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Abstract

Background

A number of biomarkers have been proven potentially useful for their ability to indicate bone metastases (BM) in cancer patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the relative utility of a newly developed N-terminal propeptide of collagen type I (PINP) human serum assay for the detection of BM in cancer patients. This assay has a corresponding rat PINP assay which in the future might help in translational science between rodent and human trials.

Methods

Participants were 161 prostate, lung and breast cancer patients stratified by number of BM(Soloway score). PINP was assessed and correlated to number of BM. Additionally, the PINP marker was correlated to bone resorption of young (ALPHA CTX-I)- and aged bone (BETA CTX-I); number of osteoclasts (Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b, TRACP5B) and osteoclast activity (CTX-I/TRACP5B).

Results

PINP was significantly elevated in breast- and prostate cancer patients +BM, compared to –BM (P < 0.001), however not in lung cancer patients. A strong linear association was seen between PINP and the number of BMs. Significant elevation of PINP was observed at Soloway scores 1–4 (<0 BM) compared with score 0 (0 BM) (P < 0.001). The correlation between bone resorption of young bone or aged bone and bone formation was highly significant in patients +BM and –BM (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Data suggest that the present PINP potentially could determine skeletal involvement in patients with breast or prostate cancer. Correlations suggested that coupling between bone resorption and bone formation was maintained in breast- and prostate cancer patients.

Keywords

biochemical markers bone resorption bone formation osteoclastogenesis breast cancer prostate cancer coupling

Introduction

Several cancer types are able to metastasize to organs secondary to the primary tumor. Breast, prostate, and lung cancers are the primary tumors that most frequently metastasize to the skeleton. A metabolically active bone metastasis (BM) exerts profound effects in the local bone micro-environment, the most significant being the balance between bone resorption and bone formation -being either lytic or sclerotic metastasis.¹ This results in hypocalcaemia, which in turn leads to severe bone pain and lower quality of life. Early diagnosis and treatment of BM's might mitigate these consequences.²

Currently, BM in cancer patients is mainly diagnosed by imaging techniques such as Technetium-99 scintigraphy or x-ray.^3,4 Imaging techniques are valuable diagnostic tools. However their accuracy in early diagnosis or feasibility in ongoing close monitoring of patients is limited.³ Even though scintigraphy can give quantitative information on skeletal “hot spots” containing BM's, this assessment is expensive, invasive, time-consuming, and exposes cancer patients to irradiation, limiting its use for monitoring purposes.⁴ Easy-to-use and accurate diagnostic tools would be valuable supplements to imaging techniques.

Since biochemical markers of bone turnover can be assessed non-invasively, they could prove clinically practical in providing additional systemic information of bone turnover. A panel of markers may be selected to assess disease stages and skeletal subtype of the metastasis, and thereby provide essential information for choice of treatment. The use of bone turnover markers to detect the presence of BM's is extensively discussed in the literature. Numerous biomarkers of bone resorption, formation, and osteoclastogenesis have been evaluated for their ability to indicate BM in cancer patients.^5–17 Some biomarkers may prove more useful than others for the evaluation of BM's. Several studies suggest that collagenous markers may be the most reliable markers in general for the presence of BMs.

Bone is a dynamic tissue which is continuously remodeled throughout life, not only to maintain calcium homeostasis but also to repair micro-damage and thus maintain bone quality.¹⁸ This continuous remodeling of bone involves cells that strive to achieve a coordinated and balanced resorption of old bone (osteoclasts) and those responsible for adequate formation of new bone (osteoblasts), in a local, coordinated and sequential manner referred to as coupling.^19–22 When normal coupling occurs in healthy adult bones the amount of bone formed is equal to that resorbed.^{19–21,23,24} Uncoupling normally occurs when the balance between formation and resorption is dissociated, such as during normal skeletal growth, or in the pathogenesis of diseases such as osteopetrosis or osteoporosis,^25,26 and turnover,¹⁸ in some, but not all, osteopetrotic mutations.^20,27 In postmenopausal osteoporosis there is an increase in both bone formation and bone resorption, however bone resorption exceeds bone formation leading to a continuous negative bone balance, bone fragility and increased risk of fractures.^28,29

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of a newly developed bone formation serum assay (PINP) to detect the presence of BM in patients with breast, lung or prostate cancer. This ELISA assay differs from other PINP assays by having a corresponding assay for the assessment of rat serum PINP thus making it possible to evaluate the same epitope³⁰ in both a preclinical cancer model and in clinical studies. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate whether coupling existed between bone formation, bone resorption, and the number of osteoclasts. These analyses were performed by correlating PINP data, indicating bone formation, to the well-established C-telopeptide of collagen type I bone resorption markers ααCTX-I³¹ (of young bone) and ββCTX-I³² (of aged bone), and TRACP5B as an index for osteoclast numbers.^33–35

