 4549–4559. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15045

61.

Komase

Watanabe

Hori

Nozawa

Hidaka

Iida

Imamura

Kawakami

(2021). Effects of gratitude intervention on mental health and well‐being among workers: A systematic review. Journal of Occupational Health, 63(1), Article e12290. https://doi.org/10.1002/1348-9585.12290

62.

Komase

Watanabe

Imamura

Kawakami

(2019). Effects of a newly developed gratitude intervention program on work engagement among Japanese workers: A pre-and posttest study. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 61(9), e378–e383. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000001661

63.

Kong

You

Zhao

(2017). Evaluation of the gratitude questionnaire in a Chinese sample of adults: Factorial validity, criterionrelated validity, and measurement invariance across sex. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1498. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01498

64.

Lambert

N. M.

Clark

M. S.

Durtschi

Fincham

F. D.

Graham

S. M.

(2010). Benefits of expressing gratitude: Expressing gratitude to a partner changes one’s view of the relationship. Psychological Science, 21(4), 574–580. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610364003

65.

Lanham

Rye

Rimsky

Weill

(2012). How gratitude relates to burnout and job satisfaction in mental health professionals. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 34(4), 341–354. https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.34.4.w35q80w11kgpqn26

66.

Lau

B. H. P.

Cheng

(2017). Gratitude and coping among familial caregivers of persons with dementia. Aging & Mental Health, 21(4), 445–453. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1114588

67.

Lee

J. Y.

Kim

S. Y.

Bae

K. Y.

Kim

J. M.

Shin

I. S.

Yoon

J. S.

Kim

S. W.

(2018). The association of gratitude with perceived stress and burnout among male firefighters in Korea. Personality and Individual Differences, 123, 205–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.11.010

68.

Lee

Wei

(2017). The moderating effect of leadership on perceived organizational justice and affective commitment: a study in China. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(5), 679–702. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1109533

69.

Leong

J. L.

Chen

S. X.

Fung

H. H.

Bond

M. H.

Siu

N. Y.

Zhu

J. Y.

(2020). Is gratitude always beneficial to interpersonal relationships? The interplay of grateful disposition, grateful mood, and grateful expression among married couples. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 46(1), 64–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167219842868

70.

Liao

S. S.

D. C.

Chung

Y. C.

Chen

L. W.

(2017). LMX and employee satisfaction: mediating effect of psychological capital. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 38(3), 433–449. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-12-2015-0275

71.

Liden

R. C.

Sparrowe

R. T.

Wayne

S. J.

(1997). Leader-member exchange theory: The past and potential for the future. In Ferris

G. R.

(Ed), Research in personnel and human resources management (15, pp. 47–119). Elsevier Science/JAI Press.

72.

Dong

C. H.

Brown

M. E.

Sun

L. Y.

(2021). Appreciation that inspires: The impact of leader trait gratitude on team innovation. Journal of Organizational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2577

73.

Lies

Mellor

Hong

R. Y.

(2014). Gratitude and personal functioning among earthquake survivors in Indonesia. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9(4), 295–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2014.902492

74.

Liu

Lee

C. R.

(2021). The role of change in the relationships Between leader-member exchange/coworker exchange and newcomer performance: A latent growth modeling approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 600712. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.600712

75.

Locklear

L. R.

Taylor

S. G.

Ambrose

M. L.

(2021). How a gratitude intervention influences workplace mistreatment: A multiple mediation model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 106(9), 1314–1331. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000825

76.

Mäkikangas

Feldt

Kinnunen

Mauno

(2013). Does personality matter? A review of individual differences in occupational well-being. Advances in Positive Organizational Psychology, 1, 107–143. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2046-410X(2013)0000001008

77.

Martin

Guillaume

Thomas

Lee

Epitropaki

(2016). Leader–member exchange (LMX) and performance: A meta‐analytic review. Personnel Psychology, 69(1), 67–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12100

78.

McCullough

M. E.

Emmons

R. A.

Tsang

J. A.

(2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1), 112–127. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.112

79.

McCullough

M. E.

Kilpatrick

S. D.

Emmons

R. A.

Larson

D. B.

(2001). Is gratitude a moral affect? Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 249–266. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.249

80.

McCullough

M. E.

Tsang

(2004). Parent of the virtues? The prosocial contours of gratitude. In Emmons

R. A.

McCullough

M. E.

(Eds.), The psychology of gratitude (pp. 123–141). Oxford University Press.

81.

McCullough

M. E.

Tsang

J. A.

Emmons

R. A.

(2004). Gratitude in intermediate affective terrain: Links of grateful moods to individual difference and daily emotional experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 295–309. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.295

82.

Meyer

J. P.

Allen

N. J.

(1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/1053-4822(91)90011-Z

83.

