Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a common hematological malignancy that is often associated with osteolytic lesions, anemia and renal impairment. Deregulation of miRNA has been implicated in the pathogenesis of MM. It was found in our study that miR-19b and miR-20a as members of crucial oncogene miR-17-92 cluster were differentially expressed between patients with MM and normal controls by genechip microarray, and this result was further confirmed in sera of patients with MM by qRT-PCR. The functional effect of miR-19b/20a was analyzed and results showed that miR-19b/20a promoted cell proliferation and migration, inhibited cell apoptosis and altered cell cycle in MM cells. PTEN protein expression was reduced after transfection of miR-19b/20a, suggesting that PTEN was a direct target of miR-19b/20a. In addition, over-expression of miR-19b/20a reversed the anti-proliferation and pro-apoptosis effect of PTEN in MM cells. Finally, our in vivo experiment demonstrated that lentivirus-mediated delivery of miR-20a promoted tumor growth in murine xenograft model of MM, which provide evidence that miR-20a inhibitor exerts therapeutic activity in preclinical models and supports a framework for the development of miR-19b/20a-based treatment strategies for MM patients.

Keywords

Multiple myeloma miR-19b miR-20a PTEN

1. Introduction

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy characterized by aberrant expansion of plasma cells within the bone marrow, and is the second most common hematological malignancy after non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma [14, 20]. The pathogenesis of MM is complex and remains elusive despite novel insights into the pathobiology of the disease and the availability of new research platforms and therapeutics. Therefore, innovative treatment strategies are urgently needed [18, 25, 30]. Recent studies [3, 11] have demonstrated abnormal expression of microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) in MM. MiRNAs are known to be a group of small, non-coding RNAs with 18–25 nucleotides, which bind to the 3’-untranslated region (3’-UTR) of their target mRNAs to regulate gene expression, causing target degradation or inhibiting translation [9, 21, 28]. MiRNAs have been demonstrated to be essential regulators of cellular functions, including proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, in almost all tumor types [2].

Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a key tumor-suppressor gene that is disrupted or suppressed in various cancer types [1, 26, 27], including MM [6, 31]. Previous results [17] demonstrated that PTEN could inhibit cell proliferation and migration, and promote cell apoptosis in MM. However, PTEN may be regulated by several miRNAs in MM, resulting in a reduction in its expression and loss of its original function. For example, miR-21, miR-221 and miR-222 downregulated PTEN and reactivated important signaling pathways to enhance oncogenicity in MM [10, 24].

The miR-17-92 gene is expressed as a polycistronic primary transcript containing six tandem stem-loop hairpin structures that ultimately yield six mature miRNAs (miR-17, miR-18, miR-19a, miR-19b, miR-20a and miR-92a). Recent studies [7, 13, 23] have indicated that primary members of the miR-17-92 cluster are dysregulated in MM and associated with disease development and progression, but the mechanisms of the six miRNAs require further investigation. In study by our group, abnormally expressed miRNAs in MM were identified by microarray. The results indicated that the expression of miRNAs containing miR-138, miR-1260b, miR-148a, miR-339, miR-138, miR-29b, miR-19b, miR-4449, miR-20a, let-7i and miR-152 was markedly increased in the patient group compared with that in the control group. MiR-19b and miR-20a are members of the miR-17-92 cluster, which has been identified as an oncogene [16]. We confirmed the increased expression of miR-19b and miR-20a in the sera of patients and further studied the regulation in MM in vivo and vitro. Comprehensive using three miRNA predicted software-Targetscan, miRanda and Pic Tar, we found that PTEN was predicted as a target of miR-19b and miR-20a. The regulation between PTEN and miR-19b/20a was further identified in MM.

2. Materials and methods

2.1 Cell lines and antibodies

MM cell lines U266, 8226, H929 and MM1S (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China) were cultured in complete DMEM (Corning, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco, USA), 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 mg/mL streptomycin, and 2 mmol/L L-glutamine (Beyotine, China). Cell cultures were kept in cell incubators with a humidifed atmosphere and 5% CO ${}_{2}$ at 37 ${}^{\circ}$ C. PTEN antibodies (9188), Bcl-2 antibodies (4223), Bax antibodies (5023), Bad antibodies (9239) and GAPDH antibodies (5174) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (USA) and used at 1:1000 dilution. Goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP (sc-2004) were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (USA) and used at 1:500 dilutions.

