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Abstract

Purpose of the Review:

Substance abuse among young adults is a significant public health concern with detrimental consequences for individuals, families, and society. Family interventions have emerged as promising treatment approaches for addressing substance abuse in this population. This systematic review aims to synthesize the existing evidence on the efficacy of family interventions for young adults with substance abuse.

Collection and Analysis of Data:

A comprehensive search of electronic databases (PubMed, EBSCOhost, and Scopus) was conducted to identify relevant studies published between 2000 and 2023. Studies were included if they met the following criteria: (a) focused on family intervention for young adults (aged 10–25) with substance abuse; (b) employed a randomized controlled trial (RCT) or quasi-experimental design; and (c) reported on substance use outcomes. A total of 41 studies were included in the review. The findings suggest that family interventions are effective in reducing substance use among young adults. Specifically, family interventions were associated with significant reductions in behavioural problems and improvements in family functioning.

Keywords

Addiction alcohol and drug use drug dependence family therapy psychotherapy substance-related disorders umbrella review youth

Key Messages:

This systematic review of studies focused on family intervention for young adults with SUDs.

Family interventions were effective in reducing substance use and behavioral problems and improving family functioning.

This review underscores the importance of involving family members as co-therapists in the treatment process.

Young adults aged between 10 and 24 years are highly vulnerable to substance use.¹ Substance use in young adults is higher than that in older adults for most of the substances.^{2, 3} Substance use among young adults gives rise to worries because it has the potential to negatively affect various aspects of their lives, including social interactions, emotional well-being, cognitive abilities, physical health, and academic performance.⁴ Family factors such as impaired family functioning, limited warmth between mothers and children, elevated hostility in mother–child relationships, poor parental monitoring, and harsh maternal parenting practices are significant predictors of substance abuse in young adults.⁵

In 1995, Liddle and Dakof initiated the first systematic review on the effectiveness of family therapy for substance use.⁶ The review concluded that family-based addiction treatments hold promise and need to be proven. The findings were based on the limited number of published studies available then, and there were methodological limitations. Subsequent systematic reviews and meta-analyses^7–17 suggest that involving family members in substance abuse treatment is beneficial in reducing substance use and improving family functioning among adolescents with substance use.

Research Gap

Despite extensive literature highlighting the increased vulnerability of young adults to substance abuse and its widespread consequences across various life domains, there exists a significant research gap in examining family intervention models tailored to young adults. Earlier systematic reviews^{6, 17} laid the foundation for understanding the potential of family intervention for substance abuse. Subsequent systematic reviews suggested the positive impact of involving family members in substance abuse treatment. However, these reviews primarily focused on adolescents and adults. Therefore, there was a research gap concerning the effectiveness of family interventions for young adults. Moreover, the inclusion criteria for the studies were limited to the past 10 years. Hence, there is a necessity for a systematic review to bridge the gap by offering a comprehensive review of existing evidence on family intervention models specifically designed for young adults with substance abuse.

The systematic review aims to examine the family intervention models designed specifically for young adults with substance abuse. The objectives of the review were (a) to identify and analyse the existing family intervention models for young adults with substance abuse and (b) to evaluate the specific outcomes of the existing family intervention models. These outcomes include reducing substance use, enhancing family dynamics, and promoting sustained recovery among young adults.

Methods

Protocol Registration

A systematic review protocol was developed and registered within the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO: CRD42023488865).

Search Strategy

This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines by Moher et al.¹⁸ to ensure transparency and validity in the study. A pilot literature search was carried out to identify the correct keywords and assess the feasibility of the literature search. Subsequently, search keywords were finalized. Search strings used for the literature search in PubMed, EBSCOhost, Scopus were given in Table 1. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in three electronic databases subscribed by the host institute, namely, PubMed, EBSCOhost, and Scopus, between May 1, 2023, and July 31, 2013 to identify studies on the effectiveness of family intervention in young adults with substance abuse between 2000 and 2023. Focusing on this time frame allows for a comprehensive examination of the evolution of family intervention models, treatment approach changes, and advancements in research methodologies over time. It ensures that it includes the most relevant and up-to-date literature.

Table 1.

The Search Strings.

PubMed	Family therapy AND young adults AND substance use disorder, family interventions AND young adults AND substance use disorder, family based intervention AND young adults AND substance use disorder, family therapy AND young people AND substance use disorder), family intervention AND young people AND substance use disorder, family based intervention AND young people AND substance use disorder, family therapy AND (adolescents AND substance use disorder, family intervention AND adolescents AND substance use disorder, family based intervention AND adolescents AND substance use disorder.
EBSCOhost	(“family therapy”) AND (“young adults”) AND (“substance use disorder”), (“family intervention”) AND (“young adults”) AND (“substance use disorder”), (“family based interventions”) AND (“young adults”) AND (“substance use disorder”), (“family therapy”) AND (“young people”) AND (“substance use disorder”), (“family based intervention”) AND (“young people”) AND (“substance use disorder”), (“family intervention”) AND (“adolescents”) AND (“substance use disorder”), (“family based intervention”) AND (“adolescents”) AND (“substance use disorder”)
Scopus	( family AND therapy ) AND ( young AND adults ) AND ( substance AND use AND disorder ), ( family AND intervention ) AND ( young AND adults ) AND ( substance AND use AND disorder), ( family based intervention ) AND ( young AND adults ) AND ( substance AND use AND disorder ), ( family therapy ) AND ( young AND people ) AND ( substance AND use AND disorder ), ( family AND intervention ) AND ( young AND people ) AND ( substance AND use AND disorder ), ( family based intervention ) AND ( young AND people ) AND ( substance AND use AND disorder ( family therapy ) AND ( adolescents ) AND ( substance AND use AND disorder ), ( family AND intervention ) AND ( adolescents ) AND substance AND use AND disorder ), ( family based intervention ) AND ( adolescents ) AND ( substance AND use AND disorder)

Eligibility Criteria

The systematic review included all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental studies reporting the efficacy of family intervention for substance abuse among young adults published in peer-reviewed journals in English from 2000 to 2023. This duration enables a thorough examination of the evolution of family intervention models, treatment approach changes, and advancements in research methodologies, ensuring the inclusion of the most relevant and up- to-date literature. Furthermore, studies meeting the following inclusion criteria were selected for the review. (Figure 1)

Figure 1.

