Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

This article has been retracted, and the online PDF replaced with this retraction notice.

Keywords

miR-937 FOXL2 gastric cancer proliferation invasion

1. Introduction

Globally, gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer, with a high mortality rate [1]. About 70% of gastric cancer cases and deaths are seen in developing countries, of which 50% is seen in Eastern Asia (China and Japan) [2]. Since there are no early signs of gastric cancer, most of the cases are diagnosed at advanced stages, and treatment failure is very high in such cases. Gastric cancer is a complex disease involving oncogenes or tumor suppressors, which are responsible for the initiation and progression of the disease [3]. Cell invasion and metastasis are the primary reasons for the high mortality among gastric cancer patients. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in cancer progression and metastasis [4, 5]. During the EMT process, cancer cells lose their epithelial properties and gain mesenchymal properties, which leads to increase in migration and invasiveness [6]. However, the mechanism underlying these functions is still not clearly understood.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a group of highly conserved small non-coding RNAs, regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally by partial binding (complete or incomplete complementarity) to the messenger RNA of the target gene 3’UTR to lead to either mRNA degradation or repression of translation [7]. MiRNAs are involved in the development of several types of cancer, including gastric cancer [8]. Yang et al. reported that miR-214 could regulate the proliferation, migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells [9]. Song et al. reported that Lin-28 could affect the cell cycle and apoptosis of gastric cancer cells [10]. Several studies have reported that a few miRNAs are down-regulated in gastric cancer [11, 12]. Such down-regulated miRNAs included miR-375 [13] and miR-195-5p [14]. In contrast, several studies reported increased circulating miRNAs in gastric cancer, such as miR-21 [15], miR-221 [16], miR-378 [17], miR-451 and miR-486 [18]. In the present study, we investigated the role of miR-937 in gastric cancer and its underlying mechanism.

Forkhead box (FOX) transcription factor is a large evolutionarily conserved family of transcriptional regulators [19]. FOX family is reported to be involved in cancer progression and metastasis. FOX family acts as both oncogenes and tumor suppressors via a variety of mechanisms [20, 21]. Roles of FOX family members, such as FoxM1c [22], FoxC2 [23], FOXA1 [24] and FOXO3a [21], have been reported in gastric cancer, but their role in the disease progression still remains unclear. In the present study, we also investigated the role of FOXL2 in gastric cancer and its potential underlying mechanism.

2. Materials and methods

2.1 Cell culture

Human gastric cancer cell lines, BGC-823, SGC-7901 and HGC-27, and the gastric mucosal cell line GES were purchased from the Cell Bank of Type Culture Collection of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). All the cell lines were maintained in RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco, Garlsbad, CA, USA), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Invitrogen, USA), 2 mM glutamine, 100 $\mu$ /mL of penicillin and 100 mg/mL streptomycin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) at 37 ${}^{\circ}$ C with 5% CO ${}_{2}$ .

2.2 Tissue specimens

Fifteen human gastric cancer tissues and normal tissues were obtained from the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, with the multiple patients’ informed consent. The approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University. All tissue stages of cancer were confirmed by pathology and immunohistochemistry, and samples were collected and frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at 80 ${}^{\circ}$ C. The diagnoses of these samples were verified by pathologists.

2.3 Transfection

The cells were plated in a 48-well or 24-well plate 24 hours before transfection. Then, BGC-823 and SGC-7901 cells were transfected with miR-937 mimic, ASO-miR-937 and their corresponding controls. For the analysis FOXL2 functions, the pcDNA3.1 vector (Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China) was used to construct a FOXL2 overexpression plasmid and empty pcDNA3.1 plasmid was used as a negative control. Also, small interfering RNA (siRNA) plasmid was used to direct knockdown FOXL2, and its non-targeting sequence (si-NC) as a negative control. After this, Lipofectamine 2000 reagent was used for transfections according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The plasmids were used at a concentration of 5 ng/L.