Mukhtar

A. H.

Al-Barri

(2018). Gratitude intervention at work: It’s impact on well-being, job satisfaction & organisational commitment. International Journal of Advanced Social Social and Humanities, 5(3), 1–10. http://ijassh.com/index.php/IJASSH/article/viewFile/274/290

84.

Muthén

L. K.

Muthén

B. O.

(1998–2017). Mplus user’s guide (8th ed.). Muthén & Muthén. https://www.statmodel.com/

85.

Neininger

Lehmann-Willenbrock

Kauffeld

Henschel

(2010). Effects of team and organizational commitment–A longitudinal study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76(3), 567–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.01.009

86.

Page

K. M.

Vella-Brodrick

D. A.

(2009). The ‘what’,‘why’and ‘how’of employee well-being: A new model. Social Indicators Research, 90(3), 441–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-008-9270-3

87.

Paglis

L. L.

Green

S. G.

(2002). Leadership self‐efficacy and managers' motivation for leading change. Journal of Organizational Behavior: the International Journal of Industrial. Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 23(2), 215–235. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.137

88.

Palmatier

R. W.

Jarvis

C. B.

Bechkoff

J. R.

Kardes

F. R.

(2009). The role of customer gratitude in relationship marketing. Journal of Marketing, 73(5), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.73.5.1

89.

Podsakoff

P. M.

MacKenzie

S. B.

Podsakoff

N. P.

(2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 63(1), 539–569. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452

90.

Pollock

N. C.

Noser

A. E.

Holden

C. J.

Zeigler-Hill

(2016). Do orientations to happiness mediate the associations between personality traits and subjective well-being? Journal of Happiness Studies, 17(2), 713–729. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9617-9

91.

Portocarrero

F. F.

Gonzalez

Ekema-Agbaw

(2020). A meta-analytic review of the relationship between dispositional gratitude and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 164, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110101

92.

Preacher

K. J.

Hayes

A. F.

(2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/brm.40.3.879

93.

Rath

Harter

(2010). Wellbeing: The five essential elements. Gallup.

94.

Ritzenhöfer

Brosi

Spörrle

Welpe

I. M.

(2017). Leader pride and gratitude differentially impact follower trust. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 32(6), 445–459. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-08-2016-0235

95.

Ryan

R. M.

Deci

E. L.

(2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 141–166. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141

96.

Ryff

C. D.

(1989a). In the eye of the beholder: Views of psychological well-being among middle-aged and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 4(2), 195–210. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.4.2.195

97.

Ryff

C. D.

(1989b). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069

98.

Ryff

C. D.

Keyes

C. L. M.

(1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719–727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719

99.

Schaufeli

W. B.

Bakker

A. B.

Van der Heijden

F. M.

Prins

J. T.

(2009). Workaholism, burnout and well-being among junior doctors: The mediating role of role conflict. Work & Stress, 23(2), 155–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370902834021

100.

Schriesheim

C. A.

Castro

S. L.

Cogliser

C. C.

(1999). Leader-member exchange (LMX) research: A comprehensive review of theory, measurement, and data-analytic practices. The Leadership Quarterly, 10(1), 63–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(99)80009-5

101.

Seligman

M. E. P.

(2002). Positive psychology, positive prevention, and positive therapy. In Snyder

C. R.

Lopez

S. J.

(Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 3–9). Oxford University Press.

102.

Seligman

M. E. P.

Csikszentmihalyi

(2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5

103.

Sherony

K. M.

Green

S. G.

(2002). Coworker exchange: Relationships between coworkers, leader-member exchange, and work attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 542–548. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.542

104.

Smith

R. H.

Turner

T. J.

Garonzik

Leach

C. W.

Urch-Druskat

Weston

C. M.

(1996). Envy and schadenfreude. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(2), 158–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167296222005

105.

Somers

M. J

(1995). Organizational commitment, turnover and absenteeism: An examination of direct and interaction effects. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16(1), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030160107

106.

Spence

J. R.

Brown

D. J.

Keeping

L. M.

Lian

(2014). Helpful today, but not tomorrow? Feeling grateful as a predictor of daily organizational citizenship behaviors. Personnel Psychology, 67(3), 705–738. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12051

107.

Stegen

Wankier

(2018). Generating gratitude in the workplace to improve faculty job satisfaction. Journal of Nursing Education, 57(6), 375–378. https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20180522-10

108.

Sun

Jiang

Jia

(2019). Gratitude and problem behaviors in adolescents: The mediating roles of positive and negative coping styles. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1547. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01547

109.

Tabachnick

B. G.

Fidell

L. S.

(2007). Experimental designs using ANOVA (p. 724). Thomson/Brooks/Cole.

110.

Tang

Lam

C. K.

Ouyang

Huang

Tse

H. H.

(2021). Comparisons draw us close: The influence of leader‐member exchange dyadic comparison on coworker exchange. Personnel Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12465

111.

Tett

R. P.

Meyer

J. P.

(1993). Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, and turnover: path analyses based on meta‐analytic findings. Personnel Psychology, 46(2), 259–293. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1993.tb00874.x

112.