2.2 Patients and serum samples

Serum samples were obtained from patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) ( $n=$ 50), relapsed refractory MM (RRMM) ( $n=$ 22), and complete remission (CR) ( $n=$ 10) admitted to the affiliated hospital of Nantong University (Nantong, China). The diagnosis of MM was made according to the International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) 2014 criteria. The patients at CR required less than 5% bone marrow plasma cells. In addition, we collected serum samples of 15 patients from the NDMM condition received 2 courses of chemotherapy treatment, and the drugs used in chemotherapy included Bortezomib $+$ Dexamethasone. Each course of treatment lasted for 4 weeks, and intravenous injection of 1.3 mg/m ${}^{2}$ Bortezomib was performed on the 1st, 4th, 8th and 11th day of each course. After treatment of 2 courses, venous blood samples were drawn, and sera were isolated. Serum samples from Nantong Blood Bank of 30 healthy volunteer blood donors who had no history of hematological system diseases were used as control. Informed consent was obtained from all patients and healthy controls before sample collection. Sera were separated by centrifuging the blood samples for 10 min and stored at $-$ 80 ${}^{\circ}$ C for RNA extraction. Plasma cells were obtained from bone marrow samples of 10 patients with NDMM and 10 healthy controls. The control cases were fever patients who received bone marrow biopsy but shows normal marrow cell morphology. Mononuclear cells were isolated by Ficoll-Hypaque gradient centrifugation. Plasma cells were obtained using CD138 ${}^{+}$ microbead selection (Miltenyi Biotec, USA). Purity of plasma cells was assessed by flow cytometry analysis and was found to be greater than 95%.

2.3 Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR)

Total RNA was extracted from 400 $\mu$ l sera using TRIzol and MiRNeasy Mini Kit (Thermo, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol, and prepared for reverse transcription. cDNA was synthesized with a miRNA specific primer and Scientific RevertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Thermo, USA). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed in triplicate with FastStart Universal SYBR Green Master mix kit (Roche, Germany). The sequences of the specific primers for RNA amplification were as follows: miR-19b forward primer, 5’-TGC GGTTCACAGTGGCTAAG-3’ and reverse primer, 5’-CCAGTGCAGGGTCCGAGGT-3’; miR-20a forward primer, 5’-ACACTCCAGCTGGGTAAAGTGCTTAT AGTGC-3’ and reverse primer, 5’-TGGTGTCGTGGA GTCG-3’; U6 forward primer, 5’-CTCGCTTCGGCA GCACA-3’ and reverse primer, 5’-AACGCTTCACGA ATTTGCGT-3’; PTEN forward primer, 5’-ACACGAC GGGAAGACAAGTT-3’ and reverse primer, 5’-TCC TCTGGTCCTGGTATGAAG-3’; GAPDH forward primer, 5’-AACGGATTTGGTCGTATTG-3’ and reverse primer, 5’-GGAAGATGGTGATGGGATT-3’. The fold changes in miRNA treatment relative to scrambled treatment were calculated by using the 2 ${}^{-Ct}$ algorithm.

2.4 Cell transfection

U266 cells were seeded in six-well plates at a density of 5 $\times$ 10 ${}^{5}$ /well in 2 ml complete DMEM, incubated at 37 ${}^{\circ}$ C for 12 h, and then transfected with 50 nM miR-19b mimics, miR-19b inhibitor, miR-20a mimics, miR-20a inhibitor and scrambled miRNA using Lipofectamine 2000. Untransfected cells were used as control. After 48–72 h, total RNA and protein were extracted. miR-19/20a mimics, miR-19/20a inhibitors, PTEN expression vector and PTEN-specifc siRNA were obtained from Ruibo Biotechnology Co. (Guangzhou, China).

2.5 WST cell proliferation assay

U266 cells were transfected with miR-19b/20a mimics, miR-19b/20a inhibitor and negative control for 48 h. 100 $\mu$ l cells were added into the 96-well plate. Then, 10 $\mu$ l WST reagent was added at 0, 12, 24 and 48 h to detect the optical density (OD) value using a microplate reader.

2.6 Transwell cell migration assay

U266 cells were transfected with miR-19b/20a mimics, miR-19b/20a inhibitor and negative control for 48 h. 100 $\mu$ l cells were added into the upper chamber of a Boyden chamber containing DMEM, and the low chamber containing 600 $\mu$ l DMEM including 10% FBS for 24 h. Cells that did not passed through the chambers were wiped out carefully. The chambers were fixed in formaldehyde, stained with crystal violet, and counted for the number of cells passing through the membrane under an inverted microscope.

2.7 Cell apoptosis assay

U266 cells were transfected with miR-19b/20a mimics, miR-19b/20a inhibitor and negative control for 48 h, and 100 $\mu$ l cells were added into the Falcon tube, followed by addition of 5 $\mu$ l PI and 5 $\mu$ l Annexin (BD Bioscience, USA) in dark for 15 min. Finally, 400 $\mu$ l buffer was added to each tube, and cells were analyzed by flow cytometry.

2.8 Cell cycle analysis

U266 cells were transfected with miR-19b/20a mimics, miR-19b/20a inhibitor and negative control for 48 h, and cells were harvested by centrifugation, washed with PBS, and fixed with cold 70% ethanol overnight. The fixed cells were then stained with PI solution and 0.1% Triton X-100. After 1 h incubation in dark, fluorescence-activated cells were sorted by flow cytometry.