2.4 Luciferase reporter assay

Dual-luciferase activity assays were performed as previously described [25]. PCR was used to amplify the full-length 3’-UTR segments of FOXL2 mRNA containing the miR-937 binding site and inserted into the Xba1-site of pGL3 vector (Promega, WI) and named pGL3- FOXL2. The pGL3-FOXL2-mut reporter construct with point mutations in the seed sequence was synthesized using a site-directed mutagenesis kit (Stratagene, CA). Then, 1 $\times$ 10 ${}^{6}$ cells were co-transfected with 50 pmol of miR-937 mimic and miR-937 inhibitor (or control miRNA), 1 $\mu$ g of pGL3- FOXL2 (or pGL3- FOXL2-mut) plasmid, and 1 $\mu$ g of a Renilla luciferase expression construct pRL-TK (Promega, WI) using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). After 36 hours of transfection, luciferase activity was measured using the dual luciferase assay system (Promega, WI) and normalized to Renilla luciferase activity.

2.5 qRT-PCR

Large and small RNAs from the tissue were isolated with mirVana miRNA Isolation Kit (Ambion, Austin, TX, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. For RNA integrity assessment, part of an RNA sample was used for concentration and purity measurement (by A260 and A280 spectrophotometry), and another part of the sample was run on a 1.5% denaturing agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide. A ratio of the absorbance at 260 and 280 nm (A260/280) of 1.8–2 was accepted. The sharp, clear 28S and 18S rRNA bands and the 2:1 ratio (28S:18S) were good indicators that the RNA was completely intact.

Five $\mu$ g of an RNA sample was reverse transcribed to cDNA using oligo (dT) primers and M-MLV reverse transcriptase (Promega, Madison WI); the cDNA was used for the amplification of FOXL2 and $\beta$ -actin. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to detect the relative mRNA levels of miR-937 and FOXL2. Quantitative RT-PCR was performed under the following conditions: 94 ${}^{\circ}$ C for 4 minutes followed by 40 cycles of 94 ${}^{\circ}$ C for 1 minute, 56 ${}^{\circ}$ C for 1 min and 72 ${}^{\circ}$ C for 1 minute.

To detect the mature miR-937 levels, a stem-loop RT-PCR assay was performed using specific RT and PCR primers; U6 snRNA was used as an endogenous control. Five $\mu$ g of total RNA was reverse-transcribed to cDNA with a specific RT primer that could fold into a stem-loop structure. The RT-PCR cycles were as follows: 94 ${}^{\circ}$ C for 4 minutes followed by 40 cycles of 94 ${}^{\circ}$ C for 30 seconds, 50 ${}^{\circ}$ C for 30 seconds and 72 ${}^{\circ}$ C for 30 seconds. R-PCR was performed using SYBR Premix Ex Taq Kit (TaKaRa, Madison, WI) according to the manufacturer’s instructions and analysed using 7300 RT-PCR system (ABI). The relative expression levels of the gene of interest were calculated by the 2 ${}^{-\Delta\Delta\text{Ct}}$ method. All primers were synthesised by AuGCT Inc. (Beijing, China).

2.6 Western blotting

Cells were washed twice with Hanks’ balanced salt solution and lysed directly in lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 1% NP-40, 10 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA, 5 mg/mL leupeptin, 2 mg/mL aprotinin, 2 mg/mL pepstatin, 1 mM DTT, 0.1% SDS and 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride). The protein concentrations of the lysates were measured using a Bradford protein assay kit (Bio-Rad, US). Equivalent amounts of protein were separated by 10% SDS PAGE and then transferred to nitrocellulose membranes by electroblotting. The membranes were blocked with 5% BSA in TBST (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, and 0.05% Tween 20) for 1 hour, and then the membrane was immunoblotted overnight at 4 ${}^{\circ}$ C with primary antibodies; a secondary antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase was incubated with the membrane for 1 hour at 37 ${}^{\circ}$ C. Protein was visualized using enhanced chemiluminescence reagent (Santa Cruz). The expression level of FOXL2 protein was analyzed using LabWork 4.0 program (UVP) and normalized to that of GAPDH protein.

2.7 Cell viability assay

At 24 hours after transfection, cells were seeded in 96-well plates at either 6 $\times$ 10 ${}^{3}$ cells/well. MTT assay was used to measure cell viability at 24, 48 and 72 hours after the cell seeding. The cells were incubated with MTT (0.5 mg/mL) at 37 ${}^{\circ}$ C for another 4 hours. Then, the medium was removed, and the precipitated formazan was dissolved in 100 $\mu$ L of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). After shaking for 15 minutes, the absorbance was detected at 570 nm (A570) using a $\mu$ Quant universal microplate spectrophotometer (BioTek Instruments, Winooski, VT).