Materials and Methods

Patients and study design

The study design has been published previously.¹⁵ Briefly, the study included 90 breast cancer patients (45 +BM and 45 –BM), 30 lung cancer patients (16 +BM and 14 –BM) and 42 prostate cancer patients (25 +BM and 17 –BM) that were referred to the Cancer Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, between October 2002 and April 2004. All patients underwent bone scans using a radionuclide (Technetium-99m), as well as computer tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to verify and quantify the presence of BMs. All patients with skeletal complications were newly diagnosed and none had received therapies known to influence bone turnover in the previous 2 years prior to entry to the study. One breast cancer patient had also been diagnosed with Paget's disease and was excluded from the analysis.

All participants signed approved written consent and the study was performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration II and Standards of Good Clinical Practice. The Local Ethical Committee approved the study protocol.

Severity of metastatic bone disease (Soloway score)

The number of BM was recorded and the skeletal load was graded, as previously proposed by Soloway et al. Briefly, Soloway 0 refers to patients without BM, Soloway 1 to patients with fewer than 6 BM, Soloway 2 to patients with 6-20 BM, Soloway 3 to patients with more than 20 but less than a “super scan” defined involvement of more than 75% of the ribs, vertebrae, and pelvic bones; and Soloway 4 to patients with a “super scan”.³⁶

Quantification of bone resorption by serum PINP

Serum samples were collected from all patients and stored at –40 °C until analysis. The concentration of PINP fragments was measured by the newly developed competitive ELISA assay for human N-terminal propetide of collagen type I (Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark). The assay was run using 20 μl undiluted serum samples in a one-step ELISA 1 hour at 4 °C using a horse radish labeled monoclonal antibody against a 10 amino acid sequence in the N-terminal pro-peptide of collagen type I.³⁰ Mean intra-variation on 10 independent runs was 4.4% on double determinations. Mean inter-variation on 10 independent runs was 5.4% on double determination. Dilution recovery was 90%–114% on 10 normal serum samples representing the entire range of the standard curve.³⁰

Bone resorption and number of osteoclasts

Data on the collagen type I bone resoption markers ββCTX-I³² (assessing resorption of aged collagen type I) and ααCTX-I³¹ (resorption of newly synthesized collagen type I) and the marker for the number of osteoclasts (TRACP5b) have been published previously by our group¹⁵ and these data were used for correlations to the bone formation marker, PINP, detected in serum. The correlation between the CTX-I/TRACP5b ratio, and PINP, was used to indicate resorption activity per osteoclasts versus bone formation.

Statistical analysis

The values of each of the biochemical markers were logarithmically transformed to obtain normality. Comparisons between the level of PINP in patients with different cancer types without BM was performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the General Linear Models Procedure (GLM). The same statistical procedure was used for comparison of PINP levels in patients without and with BM for each cancer type. In the comparison of the PINP levels for each Soloway score against the level in patients without metastasis, the Dunnett's adjustment of the level of significance was employed to correct for multiple comparisons. Correlations between the biochemical markers were determined using Spearmans Rho. Differences and associations were considered statistically significant if P < 0.05. GRAPH PAD PRISM 5 (Graph Pad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA) was used for calculations.

Results

PINP related to bone cancer type

Demographics of 161 cancer patients stratified according to cancer type and the presence or absence of BM have previously been reported.¹⁵ There were no statistically significant differences in age and BMI between patients with or without BM.

Figure 1 shows the mean values of serum PINP in patients stratified according to cancer type and presence or absence of BM. There was a significantly increased level of PINP, indicating increased bone formation, in breast and prostate cancer patients with BM compared with those without BM. However, PINP was not able to determine the presence of BM in lung cancer patients.

Figure 1

Bone formation (PINP) marker levels in 161 breast, lung and prostate cancer patients stratified by cancer type and presence (+BM) or absence of bone metastasis (-BM).

PINP related to the extent of metastatic bone disease

Since this assay carried little value in diagnosing BM in lung cancer patients, this subpopulation was excluded from further analyses. Accordingly, data from breast and prostate cancer patients were pooled together for subsequent analyses (n = 132). The demographic data for patients was stratified according to Soloway score. No linear associations were found between Soloway score and the demographic characteristics of patients.¹⁵

Figure 2 shows associations between Soloway score and the mean PINP values. The marker indicated significant linear increases with advancing severity of the metastatic involvement of the skeletal system. PINP was highly significantly increased at all Soloway scores 1, 2, 3 and 4 compared with Soloway score 0 (ie, no BM) (P < 0.001).