2.9 Luciferase reporter assay

For luciferase reporter experiments, 3’-UTR segment containing the miR-19b and miR-20a binding sites of PTEN was amplified by PCR from human genomic DNA and inserted into the psiCHECK-2 vector using the XhoI and NotI site immediately downstream from the stop codon of luciferase. DNA segments with scrambled target sites (PTEN-MUT) designed to interfere with seed sequence recognition were also cloned to serve as control for specificity. 293 T cells were transfected in 48-well plates using Lipofectamine 2000 according to the manufacturer’s instructions. For each well, 100 nM has-miR-19b, has-miR-20a or negative control was used. Firefly and renilla luciferses activities were measured using a dual-luciferase reporter assay 48 h after transfection on a GloMax 96 Microplate Luminometer.

2.10 Protein extraction and Western blotting analysis

U266 cells were transfected with miR-19b/20a mimics, miR-19b/20a inhibitor and negative control for 72 h. Then, cells were collected, washed with PBS and lysed in RIPA buffer (20 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 1% Triton X-100, 2.5 mM sodium pyrophosphate, 1 mM-glycerolphosphate), plus 0.5 mM Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) on ice for 20 min. The resulting lysate was clarified by centrifugation at 12000 r/min for 20 min at 4 ${}^{\circ}$ C. Proteins were separated on a 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane. Antibodies of PTEN, Bcl-2, Bax, Bad and GAPDH were prepared.

2.11 Animals and in vivo models of multiple myeloma

Nude mice (6–8 weeks old, 18–20 g weight) were housed and monitored in Experimental Animal Center of Nantong University (Nantong, China). To establish subcutaneous human multiple myeloma xenograft models, 5 $\times$ 10 ${}^{9}$ /L U266 cells transfected with lentiv- iral-miR-20a, lentiviral-miR-20a inhibitor or overexpression plasmid of PTEN (Genechem, Shanghai, China) were injected subcutaneously into nude mice. The mice started to develop subcutaneous tumors approximately 20 days after injection. Tumor size and mouse weight were monitored and measured every 3 days. Food and water were sufficient for mice. Survival was evaluated from the first day of tumor injection until death.

2.12 Bioinformatic analysis

The option of Targetscan (http://www.targetscan.org /vert_72/), miRanda (http://www.microrna.org/) and Pic Tar (https://pictar.mdc-berlin.de/) were set in assessment of miRNA regulatory roles and the identification of controlled pathways based on experimental results and the prediction algorithms using sequences of the miRNA target sites conserved among species.

2.13 Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using Graphpad Prism 7.0 software. Each experiment was performed at least three times and all values are reported as mean $\pm$ SEM. Comparisons between groups were made with the Student t test. The one-way ANOVA analysis was used for the compare analysis of more than 2 groups. $P$ values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Figure 1.

Expression of miR-19b/20a in samples from patients with MM. (A) Genechip microarray was analyzed in order to search potential tumor suppressor or tumor promoter miRNA genes. Sample MM-1, MM-2, MM-3 and MM-4 obtained from NDMM patients. Sample NC-1, NC-2 and NC-3 obtained from healthy subjects. (B) Expression levels of miR-19b/20a in 50 NDMM patients, 22 RRMM patients, 10 patients at CR and 30 healthy subjects were assayed by qRT-PCR. RNAs were isolated from serum samples. (C) Expression of miR-19b and miR-20a in bone marrow CD138 ${}^{+}$ cells from 10 NDMM patients and 10 healthy controls were determined by qRT–PCR. (D) Expression levels of miR-19b/20a between 15 NDMM patients before and after receiving Bortezomib based chemotherapy were assayed by qRT-PCR. ${}^{*}P<$ 0.05, ${}^{**}P<$ 0.01 and ${}^{***}P<$ 0.001.

Table 1

Clinical characteristics of patients with NDMM

Characteristic	No.	%
Sex
Male	36	72
Female	14	28
Age
Median	61
Range of age	45–78
Ig heavy chain
IgG	25	50
IgA	10	20
IgD	2	4
No data	13	26
Ig light chain
$\kappa$	23	46
$\lambda$	8	16
No data	19	38
ISS score
I	21	42
II	14	28
III	3	26
No data	2	4

Ig, immunoglobulin; ISS, international staging system.

3. Results

3.1 Expression of miR-19b/20a in samples from patients with MM

To identify potential tumor suppressor or tumor promoter miRNA genes, differential expression of miRNAs between patients with MM and normal controls was analyzed by microarray (Fig. 1A). The results demonstrated that the expression of miR-19b/20a in patients with MM was significantly higher compared with normal controls. To further confirm the tumorigenic effect of miR-19b/20a in MM, we analysed the expression levels of miR-19b/20a in serum samples from 50 newly diagnosed MM (NDMM) patients (Table 1), 22 relapsed refractory MM (RRMM) patients, 10 patients at complete remission (CR) and 30 healthy subjects. QRT-PCR analysis indicated that the expression of miR-19b/20a in patients with NDMM and RRMM was significantly higher compared with normal controls (Fig. 1B). Moreover, compared with NDMM patients, the expression of miR-19b/20a was significantly lower in patients at CR. We further studied the expression levels of miR-19b/20a in primary CD138 ${}^{+}$ cells from bone marrow biopsy samples, and similar trends of miR-19b/20a expression were identified in 10 patients with NDMM and 10 healthy controls (Fig. 1C). We found that 15 patients from 50 NDMM patients received 2 courses of chemotherapy treatment, and the drugs used in chemotherapy included Bortezomib $+$ Dexamethasone. We collected serum samples from the 15 patients after treatment as treatment group, and the expression of miR-19b/20a was significantly decreased in patients of treatment group compared with that in patients with NDMM (Fig. 1D). Person Correlation analysis showed significant relationship between the serum concentrations of $\beta_{2}$ M and the relative expression of miR-19b or miR-20a in patients with NDMM (Table 2). However, no significant relationships were observed in the other clinical indicators, including serum LDH, ALB, Ca ${}^{2+}$ , Light chain $\kappa$ , Light chain $\lambda$ or HGB.