Figure 1.

MiR-937 expression levels in gastric cancer cell lines. (A) The expression levels of miR-937 in tumor tissue and normal tissue were analyzed by qRT-PCR. (B) Comparison of expression of miR-937 in three gastric cancer cell lines (BGC-823, SGC-7901 and HGC-27) and one human immortalized gastric epithelial cell line (GES-1). ${}^{**}P<$ 0.01, ${}^{***}P<$ 0.001.

2.8 Colony formation assay

Cells were counted and seeded (300 cells/well) in 12-well plates (in triplicate). Fresh culture medium was replaced every three days. Colonies were counted only if they contained more than 50 cells, and the number of colonies was counted either 12 days after seeding. The cells were stained using crystal violet. Colony formation was calculated by the colony formation number.

2.9 Flow cytometry analysis of cell apoptosis

To measure apoptosis, cells were collected, washed with PBS and stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled annexin V (Invitrogen) and propidium iodide, followed by flow cytometry analysis.

2.10 Cell migration and invasion

Cell migration and invasion were assessed using Boyden chambers (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). In brief, 1 $\times$ 10 ${}^{5}$ cells in RPMI medium 1640 plus 1% FBS were seeded on each 8.0-l mm pore-size membrane insert in 24-well plates. RPMI medium 1640 plus 10% FBS was placed in the lower chamber as chemoattractant. After 24 hours incubation, the cells in the upper chamber were removed with a cotton swab. The invasive cells were then stained with Giemsa and counted under a light microscope of 100 $\times$ magnification. The invasion assay was performed in a similar method except the membrane inserts were coated with Matrigel (BD Biosciences, Bedford, MA, USA).

2.11 Statistical analysis

Data are expressed as mean $\pm$ standard deviation. Statistical analyses were performed using a paired t test. P value of $<$ 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. One representative experiment is shown in the duplicates or triplicates used for the statistical analysis.

3. Results

3.1 MiR-937 expression levels in gastric cancer cells

To determine the expression levels of miR-937 in tumor tissue, normal tissue and in the cancer cells, qRT-PCR was performed. As shown in Fig. 1A, the expression of miR-937 was significantly lower in the tumor tissue than that in the normal tissue ( $P<$ 0.01). The expression levels of miR-937 were also determined in the three gastric cancer cell lines (BGC-823, SGC-7901 and HGC-27) and one human immortalized gastric epithelial cell line (GES-1). As shown in Figure 1B, miR-937 expression levels were significantly low in gastric cancer cells compared to expression in the gastric epithelial cells (BGC-823 vs. GES-1, $P<$ 0.001; SGC-7901 vs. GES-1, $P<$ 0.01; and HGC-27 vs. GES-1, $P<$ 0.01). These results suggest that miR-937 is down-regulated in gastric cancer cells and tumors.

Figure 2.

Overexpression of miR-937 inhibits cell proliferation and promotes cell apoptosis. BGC-823 and SGC-7901 cells were transfected with control, miR-937 mimic, ASO-NC or ASO-miR-937. (A) The effect of miR-937 on the cell viability was measured by MTT assay at 24, 48 and 72 hours after transfection ( ${}^{*}P<$ 0.05, ${}^{**}P<$ 0.01). (B) Colony formation assay was used to detect the effect of miR-937 on the cell proliferation ( ${}^{*}P<$ 0.05, ${}^{**}P<$ 0.01). (C) Flow cytometry analysis was performed to measure cell apoptosis and western blotting was used to measure Bax and Bcl2 levels in BGC-823 and SGC-7901 cells ( ${}^{*}P<$ 0.05, ${}^{**}P<$ 0.01, ${}^{***}P<$ 0.001). OD: optical density; NC: negative control.