The PRISMA Flow Chart of the Literature Search and Selection Process.

Population (P)

Young adults aged 10–25 years with substance abuse involving various substances such as tobacco/nicotine, alcohol, cannabis (marijuana), prescription medications, inhalants, and illicit drugs (cocaine, ecstasy, LSD, MDMA, hallucinogenic mushrooms, and other illegal drugs).

Intervention (I)

Various family intervention models are designed to address substance abuse in young adults, including psychoeducation, counselling, family therapy, and support programs involving family members.

Comparison (C)

The comparison group may involve young adults with substance abuse issues who did not receive family intervention or received standard care without a family-focused component.

Outcome (O)

Multiple outcomes were considered, including a reduction in substance abuse, an improvement in family functioning and dynamics, or a reduction in behavioural problems among young adults.

The review excluded meta-analyses, systematic reviews, literature reviews, protocol publications, guidelines, and treatment manuals. Additionally, studies assessing the effectiveness of interventions other than family intervention should have been considered. Furthermore, studies beyond social work and psychology’s purview were also excluded.

Literature Search, Screening, and Selection Process

The first author (KVB) conducted a literature search, and 557 articles were found in open access (PubMed: 244, EBSCOhost: 333, and Scopus: 0). These abstracts were uploaded to Rayyan Software for duplication removal.¹⁹ Rayyan Software eliminated 17 duplicate records. KVB, ES, NJ, and PKC independently reviewed the titles and abstracts of the remaining articles, applying the predefined inclusion criteria. Of the 540 articles, 493 were excluded after the screening as they did not meet the inclusion criteria. Forty-seven articles with full text were evaluated for eligibility, of which two full texts could not be retrieved. Hence, 45 articles were obtained and carefully reviewed to assess their eligibility with the inclusion criteria and the study objectives. Finally, 41 articles were found suitable for systematic review.

Data Extraction

Essential data were extracted systematically using predefined criteria from the selected studies, including authors, year, country, study aims, methods (study characteristics, participant demographics, specific interventions), and results (Table 2).

Table 2.

Family Intervention Models for Young Adults with Substance Use.