Table 2
Correlation between clinical parameters and miR-19b/20a

Parameters	$P$ value of miR-19b	$P$ value of miR-20a
LDH	0.542	0.216
$\beta_{2}$ M	0.042	0.038
ALB	0.339	0.243
Ca ${}^{2+}$	0.502	0.420
Light chain $\kappa$	0.621	0.637
Light chain $\lambda$	0.898	0.662
HGB	0.214	0.582

LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; $\beta_{2}$ M, $\beta_{2}$ -microglobulin; ALB, albumin; Ca ${}^{2+}$ , calcium ion; HGB, hemoglobin. Statistically significant differences were determined by Person Correlation analysis. $P<$ 0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. Statistically significant data are indicated in bold and italic font.

Figure 2.

MiR-19b/20a regulates proliferation, migration and apoptosis of MM cells. (A) Expressions of miR-19b and miR-20a in 4 MM cell lines (H929, U266, RPMI8226 and MM1S) were assayed by qRT-PCR. (B) U266 cells were transiently transfected with synthetic miR-19b/20a mimics, 19b/20a inhibitors and scrambled miRNA (negative control, NC). (C–E) After 48-h transfection treatment, transfected cells were examined for cell proliferation using WST assay and migration using transwell assay, counted migration cell numbers under a microscope. (F) After 48-h transfection, U266 cells were examined for apoptosis using Annexin/propidium iodide double staining by flow cytometry. (G) Apoptosis-related protein Bcl-2, Bax and Bad were examined for confirming the apoptosis result by Western blot after 72-h transfection of U266 cells. (H) Cell cycle distribution was detected by flow cytometry using propidium iodide staining after 48-h transfection of U266 cells. ${}^{*}P<$ 0.05, ${}^{**}P<$ 0.01 and ${}^{***}P<$ 0.001.

3.2 MiR-19b/20a regulates proliferation, migration and apoptosis of MM cells

MiR-19b/20a expression was first evaluated in four MM cell lines (H929, U266, RPMI8226 and MM1S). It was identified that the expression of miR-19b and miR-20a in U266 was significantly higher compared with the other three MM cell lines (Fig. 2A). To determine the role of miR-19b/20a in MM cells, synthetic miR-19b mimics, miR-19b inhibitors, miR-20a mimics, miR-20a inhibitors and scrambled miRNA (negative control, NC) were transfected into U266 cell lines. Given the high transfection efficiency, related cellular function experiments were performed subsequently (Fig. 2B). The WST cell proliferation assay indicated that the growth of miR-19b mimic-transfected U266 cells was significantly higher compared with NC-transfected cells in a

Figure 3.

MiR-19b and miR-20a directly target PTEN. (A) The possible binding region between miR-19b/20a and PTEN 3’-UTR was predicted using bioinformatics software. Matched nucleic acid base pairs were linked as “ $|$ ”. (B) 293T cells were transiently co-transfected with reporter plasmids (psiCHECK2-PTEN-3’-UTR, psiCHECK2-PTEN-MUT), miRNAs (pre-miR-19b, pre-miR-20a, or control miRNA). Cells were harvested and lysed to measure the fluorescence of firefly and Renilla luciferin according to manufacturer’s instruction. Luciferase activities were analyzed as the relative activity of firefly to Renilla. (C–D) The expression of PTEN in mRNA and protein level of U266 cells transfected with miR-19b/20a mimics, miR-19b/20a inhibitor or scrambled miRNA (NC). ${}^{*}P<$ 0.05, ${}^{**}P<$ 0.01 and ${}^{***}P<$ 0.001.

time-dependent manner. The same result was obtained following transfection of miR-20a mimics into the cells (Fig. 2C). The Transwell migration assay demonstrated that cell migration ability was increased following transfection of miR-19b mimics and miR-20a mimics into U266 cell lines compared with the NC group (Fig. 2D–E). In addition, overexpression of miR-19b/20a in U266 cells decreased apoptosis of U266 cells as indicated by flow cytometry. By contrast, transfection of miR-19b or miR-20a inhibitor promoted apoptosis of U266 cells (Fig. 2F). Subsequently, these results were confirmed by western blot analysis. Three apoptosis-associated proteins were detected. The results demonstrated that the expression of Bcl-2 protein was increased following transfection of miR-19b mimics and miR-20a mimics into U266 cell lines, but the expression of Bax and Bad proteins was decreased (Fig. 2G). A cell cycle assay indicated that G0/G1 phase cells were decreased and S phase cells were increased following transfection of miR-19b mimics and miR-20a mimics into U266 cells as compared with the NC group (Fig. 2H). These data further confirm the role of miR-19b/20a as positive regulators of cell growth in MM cells.

