Open accessResearch articleFirst published online 2021
RETRACTED: Tumor Suppressor Gene XEDAR Promotes Differentiation and Suppresses Proliferation and Migration of Gastric Cancer Cells Through Upregulating the RELA/LXRα Axis and Deactivating the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway
At the request of Sage and the Journal Editor, the following article has been retracted.
Zhang X, Zhang D, Sun X, Li S, Sun Y, Zhai H. Tumor Suppressor Gene XEDAR Promotes Differentiation and Suppresses Proliferation and Migration of Gastric Cancer Cells Through Upregulating the RELA/LXRα Axis and Deactivating the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway. Cell Transplantation. 2021;30. doi:10.1177/0963689721996346
The Journal and Sage was alerted by the authors of a recent publication that describes one or more non-verifiable human cell lines-
Oste DJ, Pathmendra P, Richardson RAK, et al. Misspellings or “miscellings”—Non-verifiable and unknown cell lines in cancer research publications. Int J Cancer. 2024; 1-12. doi:10.1002/ijc.34995
The article describes the cell line MGC-803 which is noted to be a hybrid colony of HeLa and a gastric cancer cell from an Asian individual, hence considered contaminated.
After an internal investigation, Sage became aware that the submission contains indicators of third-party involvement.
The authors were contacted for an explanation and did not respond.
Due to concerns around the involvement of an unauthorized third party during submission and/or peer review, concerns about the strength of the conclusions resulting from experiments that used a contaminated cell line, this article has been retracted.
References
1.
ChenWZhengRBaadePDZhangSZengHBrayFJemalAYuXQHeJ. Cancer statistics in China, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016;66 (2):115–132.
2.
TorreLABrayFSiegelRLFerlayJLortet-TieulentJJemalA. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65(2):87–108.
3.
VycitalODubovaMPalekRHosekPBranzovskyJTreskaVDaumOLiskaV. The Impact of immune interaction on the metastatic infiltration of colorectal carcinoma to lymph nodes. Anticancer Res. 2018;38(7):4159–4167.
4.
LiLLiW.Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human cancer: Comprehensive reprogramming of metabolism, epigenetics, and differentiation. Pharmacol Ther. 2015;150(1):33–46.
5.
JandaCYDangLTYouCChangJDeWLZhongZAYanKSMarecicOSiepeDLiXMoodyJD. et al.Surrogate Wnt agonists that phenocopy canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Nature. 2017;545(7653):234–237.
6.
RapettimaussRBustosVThomasWMcbryanJHarveyHLajczakNMaddenSFPellissierBBorgeseFSorianiOHarveyBJ. Bidirectional KCNQ1:β-catenin interaction drives colorectal cancer cell differentiation. P Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017;114 (16):4159–4164.
7.
LoRLeungCChanKHoDWongCLeeTNgIO. Cripto-1 contributes to stemness in hepatocellular carcinoma by stabilizing dishevelled-3 and activating Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Cell Death Differ. 2018;9(3):1426–1441.
8.
PandaPKNaikPPPraharajPPMeherBRGuptaPKVermaRSMaitiTKShanmugamMKChinnathambiAAlharbiSASethiG. et al.Abrus agglutinin stimulates BMP-2-dependent differentiation through autophagic degradation of β-catenin in colon cancer stem cells. Mole Carcinog. 2018;57(5):664–677.
9.
GaoYChenZWangRTanXHuangCChenGChenZ. LXRα promotes the differentiation of human gastric cancer cells through inactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. J Cancer. 2019;10(1):156–167.
10.
MatsushitaKMorelloFZhangZMasudaTIwanagaSSteffensenKRGustafssonJÅPrattREDzauVJ. Nuclear hormone receptor LXRα inhibits adipocyte differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells with Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Lab Invest. 2016;96(2):230–238.
11.
SmulskiCRDecossasMChekkatNBeyrathJWillenLGuichardGLorenzettiRRizziMEibelHSchneiderPFournelS. et al.Hetero-oligomerization between the TNF receptor superfamily members CD40, Fas and TRAILR2 modulate CD40 signalling. Cell Death Dis. 2017;8(2):2601–2611.
12.
TanikawaCRiCKumarVNakamuraYMatsudaK. Crosstalk of EDA-A2/XEDAR in the p53 Signaling Pathway. Mol Cancer Res. 2010;8(6):855–863.
13.
VialJRoyetACassierPTortereauADinvautSMailletDGratadou-HuponLCreveauxMSadierATondeurGLéonS. et al.The Ectodysplasin receptor EDAR acts as a tumor suppressor in melanoma by conditionally inducing cell death. Cell Death Differ. 2018;26(3):443–454.
14.
SinhaSKChaudharyPM. Induction of apoptosis by X-linked ectodermal dysplasia receptor via a caspase 8-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem. 2004;279(40):41873–41881.
15.
SinhaSKSunnyZQuiñonesHIShindoMChaudharyPM. Role of TRAF3 and -6 in the activation of the NF-kappa B and JNK pathways by X-linked ectodermal dysplasia receptor. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(47):44953–44961.
16.