SN	Authors, Country	Aim of the study	Methods	Findings
1	Azrin et al.²¹ 2001 USA	To examine the treatment efficacy of FBT and IT in this dual-diagnosed population.	RCT, N = 56, Mean age: 15.4, FT: FBT, CT: IT, F/Baseline, 3 and 6 months.	Both treatments show significant effects with reductions in substance use and conduct problems observed through six months.
2	Liddle et al.²² 2001 USA	To assess the efficacy of MDFT, AGT, and MEI in adolescents who abuse marijuana and alcohol.	RCT, N = 182, Mean Age: 15.9, FT: MDFT, CT: AGT, MEI, F/Baseline, 6 and 12 months	Results indicate improvement among youths in all three treatments, with MDFT showing superior improvement overall in school/academic performance and family functioning.
3	McGillicuddy et al.²³ 2001 USA	To test training programs for parents of substance-abusing adolescents.	RCT, N = 22, Mean age: 16.6, FT: PST, CT: Waitlist control, F/U: Baseline, Post–Test (3 months)	In the skill training group, parents show significantly improved coping skills, self-reported functioning, family communication, and reduced teen marijuana use.
4	Godley et al.²⁴ 2002 USA	To assess the effectiveness of ACC for adolescents’ post-residential treatment.	RCT, N = 114, Age: 15-18, FT: ACC, CT: UCC, F/U: Baseline and three months	ACC improves short-term substance use by enhancing linkage and retention in continuing care.
5	Henggeler et al.²⁵ 2002 USA	To evaluate the 4-year outcomes of evidence-based treatment for substance-abusing juvenile offenders.	RCT, N = 118, Mean Age: 15.7, FT: MST, CT: UCS, F/U: Baseline, 4, 6 months and four years	MST increases abstinence from marijuana and reduces aggressive crimes.
6	Santisteban et al.²⁶ 2003 USA	To investigate the efficacy of BSFT.	RCT, N = 126, Mean Age: 15.6, FT: BSFT, CT: GT, F/U: Pre and Post	BSFT shows more significant reductions in marijuana use and behavior problems than CT.
7	Dennis et al.²⁷ 2004 USA	To assess the cost-effectiveness of five short-term outpatient interventions for adolescents with cannabis use disorders	RCT, N = 300, Age: 12-17, FT: ACRA, CT: MET+CBT+MDFT+ FSN, F/U: Baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months	ACRA achieves a higher recovery rate, and MET/CBT is the most cost-effective intervention.
8	Slesnick et al.²⁸ 2005 USA	To evaluate the effectiveness of EBFT in substance-abusing runaway adolescents.	RCT, N = 124Mean age: 14.8, FT: EBFT, CT: SAU, F/U: Baseline, 6 and 12 months	EBFT reports more significant reductions in overall substance abuse than adolescents set to SAU.
9	Hogue et al.²⁹ 2006 USA	To examine the long-term treatment outcomes in a family-based treatment for adolescent drug abuse.	RCT, N = 63, Age: 13-17, FT: MDFT, CT: CBT, F/U: Baseline, 6 and 12 months	Greater use of in-session family-focused techniques predicts reduced externalizing and internalizing symptoms, conflict, and improved family cohesion.
10	Hogue et al.³⁰ 2006 USA	To examine the therapeutic alliance in clients receiving individual cognitive–behavioral therapy, family therapy for adolescent substance abuse	RCT, N = 100, Mean age: 15.47, FT: MDFT, CT: CBT, F/U: Baseline, six months	There are no alliance effects in CBT. In family therapy, a stronger parent alliance predicts declines in drug use and externalizing.
11	Smith et al.³¹ 2006 USA	To evaluate the efficacy of SOFT and The Seven Challenges	RCT, N = 98, Mean age: 15.8, FT: SOFT, CT: The Seven Challenges Intervention, F/U: Baseline, 3, and 6 months.	Adolescents in both SOFT and 7C show significant reductions in substance use and related problems.
12	Godley et al.³² 2007 USA	To compare the effectiveness of ACC with UCC on linkage, retention, and adherence	RCT, N = 183, Mean age 16.2, FT: ACRA, CT: UCC, F/U: Baseline, 3, 6 and 9 months	ACC proves more effective in linking clients to continuing care and is associated with significantly higher marijuana abstinence rates.
13	Liddle et al.³³ 2008 USA	To examine the efficacy of two adolescent drug abuse treatments: individual cognitive-behavioral therapy and MDFT.	RCT, N = 224, Mean age, 15, FT: MDFT, CT: CBT, F/U: Baseline, 4, 6 and 12 months	MDFT results in more significant reductions in substance use problem severity.
14	Sundell et al.³⁴ 2008 Sweden	To study the short-term treatment outcomes of youths receiving MST vs TAU	RCT, N = 156, Mean age: 15, FT: MST, CT: TAU, F/U: Baseline and seven months.	Both treatments reduce alcohol and drug use, delinquent behaviors, and psychiatric symptoms, improving social skills and school attendance.
15	Ames et al.³⁵ 2008 USA	To evaluate the feasibility of a parental support intervention.	RCT, N = 59, Mean age: 16.3, FT: Parental Support Intervention, CT: Minimum behavioral intervention, F/U: Baseline, 12, 13, 24 weeks	The parental support intervention is feasible but not superior to the minimum behavioral intervention for attendance, retention, or support change.
16	Slesnick et al.³⁶ 2009 USA	To evaluate the effectiveness of home-based EBFT, office-based, FFT, or Service as Usual.	RCT, N = 119, Mean age: 15.13, FT: EBFT, office-based FFT, CT: SAU, F/U: Baseline, 3, 9, 15 months	Home-based EBFT and office-based FFT significantly reduce alcohol and drug use compared to SAU, and family and adolescent functioning improves over time in all groups.
17	Liddle et al.³⁷ 2009 USA	To evaluate the effectiveness of MDFT for young adolescent substance abuse.	RCT, N = 83, Mean age: 13.73, FT: MDFT, CT: AGT, F/U: Baseline, 6 and 12 months	MDFT results in increased treatment completion rates and a decrease in substance use.
18	Schinke et al.³⁸ 2009 USA	To test a computer-delivered program for preventing substance use among adolescent girls.	RCT, N = 916, Age: 14, FT: Computer-Delivered, Parent-Involvement Intervention, CT: No intervention, F/U: Baseline, 1- and 2-years	Mothers in the intervention group reported more significant improvements in communication, establishing family rules about substance use, and monitoring their daughters’ discretionary time.
19	Godley et al.³⁹ 2010 USA	To assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of two types of outpatient treatment with and without ACC.	RCT, N = 320, Mean Age 15.9, FT: AAC, CT: CBOPT and MET/CBT, F/U: Baseline, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months	All Rx achieve high rates of participant engagement and retention. Analysis of costs and outcomes reveals that MET/CBT without ACC is the most cost-effective condition.
20	Henderson et al.⁴⁰ 2010 USA	To test the efficacy of MDFT for adolescent drug abuse and delinquency.	RCT, N = 224, Mean Age: 15.4, FT: MDFT, CT: SAU, F/U: Baseline, 6 and 12 months	youths with more severe drug use and greater psychiatric comorbidity, MDFT produces superior treatment outcomes.
21	Wood et al.⁴¹ 2010 USA	To examine the efficacy of BMI andPBI in reducing alcohol use among incoming college students.	RCT, N = 852, Mean age18.4:, FT: PBI, CT: Assessment-Only Control Group, F/U: 10 and 22 months	BMI participants were significantly less likely to initiate heavy episodic drinking and to begin experiencing alcohol-related consequences.
22	Robbins et al.⁴² 2011 USA	To determine the effectiveness of BSFT.	RCT, N = 480, Mean age: 15.5, FT: BSFT, CT: TAU, F/U: 4, 8, 12 months.	BSFT is significantly more effective than TAU in engaging and improving family functioning.
23	Santisteban et al.⁴³ 2011 USA	To investigate the effectiveness of family-based intervention for adolescents with substance abuse	RCT, N = 28, Age: 14 to 17 years, FT: CIFFTA, CT: Traditional Family Therapy (TFT), F/U: Baseline, 4, 8 months	CIFFTA is effective in reducing drug use in adolescents.
24	Milburn et al.⁴⁴ 2012 USA	To evaluate the efficacy of a short family intervention in reducing sexual risk behavior, drug use, and delinquent behaviors among homeless youth.	RCT, N = 151, Age: 12-17, FT: The STRIVE intervention (Five sessions), CT: Standard care, F/U: Baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months	The STRIVE intervention group shows a significant decrease in sexual risk behavior, alcohol use, hard drug use, and delinquent behaviors.
25	Valdez et al.⁴⁵ 2013 USA	To study the effectiveness of an adapted BSFT intervention for gang-affiliated Mexican-American adolescents and their parents.	RCT, N = 200, Mean Age: 15.25, FT: BSFT, CT: SU Counselling, F/U: Baseline, 4 and 6 months	BSFT is more efficient in decreasing alcohol use and conduct problems.
26	Slesnick et al.⁴⁶ 2013 USA	To examine the efficacy of three theoretically distinct interventions among substance-abusing runaway adolescents.	RCT, N = 179, Mean age: 15.4, FT: EBFT, CT: MI, CRA, F/U: Baseline, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months	There is a statistically significant improvement in the frequency of substance use among runaways in all three treatment groups, with a slight increase post-treatment.
27	Rigter et al.⁴⁷ 2013 Belgium, Germany, France, Netherlands, Switzerland	To evaluate MDFT in Western European adolescents with cannabis dependence	RCT, N = 450, Mean age: 16.3, FT: MDFT, CT: No intervention, F/U: Baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months	MDFT outperforms IP on measures of treatment retention and reduces the number of cannabis consumption days more than IP in a subgroup of adolescents reporting more frequent cannabis use.
28	Schaub, et al.⁴⁸ 2014 Belgium, Germany, France, Netherlands, Switzerland	To study the effectiveness of MDFT and IP for externalizing behavioral disorders in cannabis-abusing adolescents.	RCT, N = 450, Age: 13 to 18, FT: MDFT, CT: IP, F/U: Baseline, 12 months	MDFT and IP reduce externalizing/internalizing symptoms and improve family functioning in cannabis-abusing adolescents. MDFT outperforms IP in reducing externalizing symptoms
29	Horigian et al^.49 2015 USA	To examine the long-term outcomes of BSFT compared to TAU in the rates of drug use, number of arrests & externalizing behaviors.	RCT, N = 480, Age: 12-17, FT: BSFT, CT: TAU, F/U: Pre and Post(3 to 7 years)	Long-term results show no differences in drug use between BSFT and TAU groups; however, those in BSFT exhibit benefits with lower arrest rates, incarcerations, and externalizing behaviors.
30	Dakof et al.⁵⁰ 2015 USA	To examine the effectiveness of MDFT and AGT on offending and substance use in juvenile drug court.	RCT, N = 112, Mean age: 16, FT: MDFT, CT: AGT, F/U: Baseline, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months	Family therapy enhances juvenile drug court outcomes more than nonfamily-based treatment, particularly in reducing criminal behavior and rearrests.
31	Piehler et al.⁵¹ 2015 USA	To examine two versions of a Brief Intervention among adolescents with marijuana dependence and co-occurring mental health sx.	RCT, N = 259, Mean age: 12–18, FT: BI-AP, CT: BI-A, F/U: Baseline, and six months.	BI-AP produces superior outcomes compared to BI-A.
32	Hogue et al.⁵² 2015 USA	To Compare the effectiveness of family therapy for adolescent conduct and substance use	RCT, N = 205, Mean age: 15.7, FT: UC-FT, CT: UC-Other, F/U: Baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months	Substance-using youth show more significant reductions in externalizing, internalizing, and alcohol and drug use with UC-FT.
33	Henderson et al.⁵³ 2016 USA	To compare the effectiveness of A-CRA and ACC to SAU.	RCT, N = 126, Mean age: 15.2, FT: A-CRA and ACC, CT: SAU, F/U: Baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months	A-CRA/ACC treatment shows a considerably more significant reduction in substance-related problems.
34	Goorden, et al.⁵⁴ 2016 Netherlands	To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of MDFT for adolescents with a cannabis use disorder, compared toCBT.	RCT, N = 109, Age: 13–18 years, FT: MDFT, CT: CBT, Baseline, and 3, 6, 9 and 12 months	Though not statistically significant, recovery in the MDFT group is about twice as high as in the CBT group, with MDFT being a more intensive and expensive treatment than CBT.
35	Lascaux et al.⁵⁵ 2016 France	To compare the efficacy of MDFT toTAU.	RCT, N = 73, Mean age: 16.3, FT: MDFT, CT:TAU, F/U: Baseline, and 12 month	Formalized therapy (TAUe) is more effective in preventing cannabis abuse than non-formalized therapy.
36	Véronneau et al.⁵⁶ 2016 USA	To examine the long-term effects of FCU on the progression of substance use.	RCT, N = 998, Mean age: 12.2, FT: FCU, CT: No Intervention, F/U: Baseline, 19, 22, and 23 years	Engaging in FCU services predicts reductions in alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use by age 23.
37	Jailing et al.⁵⁷ 2016 Sweden	To investigate the effectiveness of parent training programs in decreasing antisocial behavior and substance use among adolescents.	RCT, N = 237, Age: 12 and 18, FT: Program Comet, CT: Parent Steps, F/U: Baseline, six months	Neither Comet nor ParentSteps has beneficial effects on adolescents’ antisocial or delinquent behavior or alcohol use.
38	Spirito et al.⁵⁸ 2017 USA	To evaluate the efficacy of the FCU among adolescents’ alcohol or marijuana use.	RCT, N = 92, Mean age: 15.85, FT: FCU, CT: PE, F/U: Baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months.	The FCU does not produce better effects on alcohol and other drug use outcomes than the PE condition in either the adolescent or sibling.
39	Stormshak et al.⁵⁹ 2018 USA	To test the effectiveness of FCU intervention on young adults with risk behavior.	RCT, N = 593, Mean age: 11. 10, FT: FCU, CT: school as usual, F/U: Baseline, 1, 7 years	The FCU, linked to changes in children’s self-regulation in early middle school, reduces risk behaviors during young adulthood.
40	Ismayilova et al.⁶⁰ 2019 USA	To evaluate the efficacy of Multimedia family-based intervention versus Usual Care in sexual and substance use-related outcomes.	RCT, N = 375, Mean age: 15.27, FT: Multimedia family-based intervention, CT: Usual Care, F/U: Baseline, 3- and 6-month	Participants in the intervention arm report a reduction in harsh discipline practices, an increase in positive and supportive parenting, and a decline in poor monitoring.
41	Marsiglia et al.⁶¹ 2019 USA	effectiveness of community-based parenting intervention with a preadolescent intervention in changing substance abuse norms among preadolescent	RCT, N = 532, Age: 12–14, FT: FPNG, CT: Treatment as usual, F/U: Baseline, 4, 8 & 20 months	The Parent/Youth condition group is more effective than the comparison group in changing substance abuse norms among youth.