3.3 MiR-19b and miR-20a directly target PTEN

MiRNA prediction software programs TargetScan, miRanda and Pic Tar predicted PTEN as a target of miR-19b and miR-20a, and identified a possible binding region of miR-19b and miR-20a in the 3’-UTR of PTEN (Fig. 3A). Subsequently, the 3’-UTR sequence of PTEN was cloned into the luciferase-expressing vector psiCHECK-2, downstream of the luciferase stop codon. Pre-miR-19b, pre-miR-20a and scrambled oligonucleotide were transfected into U266 cells. The results indicated that miR-19b and miR-20a significantly reduced luciferase activity compared with the scrambled control miRNA in wild type (Fig. 3B). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the mutant type. Synthetic miR-19b/20a mimics or inhibitors were transfected into U266 cells. QRT-PCR and western blotting analyses confirmed a regulatory interaction between miR-19b/20a and PTEN (Fig. 3C and D), suggesting that miR-19b and miR-20a bound to the 3’-UTR of PTEN and impaired its mRNA translation.

Figure 4.

Overexpression of miR-19b/20a down-regulates PTEN and reverts cell proliferation and apoptosis in MM cells. (A) Relative expression levels of PTEN in 28 newly diagnosed MM patients and 10 healthy subjects were assayed by qRT-PCR. RNAs were isolated from serum samples. (B) The expression of PTEN in 4 MM cell lines (H929, U266, RPMI8226 and MM1S) was assayed by qRT-PCR. (C) U266 cells were transiently cotransfected with expression plasmid of PTEN 3’-UTR and miRNAs (miR-19b mimics, miR-20a mimics, or scrambled miRNA). After 48-h transfection treatment, cell proliferation was detected by WST assay. (D) Cell apoptosis was detected using Annexin/propidium iodide double staining by flow cytometry after 48-h transient co-transfection. ${}^{*}P<$ 0.05, ${}^{**}P<$ 0.01 and ${}^{***}P<$ 0.001.

3.4 Overexpression of miR-19b/20a downregulates PTEN and reverts cell proliferation and apoptosis in MM cells

To investigate the effect of tumor suppressor gene PTEN in MM, serum samples from 28 patients with MM and 10 normal controls were assayed via qRT-PCR. The results indicated that the expression of PTEN was significantly higher in normal controls, compared with in patients with MM (Fig. 4A). In addition, the expression of PTEN was higher in the MM1S cell line compared with in the U266 cell line (Fig. 4B). The expression level of PTEN was inversely correlated with that of miR-19b/20a in the four cell lines tested. To establish a more definitive functional association between PTEN and miR-19b/20a, U266 cells were transiently co-transfected with expression plasmids of PTEN 3’-UTR and miRNAs (miR-19b mimics, miR-20a mimics or scrambled miRNA) for proliferation and apoptosis analysis. The WST cell proliferation assay demonstrated that overexpression of PTEN inhibited cell proliferation in U266 cells (Fig. 4C). However, proliferation in these cells was significantly enhanced when miR-19b or miR-20a was overexpressed. In addition, the increase in cell apoptosis induced by overexpression of PTEN was suppressed by overexpression of miR-19b or miR-20a in U266 cells (Fig. 4D). These results indicated that overexpression of miR-19b/20a reverted the effect of PTEN in MM cells, and PTEN-mediated cell death was attenuated by miR-19b/20a.

3.5 Inhibition of miR-20a exerts an anti-MM effect in vivo

For the in vivo study, the effect of transduced lentiviral-miR-20a on the tumorigenic potential of MM cells engrafted in nude mice was examined. It was observed that either overexpression of miR-20a alone or co-transfection with expression plasmid of PTEN promoted tumor growth in mice injected with U266 cells, while lentivirus-transfected miR-20a inhibitor suppressed tumor formation (Fig. 5A and B). The weight of the mice increased gradually due to tumor growth (Fig. 5C). Notably, the life span of mice injected with lentiviral-miR-20a inhibitor-transfected U266 cells was significantly longer compared with mice receiving empty vector U266 cells (Fig. 5D). Immunohistochemistry analysis of the excised tumors indicated lower expression of Ki67 and higher expression of Bcl-2 in miR-20a inhibitor-transduced mice compared with the empty vector-transduced mice (Fig. 5E). In summary, these results indicate that inhibition of miR-20a suppressed the proliferation and stimulated the apoptotic cascade of U266 xenografts.

Figure 5.

