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Abstract

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of vericiguat in patients with heart failure (HF).

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive literature review of the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases up to 14 December 2022 for studies comparing vericiguat with placebo in patients with HF. Clinical data were extracted and cardiovascular deaths, adverse effects, and HF-related hospitalization were analyzed using Review Manager software (version 5.3), after quality assessment of the enrolled studies.

Results

Four studies (6705 patients) were included in this meta-analysis. There were no significant differences in the basic characteristics of the included studies. There was no significant difference in adverse effects between the vericiguat group and placebo group, and no significant differences between the groups in terms of cardiovascular death and HF hospitalization.

Conclusion

This meta-analysis indicated that vericiguat was not an effective drug for HF; however, more clinical trials are required to verify its efficacy.

Keywords

Vericiguat heart failure soluble guanylate cyclase ejection fraction adverse effect hospitalization

Introduction

Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome and an advanced stage of various heart diseases, characterized by dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, including pulmonary congestion and peripheral edema.¹ Current guidelines divide HF into three categories with reduced ejection fraction (EF, HFrEF), intermediate EF (HFmEF), and preserved EF (HFpEF), respectively.² There is still no satisfactory treatment for HF, but many drugs, including newly developed drugs such as soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulators, have been applied in recent years.

The nitric oxide (NO)–sGC–cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway is closely related to cardiovascular disease.³ Endothelial cells produce endogenous NO under the action of endothelial-derived NO synthase.⁴ The combination of NO and sGC promotes cGMP production from guanosine triphosphate (GTP).⁵ Increasing NO levels, activating sGC, and inhibiting GTP degradation are thus three possible ways of improving heart function, leading to the development of sGC activators and stimulators. The first accepted sGC stimulator was riociguat, which was later replaced by vericiguat, as a newly developed sGC activator approved for HFpEF in 2021.⁶ Vericiguat is characterized by a long half-life and high oral bioavailability in animal models.⁷

Although several clinical trials of vericiguat for HF have been carried out during the past decade, including VISOR, VENICE, and the phase II and III clinical trials VITALITY, VICTOR, SOCRATES, and VICTORIA, the effect of vericiguat on HF is still not fully understood.^8,9 We therefore conducted a meta-analysis to study the efficacy and safety of vericiguat in HF, with the aim of providing information to help clinical decision-making.

Methods

The present study was carried out according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and the meta-analysis was registered in INPLASY (ID: INPLASY2021120057). This was a non-clinical study and ethical approval was therefore not required.

Search strategies

We performed comprehensive literature searches of the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases up to 14 December 2022, using the keywords heart failure, vericiguat, and their Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms, according to the different database instructions. The full search strategy in PubMed was as follows: (“Heart Failure”[MeSH Terms] OR (“Heart Failure”[Title/Abstract] OR “cardiac failure”[Title/Abstract] OR “heart decompensation”[Title/Abstract] OR “decompensation heart”[Title/Abstract] OR “heart failure right sided”[Title/Abstract] OR “heart failure right sided”[Title/Abstract] OR “right sided heart failure”[Title/Abstract] OR “right sided heart failure”[Title/Abstract] OR “myocardial failure”[Title/Abstract] OR “congestive heart failure”[Title/Abstract] OR “heart failure congestive”[Title/Abstract] OR “heart failure left sided”[Title/Abstract] OR “heart failure left sided”[Title/Abstract] OR “left sided heart failure”[Title/Abstract] OR “left sided heart failure”[Title/Abstract])) AND (“vericiguat”[Supplementary Concept] OR (“vericiguat”[Title/Abstract] OR “verquvo”[Title/Abstract] OR “bay 1021189”[Title/Abstract])).

Eligibility criteria

Eligible studies met the following criteria: 1) inclusion of patients diagnosed with HF; 2) inclusion of at least two groups, including placebo and vericiguat (irrespective of dose); 3) randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT); and 4) display of data in English.

Study outcomes

The primary outcome was cardiovascular mortality. Secondary outcomes were all-cause adverse effects and HF hospitalization.