FBT: Family-Behavior therapy, IT: Individual Therapy RCT: Randomized Controlled Trial, N: Number, FT: Family Therapy, CT: Comparison Therapy, F/U: Follow-Up, MDFT: Multidimensional Family Therapy, AGT: Adolescent Group Therapy, MEI: Multifamily Educational Intervention, PST: Parent Skill Training, ACC: Assertive Continuing Care, UCC: Usual Continuing Care, MST: Multisystemic Therapy, UCS: Usual Community Services, BSFT: Brief Strategic Family Therapy, ACRA: Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach, MET: Motivational Enhancement Therapy, CBT: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, FSN: Family Support Network, EBFT: Ecologically-Based Family Therapy, FFT: Functional Family Therapy, SAU: Service As Usual, SOFT: Strengths Oriented Family Therapy, TAU: Treatment As Usual, AAC: Assertive Continuing Care, CBOPT: Chestnut’s Bloomington Outpatient Treatment, BMI: Brief Motivational Intervention, PBI: Parent-Based Intervention, CIFFTA: Culturally Informed and Flexible Family-Based Treatment for Adolescents, TFT: Traditional Family Therapy, MI: Motivational Interviewing, CRA: Community Reinforcement Approach, IP: Individual Psychotherapy, BI-AP: Brief Intervention Adolescent and Parent,BI-A: Brief Intervention Adolescent Only,UC-FT: Usual Care Family Therapy, UC-Other: Nonfamily treatment,A-CRA: Adolescent-Community Reinforcement Approach, FCU: Family Check-up, PE: Psycho-Education,FPNG: Families Preparing the New Generation.