Figure 2

Bone formation (PINP) marker levels in 132 breast and prostate cancer patients stratified according to the extent of metastatic bone disease described by the Soloway score 0 (–BM), and 1–4 (+BM). Number of patients within each Soloway score: 0 (n = 45); 1 (n = 20); 2 (n = 13); 3(n = 7)and 4 (n = 5).

The coupling between bone formation and bone resorption in breast and prostate cancer patients

Patients with prostate or breast cancer were pooled and stratified by +BM and –BM for correlation calculations. Correlations were performed using both the ααCTX-I resorption marker as a measure of osteoclast resorption of newly synthesized collagen type I (Fig. 3) and the ββCTX-I resorption marker as a measure of osteoclast resorption of aged synthesized collagen type I³⁷ (Fig. 4). A significant correlation was observed for all our correlation tests (P < 0.0001) in both +BM patients (Figs. 3 Aand 4A) and –BM patients (Figs. 3B and 4B) except for ββCTX-I/TRACP5b ratio vs. PINP in patients with BM. Data indicated that bone formation, as assessed by PINP vs. resorption of young or old bone (ααCTX-I or ββCTX-I); bone formation (PINP) vs. number of osteoclasts (TRACP5b); resorption of young or old bone (ααCTX-I or ββCTX-I) vs. number of osteoclasts (TRACP5b) and the activity of osteoclasts (ααCTX-I or ββCTX-I/TRACP5b) vs. bone formation (PINP) all are associated in breast and prostate cancer patients both with or without BM. In patients with BM Spearman correlations were strongest when using the resorption marker ααCTX-I rather than ββCTX-I.

Figure 3

Correlations between ααCTX-1 and PINP; ααCTX-1 and TRAC5b; TRACP5b and PINP; ααCTX-l/TRACP5b ratio and PINP in patients +BM (A) and –BM (B). A significant correlation was observed for all cases. A Spearman Rho correlation (Spearman r) is stated for each correlation in the respective figures.

Figure 4

Correlations between ββCTX-1 and PINP; ββCTX-1 and TRAC5b; TRACP5b and PINP; ββCTX-l/TRACP5b ratio and PINP in patients +BM (A) and –BM (B). A significant correlation was observed for all cases. Spearman Rho correlation (r) is stated for each correlation in the respective figures.

Discussion

We evaluated a newly developed PINP assay in a clinical study of breast and prostate cancer patients with and without BM. Furthermore, we investigated the coupling between bone resorption and bone formation related to number of osteoclasts. Only one small study on coupling in prostate cancer patients has previously been conducted, which included administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment.³⁸ In these patients coupling between bone resorption and formation was observed.

Our main findings were: 1) Elevated levels of this serum PINP assay was found in prostate- and breast cancer patients with BM compared to patients without BM, however not in lung cancer patients; 2) This PINP assay was increased according to number of BM when stratified by the Soloway score with significant increase at score 2, 3 and 4; 3) There was significant correlations between bone formation (PINP), resorption (CTX-I) and number of osteoclasts (TRACP5B) in prostate- and breast cancer patients with BM.

The occurrence of tumor cells in bone tissue have a strong impact on the mechanisms of bone turnover due to the secretion soluble factors such as hormones, cytokines and growth factors which directly or indirectly stimulate osteoclast and osteoblast proliferation and function.^1,39 This cell-cell interaction is commonly referred to as the vicious cycle. Breast cancer metastases are predominately osteolytic (70%–85%)³⁹ whereas the majority of prostate cancer metastases are osteoblastic (65%)⁴⁰ although mixed lesions exists in both cancer types.⁴¹ These differences provide the rationale for investigating different biomarkers in evaluating BM in patients with different types of cancer. The results may be useful for tailoring treatment for individual patients.

Comparison of PINP assays and their relation to bone metastases

In the present paper we evaluated a newly developed PINP assay for the detection of BM in prostate-, lung- and breast cancer patients. This human serum PINP assay differs from other PINP assays by the fact that it has a parallel PINP assay for³⁰ corresponding epitope in the rat PINP sequence, and thus offers potential value in translational science between rat cancer models and human studies. We found that the PINP levels assessed by this human serum PINP assay, was significantly higher in patients with BM than in patients without BM in the case of prostate and breast cancers but not lung cancer. There was however a trend towards higher levels in lung cancer patients with BM compared to without BM so the lack of difference may be due to the low number of lung cancer patients.