Inhibition of miR-20a exerts an anti–MM activity in vivo. Mice were divided into four groups (lentiviral-miR-20a inhibitor group, lentiviral-miR-20a overexpression group, lentiviral-miR-20a and expression plasmid of PTEN cotransfected group and negative control) and injected with U266 cells with or without lentiviral-miR-20a, lentiviral-miR-20a inhibitor or expression plasmid of PTEN, and then tumor growth, body weight and survival were observed. (A–B) Mice were dead 30 days later, and there was a significant difference of tumor volume in lentiviral-miR-20a inhibitor group, lentiviral-miR-20a overexpression group, and lentiviral-miR-20a and expression plasmid of PTEN cotransfected group compared with negative control. (C) Body weight of mice was measured every 2 days until death. (D) Pairwise comparison of animal survival was carried out between lentiviral-miR-20a inhibitor group and negative control (both $n=$ 10). Mice were observed from the first day of tumor cell injection until natural death. (E) Immunohistochemical analysis of tumor sections was performed using Hematein Eosin, Ki67 and Bcl-2 to evaluate the effect of cell proliferation and apoptosis.

4. Discussion

MM is one of the most common hematological malignant malignancies, and is often complicated by osteolytic lesions, anemia and renal impairment [29]. Abnormal expression of miRNAs has been demonstrated in MM and speculated to be associated with the pathogenesis and progression of the disease. The effects of miRNAs are characterized by binding to the 3’-UTR of target mRNAs to regulate gene expression, causing mRNA degradation or translation inhibition. In addition, large numbers of studies have demonstrated that the pathogenesis of MM is closely associated with the activation of multiple signaling pathways with regulation of miRNAs. For example, adhesion of bone marrow stromal cells promotes the secretion of IL-6 to activate JAK and STAT3. Activation of STAT3 signaling pathway promotes cell proliferation and migration, while it is inhibited by suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) and PTEN [5, 12, 19]. Overexpression of miR-19a and miR-19b suppresses the expression of SOCS1 protein and reactivates the STAT3 signaling pathway [23].

The miR-17-92 cluster, which has been identified as an oncogenic miRNA cluster implicated in several cancer types [4, 8, 15], including MM, contains six mature miRNAs (miR-17, miR-18, miR-19a, miR-19b, miR-20a and miR-92a). Previous studies [7, 13, 23] have indicated that primary members of the miR-17-92 cluster are dysregulated in MM and associated with disease development and progression, but the mechanisms of the six miRNAs require further investigation. In addition, one study reported conflicting results [22]. A microarray in our previous study indicated that there was a significant difference in the expression of miR-19b and miR-20a between patients with MM and normal controls. It was identified that the expression of miR-19b/20a in patients with NDMM was significantly higher compared with normal controls whether in serums or in primary CD138 ${}^{+}$ cells from bone marrow biopsy samples, supporting the proposal that miR-19b/20a is an oncogene as reported previously. Moreover, the expression levels of miR-19b/20a in patients with RRMM was significantly higher compared with normal controls, and decreased in patients at CR, which indicated that expressions of miR-19b/20a in sera had significant diagnostic and prognostic value for patients with MM. We further collected 15 serum samples as treatment group from the patients with NDMM received 2 courses of chemotherapy treatment, and the drugs used in chemotherapy included Bortezomib $+$ Dexamethasone. The expression levels of miR-19b/20a in treatment group significantly decreased compared with the miR-19b/20a expressions in serum of each patient at newly diagnosed station.

To date, miR-19b/20a expression has only been evaluated in human serum and bone marrow biopsy samples. To investigate the potential role of miR-19b/20a as an oncogene and to study its mechanism, the expression of miR-19b/20a was assayed in MM cells in the current study. It was identified the expression of miR-19b/20a in the U266 cell line was significantly higher compare to the other myeloma cell lines. Furthermore, enforced expression of miR-19b/20a promoted the proliferation, migration and anti-apoptosis capacities of U266 cells. In addition, changes in the levels of apoptosis-associated proteins confirmed the anti-apoptotic effect of miR-19b/20a. Furthermore, miR-19b/20a altered the cell cycle by shortening G0/G1 phase and prolonging S phase of U266 cells, whereas suppression of miR-19b/20a using synthetic miRNA inhibitors in U266 cells led to the opposite result.

Since miR-19b/20a was identified to regulate myel- oma cells, particularly the U266 cell line, a search for targets of miR-19b and miR-20a in MM was conducted. A possible binding region of miR-19b and miR-20a in the 3’-UTR of PTEN was predicted by bioinformatics software. It was observed that enforced expression of miR-19b/20a resulted in significant downregulation of PTEN at the mRNA and protein level. Subsequently, a luciferase reporter assay confirmed that PTEN was a direct target of miR-19b and miR-20a. PTEN is an important tumor suppressor gene that plays anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic roles in MM, according to numerous studies. The anti-cancer effect of PTEN could be inactivated by certain regulator genes, such as miRNAs, therefore the regulatory relationship between miR-19b/20a and PTEN was investigated. Following co-transfection with expression plasmid of PTEN and miR-19b/20a mimics, overexpression of miR-19b/20a downregulated PTEN and inhibited the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of PTEN. This suggested that the anti-MM effect of PTEN was regulated by miR-19b/20a. Therefore, inhibition of miR-19b/20a could enhance the anti-neoplastic effect of PTEN.