Quality Assessment (Risk of Bias Assessment)

The quality (risk of bias) assessment was conducted using the Quality Assessment of Controlled Intervention Studies tool.²⁰ The tool consists of 14 criteria that systematically evaluate the robustness of methodological attributes. The total score, computed from the number of affirmative responses, categorizes study quality as poor, fair, and good (Table 3).

Table 3.

Quality Assessment (Risk of Bias Assessment) of the Studies.

SN	Authors	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	Score	Rating
1	Azrin et al.²¹	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	X	✓	✓	13	Good
2	Liddle et al. ²²	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	X	✓	X	12	Good
3	McGill et al.²³	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	13	Good
4	Godley et al.²⁴	✓	✓	✓	X	X	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	X	✓	11	Good
5	Henggeler et al. ²⁵	✓	✓	✓	X	X	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	X	X	X	9	Fair
6	Santisteban et al. ²⁶	✓	✓	✓	X	✓	✓	X	X	✓	✓	✓	X	✓	✓	10	Fair
7	Dennis et al. ²⁷	✓	✓	✓	X	X	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	12	Good
8	Slesnick et al. ²⁸	✓	✓	✓	X	X	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	12	Good
9	Hogue et al. ²⁹	✓	X	X	X	X	X	✓	X	✓	✓	✓	X	✓	✓	7	Fair
10	Hogue et al. ³⁰	✓	X	X	X	X	X	✓	X	X	✓	✓	X	X	✓	5	Poor
11	Smith et al.³¹	✓	✓	✓	✓	X	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	X	✓	✓	12	Fair
12	Godley et al. ³²	✓	✓	X	X	X	✓	X	X	✓	✓	✓	X	X	✓	7	Fair
13	Liddle et al. ³³	✓	✓	✓	X	X	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	12	Good
14	Sundell et al. ³⁴	✓	✓	✓	X	✓	✓	✓	✓	X	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	12	Good
15	Ames et al. ³⁵	✓	X	X	X	X	✓	✓	✓	X	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	9	Fair
16	Slesnick et al. ³⁶	✓	✓	✓	X	X	✓	✓	X	X	✓	✓	X	X	✓	8	Fair
17	Liddle et al.³⁷	✓	✓	✓	X	X	✓	X	X	✓	✓	✓	X	✓	✓	9	Fair
18	Schinke et al. ³⁸	✓	✓	✓	X	X	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	12	Good
19	Godley et al. ³⁹	✓	✓	✓	X	X	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	12	Good
20	Henderson et al. ⁴⁰	✓	✓	✓	X	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	13	Good
21	Wood et al. ⁴¹	✓	✓	✓	✓	X	X	X	X	X	✓	✓	X	X	✓	7	Fair
22	Robbins et al. ⁴²	✓	✓	✓	X	X	✓	X	X	X	✓	✓	X	X	✓	7	Fair
23	Santisteban et al. ⁴³	✓	X	X	X	X	✓	✓	X	✓	✓	✓	X	✓	✓	8	Fair
24	Milburn et al. ⁴⁴	✓	X	✓	X	X	✓	X	X	✓	✓	✓	X	X	✓	7	Fair
25	Valdez et al. ⁴⁵	✓	X	✓	X	X	✓	X	X	✓	✓	✓	X	X	✓	7	Fair
26	Slesnick et al. ⁴⁶	✓	✓	✓	X	X	✓	X	X	✓	✓	✓	X	✓	✓	9	Fair
27	Rigter et al. ⁴⁷	✓	✓	✓	X	X	✓	✓	X	✓	✓	✓	X	X	✓	9	Fair
28	Schaub et al. ⁴⁸	✓	✓	✓	X	X	✓	X	X	✓	✓	✓	X	X	✓	8	Fair
29	Horigian et al. ⁴⁹	✓	X	X	X	X	✓	X	X	✓	✓	✓	X	X	X	5	Poor
30	Dakof et al. ⁵⁰	✓	X	X	X	X	✓	X	X	✓	✓	✓	X	X	✓	6	Poor
31	Piehler et al. ⁵¹	✓	X	X	X	X	✓	X	X	✓	✓	✓	X	X	X	5	Poor
32	Hogue et al. ⁵²	✓	X	X	X	X	✓	X	X	✓	✓	✓	X	X	✓	6	Poor
33	Henderson et al. ⁵³	✓	X	X	X	X	✓	X	X	✓	✓	✓	X	X	✓	6	Poor
34	Goorden et al. ⁵⁴	✓	X	X	X	X	✓	X	X	✓	✓	✓	X	X	✓	6	Poor
35	Lascaux et al. ⁵⁵	✓	X	X	X	X	✓	X	X	✓	✓	✓	X	X	✓	6	Poor
36	Véronneau et al. ⁵⁶	✓	X	X	X	X	✓	X	X	✓	✓	✓	X	X	✓	6	Poor
37	Jalling et al. ⁵⁷	✓	X	✓	X	X	✓	X	X	✓	✓	✓	X	X	✓	7	Fair
38	Spirito et al. ⁵⁸	✓	✓	✓	X	X	✓	X	X	✓	✓	✓	X	X	X	7	Fair
39	Stormshak et al. ⁵⁹	✓	X	X	X	X	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	10	Fair
40	Ismayilova et al. ⁶⁰	✓	✓	✓	X	X	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	X	✓	✓	11	Good
41	Marsiglia et al. ⁶¹	✓	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	✓	✓	✓	X	X	X	4	Poor