Data stratified according to the Soloway score indicated that the levels assess by this PINP assay was correlated to the number of BM. Levels were highly significantly elevated at all Soloway scores, indicating that this assay is very sensitive for the detection of BM. However, we do not have data available to determine whether it is more sensitive that scintigraphy.

By the use of different PINP assays, other groups have evaluated PINP in relation to bone metastases.^45–55 In relation to our study a group showed that the levels assessed by another PINP assay were significantly elevated in breast cancer patients with BM compared to those without BM, and correlated to the number of BM's.⁵⁵ A PINP assay was evaluated in 64 prostate cancer patients stratified by –BM; –BM/+lymph node metastases or +BM. Here PINP was elevated in the –BM/+lymph node metastases and +BM groups when compared to the –BM group.⁵⁶ Interestingly, PINP was even elevated 8 months prior to detection of the first BM by scintigraphy, indicating that PFNP is a powerful marker for very early diagnosis of BM which might not be detected by other means. Similar findings have been presented by Koizumi et al⁵⁷ who showed PINP was elevated in prostate cancer patients with BM compared to those without BM. Nevertheless, PINP was the best discriminator, among three markers, of the extent of disease. Finally, Jung et al²⁸ who analyzed 10 different serum markers and found that PINP was significantly elevated in patients with BM compared to without BM. All these findings correspond to our evaluation of this newly developed human serum PINP assay.

PINP compared to other bone formation marker for the detection of BM

Other markers of bone formation such as bone alkaline phosphates (B ALP), osteocalcin (OC), have been evaluated for their ability to describe bone metastases indicating that some bone formation markers are and some are not elevated in prostate- and breast cancer patients.^58–60 Recently, a group demonstrated that BSAP was elevated in prostate cancer patients with BM and correlated to the Extent of disease (EOD), whereas OC did not.⁶⁰ Similar data for OC have been published by Hegele A et al⁵⁹ showing that OC was not elevated in prostate cancer patients with BM. It may be difficult to directly compare different bone formation markers since they all are of a different nature. PINP is a collagenous marker; OC is a non-collagenous marker;⁶¹ bone alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme found on the surface of osteoblasts.⁶² The expression of the collagen type I gene is known to be expressed prior to the alkaline phosphatase genes and alkaline phosphatase prior to the OC genes indicating that collagen type I derived markers may be most helpful for early detection of BM.⁶³

Different assays assessing different epitopes of the same bone formation protein may further complicate the picture. Thus, several statements in the bone field have been made with regards to the relevance of assessing either the monomeric or trimeric form of the PINP peptide.^64,65 Further research is needed to understand why measurements of the same protein by different assessment technologies produce different outcomes, and the possible pathological rationale for the discrepancies.

Coupling between osteoclasts and osteoblasts

Even in BM of the osteolytic nature, highly increased levels of bone formation parameters have been identified in the vicious cycle.^1,39,66 This emphasizes that more research into the coupling between bone resorption and bone formation may be important in detecting different types of BM.

Interestingly, the coupling between bone resorption and bone formation was maintained in these prostate- and breast cancer patients with BM or without BM when analyzed separately with no differentiation between cancer types (data not shown). Thus we pooled the data to increase the statistical power. Bone formation was significantly related to bone resorption and the number of osteoclasts; in the same manner bone resorption was significantly related to number of osteoclasts.

ααCTX-l as a resorption marker

Levels of ααCTX-I may possibly originate mainly from bone metastases due to their local high bone turnover characteristic, thus generating large quantities of newly formed collagen type I matrix. Viewing the Spearman Rho coefficients it was noteworthy that in patients with BM, a higher correlation was observed between PINP/TRACP5b (r = 0.84) and PINP/ααCTX-I (r = 0.84) than was observed for ααCTX-I/TRACP5b (r = 0.76). This indicates that the number of osteoclasts and bone formation is more tightly coupled than the number of osteoclasts and bone resorption. Furthermore, the mean resorption of young bone per osteoclast (ααCTX-I/TRACP5b) was well correlated to PINP in patients with BM (r = 0.81) indicating that the resorption activity per osteoclast was not elevated in these patients. However, further investigations are needed for such a conclusion and should be regarded as speculation. In patients without BM a similar picture was seen. Spearman correlations were similar between all remodeling parameters, indicating that all were just as tightly coupled with regards to resorption of young bone.