ZhangHDengTLiuRBaiMZhouLWangXLiSWangXYangHLiJNingT. et al.Exosome-delivered EGFR regulates liver microenvironment to promote gastric cancer liver metastasis. Nat Commun. 2017;8:15016.
17.
LiangXCaoYXiangSXiangZ. LXRα-mediated downregulation of EGFR suppress colorectal cancer cell proliferation. J Cell Biochem. 2019;120(10):17391–17404.
18.
HuCLiuDZhangYLouGHuangGChenBShenXGaoMGongWZhouPDaiS. et al.LXRα-mediated downregulation of FOXM1 suppresses the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncogene. 2014;33(22):2888–2897.
19.
YanMWangLCHymowitzSGSchilbachSLeeJGoddardAde VosAMGaoWQDixitVM. Two-amino acid molecular switch in an epithelial morphogen that regulates binding to two distinct receptors. Science. 2000;290(5491):523–527.
20.
PodzusJKowalczyk-QuintasCSchuepbach-MallepellSWillenLStaehlinGVigoloMTardivelAHeadonDKirbyNMikkolaMLSchneiderH. et al.Ectodysplasin a in biological fluids and diagnosis of ectodermal dysplasia. J Dent Res. 2017;96(2):217–224.
21.
TanikawaCFurukawaYYoshidaNArakawaHNakamuraYMatsudaK. XEDAR as a putative colorectal tumor suppressor that mediates p53-regulated anoikis pathway. Oncogene. 2009;28(34):3081–3092.
22.
VasuPHittuMChaudharyPM. X-linked ectodermal dysplasia receptor is downregulated in breast cancer via promoter methylation. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16(4):1140–1148.
23.
VerhelstKGardamSBorghiAKreikeMCarpentierIBeyaertR. XEDAR activates the non-canonical NF-κB pathway. Biochem Biophal Res Commun. 2015;65(2):275–280.
ChangBPunjVShindoMChaudharyPM. Adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of ectodysplasin-A2 results in induction of apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in osteosarcoma cell lines. Cancer Gene Ther. 2007;14(11):927–933.
26.
PengYZhangXFengXFanXJinZ. The crosstalk between microRNAs and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in cancer. Oncotarget. 2015;8(8):14089–14106.
27.
FanDRenBYangXLiuJZhangZ. Upregulation of miR-501-5p activates the wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and enhances stem cell-like phenotype in gastric cancer. J Exp Clin Canc Res. 2016;35(1):177–185.
28.
LemieuxECagnolSBeaudryKCarrierJRivardN. Oncogenic KRAS signalling promotes the Wnt/β-catenin pathway through LRP6 in colorectal cancer. Oncogene. 2015;34(38):4914–4927.
HuangJXiaoDLiGMaJChenPYuanWHouFGeJZhongMTangYXiaX. et al.EphA2 promotes epithelial--mesenchymal transition through the Wnt/[beta]-catenin pathway in gastric cancer cells. Oncogene. 2014;33(21):2737–2747.
31.
MargotZ. CD44: can a cancer-initiating cell profit from an abundantly expressed molecule?Nat Rev Cancer. 2011;11(4):254–267.
32.
ZhuXMoralesFCAgarwalNKDogrulukTGageaMGeorgescuMM. Moesin is a glioma progression marker that induces proliferation and Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation via interaction with CD44. Cancer Res. 2013;73(3):1142–1155.
33.
LiuXFLiXYZhengPSYangWT. DAX1 promotes cervical cancer cell growth and tumorigenicity through activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway via GSK3β. Cell Death Dis. 2018;9(3):339.
34.
MaoJLiangZZhangBYangHLiXFuHZhangXYanYXuWQianH. UBR2 enriched in P53-/-mBMMSC-Exosome promoted gastric cancer progression via Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Stem Cells. 2017;35 (11):2267–2279.
35.
Kai-TingCKeligPYuan-HauTYu-HsuanWJui-YuHKo-HsunLGuguen-GuillouzoCWangHW. Liver X receptor α (LXRα/NR1H3) regulates differentiation of hepatocyte-like cells via reciprocal regulation of HNF4α. J Hepatol. 2014;61(6):1276–1286.
36.
DidonatoJAMercurioFKarinM. NF-κB and the link between inflammation and cancer. Immunol Rev. 2012;246(1):379–400.
37.
CapeceDVerzellaDTessitoreAAlesseECapalboCZazzeroniF.Cancer secretome and inflammation: The bright and the dark sides of NF-κB. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2017;78(1):51–61.
38.
TaniguchiK.KarinM. NF-κB, inflammation, immunity and cancer: coming of age. Nat Rev Immunol. 2018;18(5):309–324.
39.
KleinUGhoshS. The Two Faces of nf-κB signaling in cancer development and therapy. Cancer Cell. 2011;20(5):556–558.
40.
GiampazoliasEZuninoBDhayadeSBockFCloixCCaoKRocaALopezJIchimGProïcsERubio-PatiñoC. et al.Mitochondrial permeabilization engages NF-κB-dependent anti-tumour activity under caspase deficiency. Nat Cell Biol. 2017;19(9):1116–1129.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