1. Study described RCT; 2. Method of randomization adequate; 3. Treatment allocation concealed; 4. Study participants and providers blinded to treatment group assignment; 5. People assessing the outcomes blinded to the participants’ group assignments; 6. The groups similar at baseline on important characteristics that could affect outcomes; 7. Overall drop-out rate from the study at endpoint 20% or lower of the number allocated to treatment; 8. The differential drop-out rate (between treatment groups) at endpoint 15 percentage points or lower; 9. There was high adherence to the intervention protocols for each treatment group; 10. Other interventions were avoided or similar in group; 11. Outcomes were assessed using valid and reliable measures, implemented consistently across all study participants; 12. Authors report that the sample size was sufficiently large to detect a difference in the main outcome between groups with at least 80% power; 13. Outcomes reported or subgroups analyzed prespecified; 14. All randomized participants analyzed in the group to which they were originally assigned, that is, used an intention-to-treat analysis. Total score: 14 number of yes; CD: cannot be determined; NA: not applicable; NR: not reported; N: no, Y: yes. Quality rating: Poor <50%, Fair 50%–75%, Good ³75%.

Two reviewers independently assessed each domain, and discrepancies were resolved through discussion/consultation with a third reviewer. The risk of bias assessment was considered in interpreting study results and determining the quality of evidence in the systematic review. The final review report included transparent reporting of the risk of bias assessment.

Results

Most of the studies were conducted in the USA. Participant ages ranged from 12 to 18 years, with differing mean ages across studies. Seventeen studies included both female and male young adults with substance use disorders, and one study was conducted among adolescent girls with substance use disorders. The commonly used tools include Problem Checklist, Child Behavior Checklist, Parental Bonding Instrument, Youth Self-report, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-IV), Global Appraisal of Individual Needs (GAIN), Timeline Follow Back Interview, Therapist Behaviour Rating Scale, Family Environment Scale, and Conflict Tactics Scale. The outcome measures covered a broad spectrum: improvements in conduct, symptom changes, school performance, family functioning, and reductions in substance use and criminal behaviour. Participants in the family intervention were mainly adolescents and their families, and the therapists provided the interventions with varied backgrounds, including psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, social workers, and counsellors. The review unveiled that alcohol and cannabis were major studied substance use disorders among young adults with a range of co-morbid mental health disorders, including conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactive disorder, major depressive disorder, and anxiety disorders.

Assertive Continuing Care and Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach

Assertive continuing care (ACC) has effectively improved short-term substance use outcomes by enhancing linkage and retention in continuing care.²¹ Furthermore, it surpasses usual continuing care (UCC) in linking clients to continuing care, showing significantly higher rates of marijuana abstinence.²² The adolescent community reinforcement approach (ACRA) emerges as a successful intervention for adolescents with cannabis use disorders, exhibiting a higher recovery rate compared to motivational enhancement therapy/cognitive behavioural therapy (MET/CBT).²³ Additionally, ACRA has proven to be more effective than MET/CBT in reducing cannabis use among adolescents with cannabis use disorders.²⁴

Brief Strategic Family Therapy

Brief strategic family therapy (BSFT) has shown superiority over school-based interventions in reducing marijuana use and behaviour problems.²⁵ Moreover, BSFT surpasses treatment as usual (TAU) in its efficacy, engaging adolescents and their families in treatment and enhancing family functioning.²⁶ The research extends further, revealing BSFT’s comparative advantage over substance use counselling in reducing alcohol use and conduct problems among gang-affiliated Mexican-American adolescents.²⁷ Despite long-term follow-up studies failing to show differences in drug use outcomes between BSFT and TAU, individuals who underwent BSFT display lower rates of arrest, incarceration, and externalizing behaviors.²⁸