Finally, the potential therapeutic significance of miR-20a inhibitor was studied in a mouse subcutaneous xenograft model. It was demonstrated that stable transfection with the lentivirus vector of miR-20a inhibitor into U266 cells and subcutaneous injection into the mice resulted in miR-20a silencing, thus inhibiting tumor growth and prolonging survival of the mice. This demonstrated an oncogenic role of miR-20a and suggested that miR-20a could be a therapeutic target of MM in vivo.

In summary, the current study demonstrated that miR-19b/20a were oncogenes that may serve critical functions in the pathogenesis of MM by inducing cell proliferation and migration, inhibiting cell apoptosis and altering cell cycle. These findings support the development of miR-19b/20a inhibitors as a potential pharmacological intervention strategy in MM. Effective inhibition of miR-19b/20a to promote expression of PTEN protein may have potential as a targeted and effective therapeutic approach for the control of MM cell growth and survival.

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [81301498, 81271920] and Nantong Science and Technology Program [MS22015055].

References

Alimonti

Carracedo

Clohessy

J.G.

Trotman

L.C.

Nardella

Egia

Salmena

Sampieri

Haveman

W.J.

Brogi

Richardson

A.L.

Zhang

and Pandolfi

P.P.

, Subtle variations in Pten dose determine cancer susceptibility, Nat Genet 42 (2010), 454–458.

Bartel

D.P.

, MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function, Cell 116 (2004), 281–297.

and Chng

W.J.

, MicroRNA: important player in the pathobiology of multiple myeloma, Biomed Res Int 2014 (2014), 521586.

Bonauer

and Dimmeler

, The microRNA-17-92 cluster: still a miRacle?, Cell Cycle 8 (2009), 3866–3873.

Brocke-Heidrich

Kretzschmar

A.K.

Pfeifer

Henze

Loffler

Koczan

Thiesen

H.J.

Burger

Gramatzki

and Horn

, Interleukin-6-dependent gene expression profiles in multiple myeloma INA-6 cells reveal a Bcl-2 family-independent survival pathway closely associated with Stat3 activation, Blood 103 (2004), 242–251.

Chang

X.Y.

Claudio

Zhuang

Patterson

and Stewart

A.K.

, Analysis of PTEN deletions and mutations in multiple myeloma, Leuk Res 30 (2006), 262–265.

Chen

Zhang

Gao

Zhao

Qiao

and Li

, miR-17-92 cluster microRNAs confers tumorigenicity in multiple myeloma, Cancer Lett 309 (2011), 62–70.

Chow

T.F.

Mankaruos

Scorilas

Youssef

Girgis

Mossad

Metias

Rofael

Honey

R.J.

Stewart

Pace

K.T.

and Yousef

G.M.

, The miR-17-92 cluster is over expressed in and has an oncogenic effect on renal cell carcinoma, J Urol 183 (2010), 743–751.

de Larrea

C.F.

Navarro

Tejero

Tovar

Diaz

Cibeira

M.T.

Rosinol

Ferrer

Rovira

Rozman

Monzo

and Blade

, Impact of MiRSNPs on survival and progression in patients with multiple myeloma undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation, Clin Cancer Res 18 (2012), 3697–3704.

10.

Di Martino

M.T.

Gulla

Cantafio

M.E.

Lionetti

Leone

Amodio

Guzzi

P.H.

Foresta

Conforti

Cannataro

Neri

Giordano

Tagliaferri

and Tassone

, In vitro and in vivo anti-tumor activity of miR-221/222 inhibitors in multiple myeloma, Oncotarget 4 (2013), 242–255.

11.

Dimopoulos

Gimsing

and Gronbaek

, Aberrant microRNA expression in multiple myeloma, Eur J Haematol 91 (2013), 95–105.

12.

Galm

Yoshikawa

Esteller

Osieka

and Herman

J.G.

, SOCS-1, a negative regulator of cytokine signaling, is frequently silenced by methylation in multiple myeloma, Blood 101 (2003), 2784–2788.

13.

Gao

Zhang

Zhao

Zhang

Jianyong

and Chen

, MiR-15a, miR-16-1 and miR-17-92 cluster expression are linked to poor prognosis in multiple myeloma, Leuk Res 36 (2012), 1505–1509.

14.

Hatzimichael

Dasoula

Benetatos

Syed

Dranitsaris

Crook

and Bourantas

, Study of specific genetic and epigenetic variables in multiple myeloma, Leuk Lymphoma 51 (2010), 2270–2274.

15.

Hayashita

Osada

Tatematsu

Yamada

Yanagisawa

Tomida

Yatabe

Kawahara

Sekido

and Takahashi

, A polycistronic microRNA cluster, miR-17-92, is overexpressed in human lung cancers and enhances cell proliferation, Cancer Res 65 (2005), 9628–9632.

16.

Thomson

J.M.

Hemann

M.T.

Hernando-Monge

Goodson

Powers

Cordon-Cardo

Lowe

S.W.

Hannon

G.J.

and Hammond

S.M.