Data extraction and quality assessment

Two authors (JM and BL) independently screened the titles and abstracts (and occasionally the full text) of each paper to identify studies that met the criteria. The basic data, including country, population, sample size, age, heart function, duration, interventions, and relevant outcomes, were extracted from each included study (Table 1). Data extraction was performed by two authors (JM and BL) and any disagreements between the two authors were resolved by a third author (SG).

Table 1.

Basic characteristics of included studies.

Study	Country	Follow-up	Patients in placebo vs. vericiguat groups	NYHA class	Ejection fraction	Dose of vericiguat (mg)	Cardiovascular-related deaths (event:total)		HF hospitalizations (event:total)		Adverse events (event:total)
Study	Country	Follow-up	Patients in placebo vs. vericiguat groups	NYHA class	Ejection fraction	Dose of vericiguat (mg)	placebo	vericiguat	placebo	vericiguat	placebo	vericiguat
Gheorghiade et al.¹⁰	Europe, North America, and Asia	16 weeks	92: 364	II–IV	<45%	1.5, 2.5, 5, 10	6:92	15:364	16:92	50:364	71:92	267:363
Armstrong et al.¹¹	42 countries	12 months	2515:2519	I–IV	<45%	10	225:2515	206:2519	747:2519	691:2515	2027:2519	2036:2515
Pieske et al.¹²	25 countries	12 weeks	93:334	II–IV	≥45%	1.5, 2.5, 5, 10	1:93	1:334	NA	NA	68:93	379:525
Armstrong et al.¹³	21 countries	24 weeks	262: 526	II–III	≥45%	10, 15	4:262	20:526	NA	NA	172:262	335:526

NYHA, New York Heart Association; HF, heart failure; NA, not available.

Evaluation of risk bias

The risk bias of the included studies was assessed by two authors (JM and BL) using Review Manager 5.3. The following seven aspects of the included studies were assessed as “high risk”, “unclear risk”, or “low risk”: domains of random sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants and personnel, blinding of outcome assessors, completeness of outcome data, selective reporting, and other biases.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using Review Manager (version 5.3). Risk ratios (RR) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for primary and secondary outcomes. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using the I² statistic. A fixed-effects model (Mantel–Haenszel) was used to analyze continuous variables if I² <50%; otherwise, a random-effects model was adopted. Subgroup analyses were performed for patients with different EFs.

Results

Characteristics of the included studies

After searching the three databases, 418 articles were obtained (73 from Cochrane Library, 196 from Embase, and 149 from PubMed). Irrelevant articles were excluded after screening, the full texts of seven articles were reviewed, and four articles were finally included. The detailed process is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Flow diagram of the meta-analysis.

The RCTs included in this meta-analysis^10–13 (Table 1) comprised 6705 patients who were randomized to either the placebo group (n = 2962) or vericiguat group (n = 3743). There were no significant differences in basic characteristics between the two groups. Different trials used different doses of vericiguat (2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg).

Risk of bias assessment and publication bias

We used the Cochrane Collaboration tool in Review Manager 5.3 to perform quality assessments. All four trials^10–13 were conducted in more than 40 countries. None of the entries showed a high risk of bias. However, none of the four studies mentioned random sequence generation or blinding of participants and personnel during the trials (Figure 2).

Figure 2.

Risk of bias. (a) Review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies and (b) Review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.

Primary and secondary outcomes

All included RCTs^10–13 reported the cardiovascular death data (primary outcome). Two clinical trials focused on HFrEF and the others focused on HFpEF. There was no significant difference in cardiovascular death between the vericiguat and placebo groups (RR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.58–1.61, I² = 37%). In addition, vericiguat did not reduce HF hospitalization in HFrEF and HFpEF patients (RR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.85–1.01, I² = 0%), and there was no significant difference in adverse effects between the two groups (RR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.97–1.03, I² = 0%) (Figure 3).

Figure 3.

Outcomes in the included studies. Forest plot of vericiguat- and placebo-treated heart failure comparisons for (a) cardiovascular death, (b) heart failure hospitalization, and (c) adverse effects

Discussion

HF is a complex clinical syndrome caused by a variety of abnormal changes in cardiac structure and/or function.¹⁴ Many drugs, including angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, β-blockers, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists have been used to alleviate the manifestations of HF and improve heart function, especially EF.^15,16 The effects of these drugs on HF however are still unsatisfactory,¹⁷ and new drugs, such as sGC stimulators, have accordingly been developed.