Ecologically Based Family Therapy

Ecologically based family therapy (EBFT) surpasses service as usual (SAU) in reducing substance abuse.²⁹ Moreover, EBFT demonstrates superiority over SAU not only in reducing alcohol and drug use but also in fostering improvement in family and adolescent functioning over time.³⁰ Despite the absence of a statistically significant difference in the frequency of substance use among runaways in all three treatment groups, there is a slight increase post-treatment.³¹

Family-Behavior Therapy

Both Family-behaviour therapy (FBT) and individual-cognitive problem solving (ICBT) are effective in reducing substance use and conduct problems in young adults with dual diagnoses.³² Further research is needed to determine which treatment approach is more effective for this population.

Multidimensional Family Therapy

Multidimensional family therapy (MDFT) surpasses adolescent group therapy (AGT) and multifamily educational intervention (MEI) in enhancing school/academic performance and family functioning.³³ Furthermore, MDFT outperforms ICBT in reducing substance use problem severity.³⁴ Applying in-session family-focused techniques during MDFT correlates with reduced externalizing and internalizing symptoms, diminished family conflict, and enhanced family cohesion.³⁵ A robust parent alliance in MDFT predicts declines in drug use and externalizing behaviors.³⁶ Highlighting its efficacy, MDFT exceeds AGT in increasing treatment completion rates and reducing substance use.³⁷ Additionally, MDFT outshines ICBT in producing superior treatment outcomes, particularly for youths with more severe drug use and substantial psychiatric comorbidity.³⁸ MDFT proves superior to individual psychotherapy (IP) by enhancing treatment retention, reducing the number of cannabis consumption days, and minimizing externalizing symptoms in cannabis-abusing adolescents.^{39, 40} MDFT outperforms AGT in addressing criminal behaviour and rearrests.⁴¹ Moreover, MDFT exhibits a higher likelihood of recovery compared to CBT for adolescents with cannabis use disorder.⁴² Additionally, MDFT surpasses TAU in preventing cannabis abuse.⁴³

Multisystemic Therapy

Multisystemic therapy (MST) has demonstrated efficacy in enhancing abstinence from marijuana and decreasing aggressive crimes.⁴⁴ Furthermore, MST proves to be equally effective as TAU in the short term, showcasing its competence in reducing alcohol and drug use, curtailing delinquent behaviors, alleviating psychiatric symptoms, and enhancing social skills and school attendance.⁴⁵

Family Check-up

Engaging in family check-up (FCU) services has been shown to predict reductions in alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use by age 23.⁴⁶ Additionally, FCU is as effective as preventive education (PE) in reducing alcohol and other drug use outcomes among adolescents and their siblings.⁴⁷ Furthermore, FCU has been shown to reduce risky behaviors during young adulthood by linking to changes in children’s self-regulation in early middle school.⁴⁸

Other Family-based Models

Parent-skills training (PST) has proven effective in enhancing parental coping skills, self-reported functioning, and family communication while reducing teen marijuana use.⁴⁹ Strength-oriented family therapy (SOFT) and the seven challenges (7C) demonstrate effectiveness in reducing substance use and related problems among adolescents.⁵⁰ However, a parental support intervention did not exhibit superiority over a minimum behavioural intervention regarding attendance, retention, or support change.⁵¹ A computer-delivered, parent-involvement intervention has been shown to enhance parental communication, establish family rules about substance use, and monitor daughters’ discretionary time.⁵² Brief motivational intervention (BMI) outperforms parent-based intervention (PBI) in reducing heavy episodic drinking and preventing alcohol-related consequences among incoming college students.⁵³ A brief intervention (BI) that includes both adolescent and parent sessions produces superior outcomes compared to a BI with only adolescent sessions among adolescents with marijuana dependence disorder and co-occurring mental health symptoms.⁵⁴Culturally informed and flexible family-based treatment for adolescents (CIFFTA) is effective in achieving significant changes in drug use and parenting practices among Hispanic adolescents with substance abuse disorder.⁵⁵ The STRIVE intervention is effective in reducing sexual risk behaviour, alcohol use, hard drug use, and delinquent behaviors among homeless youth.⁵⁶ The study found that substance-using youth receiving usual care family therapy (UC-FT) showed more significant reductions in externalizing, internalizing, and alcohol and drug use compared to those receiving nonfamily treatment.⁵⁷ Preventive intervention programs for parents revealed that adolescents with adaptive coping skills exhibited a significantly lower prevalence of binge drinking. Neither Program Comet nor Parent Steps, two parent training programs, demonstrated significant effects on adolescents’ antisocial or delinquent behaviour or alcohol use.⁵⁸ A multimedia family-based intervention effectively reduced harsh discipline practices, enhanced positive and supportive parenting, and decreased poor monitoring among participants.⁵⁹ Families Preparing the New Generation (FPNG) can effectively change substance abuse norms among youth.⁶⁰

The quality assessment scores for the selected studies ranged between 7 and 14 across the 45 studies, suggesting variability in the methodological quality of these studies. The score range indicates that some studies received lower scores (closer to 4), suggesting potential methodological limitations, while others received higher scores (closer to 13), indicating better methodological rigor.

Discussion

The systematic review consists of various family intervention models for young adults with substance abuse that are effective in reducing substance abuse, improving family functioning, and reducing behavioural problems. Among the specific family interventions reviewed, ACC and ACRA are particularly effective in achieving higher rates of abstinence from marijuana and improving treatment retention. BSFT is also a promising intervention for reducing marijuana use and behaviour problems. EBFT, FBT, MDFT, MST, and FCU are all effective in reducing substance use and improving family functioning.