ββCTX-l as a resorption marker

Levels of ββCTX-I may originate mainly as a mean of the total turnover of the skeleton due to the high amount of isomerized collagen type I in normally remodeled bone matrix. The Spearman Rho coefficients showed that ββCTX, PINP and TRACP were just as strongly correlated in patients with and without BM. However, the mean resorption activity on aged bone per osteoclast was not correlated to bone formation in patients with bone metastases also indicating that bone formation is more tightly coupled to number of osteoclasts and not their activity in patients with bone metastases.

These data are somewhat in alignment with research suggesting that it is rather the presence of osteoclasts and not resorptive activity that is important for bone formation.³⁴ Compelling evidence for this is the fact that, in the normal adult skeleton, bone formation is almost exclusively initiated in areas having undergone resorption^19–22,67 indicating local signaling events between osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Consistent with this, the number of nuclei in osteoclasts has been shown to correlate to the number of osteoblasts.⁶⁸ Recently osteoclasts themselves were demonstrated to secrete bone anabolic signals.⁶⁹ This also led to speculation that resorbing osteoclasts do not always secrete the anabolic signal⁷⁰ implying that the anabolic signal is not derived exclusively during resorption of the bone matrix. Further strengthening this new view of the coupling between bone resorption and bone formation, was that bone resorption was less correlated to bone formation in cancer patients overall.

Limitations

An increasing number of publications have shown that biomarkers are potential candidates for a more dynamic evaluation of BM in breast- and prostate cancer patients.^5–17 However, since biomarkers often are assessed systemically they do not necessarily reflect the local environment of a BM site, but rather are means of the total bone remodeling in the entire skeleton. They also do not necessarily reflect local coupling between bone formation and bone resorption, but throughout the body.

There are important differences in the pathogenesis of osteolytic bone metastases and osteoblastic bone metastases,^1,39–41 that most likely affect coupling between bone resorption and bone formation. Further investigations are needed to understand how the two different types of metastases affect coupling. The power of this study was not high enough to add to that discussion.

Another limitation is that this was a cross-sectional study and the statistical analysis was based on an assumption that the individual variation in biomarker levels in patients was low. Future analysis should be performed in a longitudinal study.

In conclusion, the present study evaluated a newly developed human serum PINP and its ability to describe bone metastases. Furthermore, it provided additional evidence that PINP markers may be useful for obtaining valuable systemic information about the development of BM in breast- and prostate cancer patients.

Authors Contributions

–

Diana J. Leeming developed the PINP assay and did the measurements, calculation of data, as well as prepared most of the manuscript

–

Kim Henriksen and Morten A. Karsdal guided in the evaluations of the assay and during writing

–

Inger Byrjalsen guided during the assay development and helped with the statistical calculations

–

Chen Zhang produced the monoclonal antibody for this newly developed PINP assay under guidance of Diana Leeming and Per Qvist

–

Per Qvist guided during the selection of the PINP target and production of the monoclonal antibody

–

Vibeke Barkholt guided the characterization of the antibodies

–

Mitsuru Koizumi collected the clinical samples and carried out the bone imaging to determine number of bone metastases

Disclosure

This manuscript has been read and approved by all authors. This paper is unique and is not under consideration by any other publication and has not been published elsewhere. Diana J. Leeming, Kim Henriksen, Inger Byrjalsen, Per Qvist, Chen Zhang and Morten Karsdal are full-time employees of Nordic Bioscience. The authors confirm that they have permission to reproduce any copyrighted material.

Footnotes

Acknowlegdement

We acknowledge the funding from the Danish “Ministry of Science, Technology and Science” and the Danish science foundation (“Den Danske Forskningsfond”).

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Serum N-Terminal Propeptide of Collagen Type I is Associated with the Number of Bone Metastases in Breast and Prostate Cancer and Correlates to Other Bone Related Markers

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Keywords

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Patients and study design

Severity of metastatic bone disease (Soloway score)

Quantification of bone resorption by serum PINP

Bone resorption and number of osteoclasts

Statistical analysis

Results

PINP related to bone cancer type

PINP related to the extent of metastatic bone disease

The coupling between bone formation and bone resorption in breast and prostate cancer patients

Discussion

Comparison of PINP assays and their relation to bone metastases

PINP compared to other bone formation marker for the detection of BM

Coupling between osteoclasts and osteoblasts

ααCTX-l as a resorption marker

ββCTX-l as a resorption marker

Limitations

Authors Contributions

Disclosure

Footnotes

Acknowlegdement

References