Thoits

P. A.

(2011). Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 52(2), 145–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510395592

113.

Ting

S. C.

Yeh

L. Y.

(2014). Teacher loyalty of elementary schools in Taiwan: The contribution of gratitude and relationship quality. School Leadership & Management, 34(1), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2013.813453

114.

Tudge

J. R.

Freitas

L. B.

O'Brien

L. T.

(2015). The virtue of gratitude: A developmental and cultural approach. Human Dvelopment, 58(4–5), 281–300. https://doi.org/10.1159/000444308

115.

Van De Voorde

Paauwe

Van Veldhoven

(2012). Employee well‐being and the HRM–organizational performance relationship: A review of quantitative studies. International Journal of Management Reviews, 14(4), 391–407. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2011.00322.x

116.

Volmer

Niessen

Spurk

Linz

Abele

A. E.

(2011). Reciprocal relationships between leader–member exchange (LMX) and job satisfaction: A cross‐lagged analysis. Applied Psychology, 60(4), 522–545. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2011.00446.x

117.

Wang

Guchait

Pasamehmetoglu

(2020). Anxiety and gratitude toward the organization: Relationships with error management culture and service recovery performance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 89, 102592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102592

118.

Wang

Law

K. S.

Hackett

R. D.

Wang

Chen

Z. X.

(2005). Leader-member exchange as a mediator of the relationship between transformational leadership and followers’ performance and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 48(3), 420–432. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2005.17407908

119.

Wang

Y. C.

Tudge

J. R.

(2015). Expressions of gratitude in children and adolescents: Insights from China and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46(8), 1039–1058. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022115594140

120.

Warr

(1987). Work, unemployment, and mental health. Oxford University Press.

121.

Warr

(1990). The measurement of well‐being and other aspects of mental health. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(3), 193–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00521.x

122.

Warr

(1999). Well-being and the workplace. In Kahneman

Diener

Schwarz

(Eds.), Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology (pp. 392–412). Russell Sage Foundation.

123.

Waterman

A. S.

(1993). Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(4), 678–691. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.4.678

124.

Watkins

P. C.

(2013). Gratitude and the good life: Toward a psychology of appreciation. Springer Science & Business Media.

125.

Weiss

H. M.

Cropanzano

(1996). Affective events theory. Research in Organizational Behavior, 18(1), 1–74.

126.

Weston

Gore

P. A.

Jr (2006). A brief guide to structural equation modeling. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(5), 719–751. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006286345

127.

Williams

L. A.

Bartlett

M. Y.

(2015). Warm thanks: Gratitude expression facilitates social affiliation in new relationships via perceived warmth. Emotion, 15(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000017

128.

Winslow

C. J.

Bradley-Geist

J. C.

Kaplan

S. A.

Lindsey

A. P.

Ahmad

A. S.

Hargrove

A. K.

(2017). Accentuate the positive: Which discrete positive emotions predict which work outcomes? The Psychologist-Manager Journal, 20(2), 74–137. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000035

129.

Wood

A. M.

Froh

J. J.

Geraghty

A. W. A.

(2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 890–905. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.005

130.

Wood

A. M.

Joseph

Maltby

(2009). Gratitude predicts psychological well-being above the Big five facets. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(4), 443–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.11.012

131.

Wright

T. A.

Bonett

D. G.

(1992). The effect of turnover on work satisfaction and mental health: Support for a situational perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(6), 603–615. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030130606

132.

Wright

T. A.

Bonett

D. G.

(2007). Job satisfaction and psychological well-being as nonadditive predictors of workplace turnover. Journal of Management, 33(2), 141–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206306297582

133.

Wright

T. A.

Cropanzano

Bonett

D. G.

Diamond

W. J.

(2009). The role of employee psychological well-being in cardiovascular health: When the twain shall meet. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(2), 193–208. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.592

134.

Wright

T. A.

Huang

C. C.

(2012). The many benefits of employee well‐being in organizational research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(8), 1188–1192. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1828

135.

Zhang

Wang

(2021). Combined influence of exchange quality and organizational identity on the relationship between authoritarian leadership and employee innovation: evidence from China. European Journal of Innovation Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-01-2021-0019

136.

Zhan

Zhou

Cheng

(2021). Feeling gratitude and depletion: the ambivalent consequences of receiving help in the workplace. International. Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 2039. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042039

137.

Zheng

Zhu

Zhao

Zhang

(2015). Employee well‐being in organizations: Theoretical model, scale development, and cross‐cultural validation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(5), 621–644. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1990

138.

Zhong

Chen

Yan

Luo

(2022). The mixed blessing of cyberloafing on innovation performance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Computers in Human Behavior, 126, 106982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106982

How Dispositional Gratitude Shapes Employee Well-being and Organizational Commitment: The Mediating Roles of Leader-Member Exchange and Coworker Exchange

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References