The studies reviewed provide strong evidence for the efficacy of family interventions in treating substance use among young adults. It was found that incorporating family interventions into treatment led to reductions in substance consumption and improvements in family functioning. Similar findings were reported from previous studies.^14–16

The quality assessment of studies in this view reveals a diverse methodological rigor across the selected literature. Notably, several studies^{32, 49, 38} demonstrate the robust methodology, scoring consistently high across the assessed criteria and receiving a “good” quality rating (≥75%). Few studies had poor methodological rigor.³⁶ Most studies fall within the “fair” quality rating (50%–75%), indicating moderate methodological rigor. These findings highlight the heterogeneity in the methodological quality of the studies reviewed, emphasizing the importance of critically assessing the risk bias in individual studies and indicating where future research could be taken up to address the lacunae in methodological limitations.

The effectiveness of family interventions can be attributed to several factors. First, family interventions provide families with the information, skills, and support they need to help their young adults recover from substance abuse.^{23, 55} Family interventions can improve family functioning through communication and conflict-resolution strategies.³³ Third, family interventions can help families develop healthy coping mechanisms for reducing behavioural problems among young adults.^{49, 55}

Family interventions and other evidence-based treatments such as individual therapy and pharmacotherapy are the most effective.³⁵ Additionally, family interventions were ineffective in individuals with violent behaviour and co-morbid severe mental illness.^{55, 61} Despite these limitations, family interventions offer a promising approach to treating substance abuse among young adults. As research continues to emerge, we expect to see even more effective family interventions developed.

Our review has many strengths. The review provides an extensive overview of several family-based interventions encompassing a diverse range of approaches for young adults with substance abuse, ensuring a comprehensive review. The review’s focus on long-term outcomes, particularly for interventions including BSFT, MDFT, MST, and FCU, enhances its relevance in assessing sustained impact beyond the treatment period, providing valuable insights into the enduring effects of family interventions. The systematic review contains outcomes such as family dynamics, school/academic performance, reduction in criminal behaviour, and other problem behaviors. The review provides clear recommendations for specific interventions, emphasizing those with demonstrated effectiveness in improving substance use outcomes, family functioning, and long-term behavioural outcomes. The review may serve as valuable guidance for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers.

Limitations

Significant limitations should be considered. The review included studies that varied in participants’ demographic and clinical characteristics, design, duration, and outcome measures, contributing to heterogeneity in the evidence that challenges and necessitates a cautious interpretation of the results. The review may be susceptible to publication bias, as studies with favourable outcomes were more likely to get published. The publication bias could overstate the overall effectiveness of family-based interventions. Participants’ demographic and clinical characteristics across studies vary, impacting the generalizability of the review findings. Variations in substance use severity, co-occurring disorders, and cultural backgrounds could influence intervention outcomes. While showing positive immediate outcomes, some interventions may lack long-term follow-up data. This limitation restricts the enduring effects of specific family interventions beyond the observed study period. The review has limitations in identifying the potential adverse effects of family-based interventions. Future research may systematically investigate and report any adverse outcomes or unintended consequences.

Future Directions

Future research can strive for greater standardization in outcome measures, facilitating more robust comparisons across studies. Consistent measurement of substance use outcomes, family dynamics, and behavioural changes would enhance the reliability of the findings. Efforts may include more diverse study populations, various cultural backgrounds, socioeconomic status, and substance use profiles. This would enhance the generalizability of the findings to different demographic groups. Conducting more long-term follow-up studies for interventions, especially those lacking extended outcome data, would contribute to a deeper understanding of sustained effects. This is crucial for assessing the lasting impact of family-based interventions on young adults. Rigorous comparative effectiveness research may be prioritized to compare different family-based interventions directly. Future studies can explore the potential adverse effects of family interventions and investigate implementation challenges. Understanding potential drawbacks and barriers to implementation will inform more balanced decision-making in clinical practice. Investigating the potentials of integrating technology into family-based interventions, considering the effectiveness of artificial intelligence (AI)–assisted interventions in line with evolving healthcare delivery and technology’s increasing role in treatment.

Conclusion

The systematic review provides robust evidence supporting the efficacy of various family-based interventions in addressing substance abuse among young adults. The positive outcomes observed across different interventions underscore the importance of involving families in the treatment process. The multifaceted benefits of these interventions include improvements in substance use outcomes, family functioning, and long-term behavioural outcomes. Family-focused approaches are integral components of comprehensive treatment strategies. The systematic review findings suggest that family-based interventions hold significant promise in the prevention of and recovery from substance abuse among young adults by promoting positive family dynamics and individual well-being.

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Declaration Regarding the Use of Generative AI

None used.

Ethical Approval

Ethical committee approval is not required as this study is a systematic review and did not involve human subjects as participants.

Funding

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

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Family Intervention Models for Young Adults with Substance Abuse: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Purpose of the Review:

Collection and Analysis of Data:

Keywords

Key Messages:

Research Gap

Methods

Protocol Registration

Search Strategy

Eligibility Criteria

The PRISMA Flow Chart of the Literature Search and Selection Process.

Population (P)

Intervention (I)

Comparison (C)

Outcome (O)

Literature Search, Screening, and Selection Process

Data Extraction

Quality Assessment (Risk of Bias Assessment)

Results

Assertive Continuing Care and Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach

Brief Strategic Family Therapy

Ecologically Based Family Therapy

Family-Behavior Therapy

Multidimensional Family Therapy

Multisystemic Therapy

Family Check-up

Other Family-based Models

Discussion

Limitations

Future Directions

Conclusion

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

Declaration Regarding the Use of Generative AI

Ethical Approval

Funding

References