Vericiguat has been reported to reduce inflammation, fibrosis, and hypertrophy in the heart and to have beneficial effects on the blood vessels and kidneys.¹⁸ To date, four clinical trials of vericiguat, including VICTORIA, SOCRATES-PRESERVED, SOCRATES-REDUCED, and VITALITY-HFpEF, have been conducted to determine the appropriate dose and evaluate the effect of vericiguat in patients with HF;^10–13 however, none of these trials has observed any positive effect of vericiguat, except regarding adverse effects, indicating that vericiguat is as safe as placebo. Vericiguat had no beneficial effect on cardiovascular death compared with placebo, indicating that it did not reverse heart function impairments. In the VICTORIA trial, vericiguat showed no advantage over placebo in improving the EF in patients with EF ≥40%, and patients in both groups experienced similar progression.^11,19

A recent network meta-analysis focusing on therapies for HF indicated that vericiguat was less efficient than β-blockers for reducing all-cause mortality in patients with left ventricular EF ≥45%, and showed no difference compared with placebo.¹⁷ However, a systematic review revealed that sGC stimulators, including vericiguat, decreased the incidence of HF-related hospitalization and cardiovascular death with good tolerability and safety, but did not improve the 6-minute walking distance or N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels in HF patients.²⁰

Among the completed clinical trials, the VICTORIA study is the most widely recognized. Before publication of the VICTORIA results, one researcher speculated that vericiguat would technically be a positive drug but may not have positive effects on hospitalization and mortality.²¹ Upon publication, the effect of vericiguat was not satisfied. Several network meta-analyses compared the effect of vericiguat and concluded that sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors and β-blockers were more effective than vericiguat in patients with HF;^17,22,23 however, other studies proposed that vericiguat was effective in reducing HF-related hospitalization and cardiovascular death.²⁴

Pharmacological research showed that vericiguat could reduce coronary perfusion pressure but did not affect heart contractility during the drug screening period in rats,⁷ and that sGC was designed to improve cGMP levels in vascular smooth muscle cells, but not in cardiomyocytes;⁷ however, heart function is more dependent on cardiomyocytes than on smooth muscle cells. We therefore suspected that the unsatisfactory effects of vericiguat and other sGC stimulators in HF may be partially due to their focus on non-relevant target cells.

Our meta-analysis had several limitations. First, only four clinical trials were included. Second, several important endpoints such as N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, 6-minute walking distance, and quality of life measured by the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire were not included in our meta-analysis, which may have prevented a fuller analysis of the effects of vericiguat on HF. In addition, some studies also recommended taking vericiguat in HF.^25,26 Finally, due to the study design, studies reporting the effects of combinations of drugs in patients with HF were not included in the present meta-analysis. Notably however, recent studies of the combination of vericiguat with isosorbide mononitrate (VISOR study) and nitroglycerin (VENICE study) showed that vericiguat slightly lowered blood pressure, similar to the placebo group, indicating minimal adverse effects of vericiguat in HF. Follow-up clinical trials are needed to clarify the implications of the combined use of vericiguat.

Conclusion

Vericiguat is safe in patients with HF; however, its effect on HF (irrespective of EF) may be overestimated. More clinical trials are therefore urgently needed to confirm the effect of vericiguat in both HFrEF and HFpEF, and to assess its effect in combination with other drugs. More attention should also be paid to the theory behind the use of sGC stimulators for HF.

Research Data

Research Data for Efficacy and safety of vericiguat in heart failure: a meta-analysis

Research Data for Efficacy and safety of vericiguat in heart failure: a meta-analysis by Jianhua Ma, Sheng Guo, Huan Jiang and Bo Li in Journal of International Medical Research

Footnotes

Author contributions

Jianhua Ma and Bo Li conceived the idea; Jianhua Ma and Sheng Guo performed the literature search, data collection, and data analysis; Jianhua Ma, Sheng Guo, Huan Jiang, and Bo Li wrote the manuscript.

Declaration of conflicting interests

The authors declare no conflict of interest in preparing this article

Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

ORCID iD

Bo Li

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