, A microRNA polycistron as a potential human oncogene, Nature 435 (2005), 828–833.

17.

Heo

J.Y.

Kim

H.J.

Kim

S.M.

Park

K.R.

Park

S.Y.

Kim

S.W.

Nam

Jang

H.J.

Lee

S.G.

Ahn

K.S.

Kim

S.H.

Shim

B.S.

Choi

S.H.

and Ahn

K.S.

, Embelin suppresses STAT3 signaling, proliferation, and survival of multiple myeloma via the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTEN, Cancer Lett 308 (2011), 71–80.

18.

Hideshima

and Anderson

K.C.

, Novel therapies in MM: from the aspect of preclinical studies, Int J Hematol 94 (2011), 344–354.

19.

Hirano

Ishihara

and Hibi

, Roles of STAT3 in mediating the cell growth, differentiation and survival signals relayed through the IL-6 family of cytokine receptors, Oncogene 19 (2000), 2548–2556.

20.

Kyle

R.A.

and Rajkumar

S.V.

, Multiple myeloma, N Engl J Med 351 (2004), 1860–1873.

21.

Hao

Feng

Zang

Qin

Zhou

Sui

Deng

Zou

Zhan

and Qiu

, Downregulated miR-33b is a novel predictor associated with disease progression and poor prognosis in multiple myeloma, Leuk Res 39 (2015), 793–799.

22.

Navarro

Diaz

Tovar

Pedrosa

Tejero

Cibeira

M.T.

Magnano

Rosinol

Monzo

Blade

and Fernandez de Larrea

, A serum microRNA signature associated with complete remission and progression after autologous stem-cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma, Oncotarget 6 (2015), 1874–1883.

23.

Pichiorri

Suh

S.S.

Ladetto

Kuehl

Palumbo

Drandi

Taccioli

Zanesi

Alder

Hagan

J.P.

Munker

Volinia

Boccadoro

Garzon

Palumbo

Aqeilan

R.I.

and Croce

C.M.

, MicroRNAs regulate critical genes associated with multiple myeloma pathogenesis, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105 (2008), 12885–12890.

24.

Roccaro

A.M.

Sacco

Maiso

Azab

A.K.

Tai

Y.T.

Reagan

Azab

Flores

L.M.

Campigotto

Weller

Anderson

K.C.

Scadden

D.T.

and Ghobrial

I.M.

, BM mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomes facilitate multiple myeloma progression, J Clin Invest 123 (2013), 1542–1555.

25.

Rossi

Di Martino

M.T.

Morelli

Leotta

Rizzo

Grimaldi

Misso

Tassone

and Caraglia

, Molecular targets for the treatment of multiple myeloma, Curr Cancer Drug Targets 12 (2012), 757–767.

26.

Salmena

Carracedo

and Pandolfi

P.P.

, Tenets of PTEN tumor suppression, Cell 133 (2008), 403–414.

27.

Sansal

and Sellers

W.R.

, The biology and clinical relevance of the PTEN tumor suppressor pathway, J Clin Oncol 22 (2004), 2954–2963.

28.

Sarasquete

M.E.

Gutierrez

N.C.

Misiewicz-Krzeminska

Paiva

Chillon

M.C.

Alcoceba

Garcia-Sanz

Hernandez

J.M.

Gonzalez

and San-Miguel

J.F.

, Upregulation of Dicer is more frequent in monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance than in multiple myeloma patients and is associated with longer survival in symptomatic myeloma patients, Haematologica 96 (2011), 468–471.

29.

Szalat

and Munshi

N.C.

, Genomic heterogeneity in multiple myeloma, Curr Opin Genet Dev 30 (2015), 56–65.

30.

Tassone

Neri

Burger

Di Martino

M.T.

Leone

Amodio

Caraglia

and Tagliaferri

, Mouse models as a translational platform for the development of new therapeutic agents in multiple myeloma, Curr Cancer Drug Targets 12 (2012), 814–822.

31.

Wang

Cheng

Yang

Deng

Cao

Chen

and Pan

, Effect of wild type PTEN gene on proliferation and invasion of multiple myeloma, Int J Hematol 92 (2010), 83–94.

MiR-19b and miR-20a suppress apoptosis,promote proliferation and induce tumorigenicity of multiple myeloma cells by targeting PTEN

Abstract

Keywords

1. Introduction

2. Materials and methods

2.1 Cell lines and antibodies

2.2 Patients and serum samples

2.3 Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR)

2.4 Cell transfection

2.5 WST cell proliferation assay

2.6 Transwell cell migration assay

2.7 Cell apoptosis assay

2.8 Cell cycle analysis

2.9 Luciferase reporter assay

2.10 Protein extraction and Western blotting analysis

2.11 Animals and in vivo models of multiple myeloma

2.12 Bioinformatic analysis

2.13 Statistical analysis

3.1 Expression of miR-19b/20a in samples from patients with MM

Table 2 Correlation between clinical parameters and miR-19b/20a

3.5 Inhibition of miR-20a exerts an anti-MM effect in vivo

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

References

Table 2
Correlation between clinical parameters and miR-19b/20a