3.2 MiR-937 inhibits cell viability, cell proliferation and promotes cell apoptosis

We then determined the effect of the altered expression of miR-937 on the cell viability, proliferation and apoptosis in BGC-823 and SGC-7901 cells. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay at 24, 48 and 72 hours after being seeded and then determined by measuring the optical density at 570 nm. Viable of cells (BGC-823 and SGC-7901) transfected with miR-937 mimic was significantly lower than that of cells transfected with control at 24, 48, and 72 hour ( $P<$ 0.01; Fig. 2A). However, viable of the cells transfected with miR-937 inhibitor was significantly higher than that of the cells transfected with negative control ( $P<$ 0.01 for 24 and 48 hour and $P<$ 0.05 for 72 hour; Fig. 2A).

Next, we determined the effect of miR-937 on the proliferation of BGC-823 and SGC-7901 cells using colony formation assay. The relative colony formation rate was significantly lower in the cells transfected with miR-937 mimic than that in the cells transfected with control ( $P<$ 0.01; Fig. 2B).

We then measured cell apoptosis by flow cytometry (FCM) in BGC-823 and SGC-7901 cells. As shown in Fig. 2C, apoptotic cell rate was significantly higher in the cells transfected with miR-937 mimic than that in the cells transfected with control ( $P<$ 0.001 for BGC-823, $P<$ 0.01 for SGC-7901; Fig. 3C). We also measured the expression of Bax (pro-apoptotic protein) and Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic protein) using western blotting analysis. As shown in Fig. 2D, Bax levels were increased but Bcl2 levels were decreased in miR-937-overexpressing BGC-823 and SGC-7901 cells.

Figure 3.

MiR-937 decreases cell migration and cell invasion by inhibition of EMT. BGC-823 and SGC-7901 cells were transfected with control, miR-937 mimic, ASO-NC or ASO-miR-937. (A–B) Transwell assay measured cell migration and invasion. (C) qRT-PCR was used to measure the mRNA expressions and (D) western blotting was used to measure the protein expressions of E-cadherin, vimentin, and a-SMA in the BGC-823 and SGC-7901 cells ( ${}^{*}P<$ 0.05, ${}^{**}P<$ 0.01).

Together, these results indicate that overexpression of miR-937 inhibits cell proliferation, and promotes apoptosis in gastric cancer cells.

3.3 MiR-937 decreases cell migration and cell invasion by inhibition of EMT

Since migration is one of the essential factors for metastasis, we performed a Transwell assay to determine the influence of overexpression of miR-937 on cell migration and invasion. We observed that the migration rate was significantly decreased in miR-937 overexpression group when compared with the rates in the control group in BGC-823 ( $P<$ 0.01) and SGC-7901 ( $P<$ 0.01) cells (Fig. 3A). The migration rate was significantly higher in the cells transfected with miR-937 inhibitor than that in the cells transfected with control ( $P<$ 0.05 for BGC-823 and $P<$ 0.01 for SGC-7901 cells; Fig. 3A).

Next, we observed that the relative invasion cell number was significantly lower in miR-937 overexpression group when compared with the rates in the control group in BGC-823 ( $P<$ 0.01) and SGC-7901 ( $P<$ 0.01) cells (Fig. 3B). But, in the presence of miR-937 inhibitor the relative invasion cell number was significantly increased in ASO-miR-937 group when compared to control cells ( $P<$ 0.05 for BGC-823 and $P<$ 0.01 for SGC-7901 cells; Fig. 3B).

We then measured the expression of EMT-associated proteins (E-cadherin and vimentin) using qRT-PCR and western blotting analysis. The relative mRNA levels of E-cadherin were significantly increased in BGC-823 ( $P<$ 0.01) and SGC-7901 ( $P<$ 0.01) cells with miR-937 overexpression. But, the relative mRNA levels of vimentin ( $P<$ 0.01 for BGC-823 and SGC-7901) and a-SMA ( $P<$ 0.01 for BGC-823 and SGC-7901) were significantly decreased in miR-937 overexpression group when compared to control (Fig. 3C). However, the relative mRNA levels of E-cadherin were significantly decreased in the cells transfected with miR-937 inhibitor when compared to control cells ( $P<$ 0.01 for BGC-823 and SGC-7901). The relative mRNA levels of vimentin ( $P<$ 0.05 for BGC-823 and $P<$ 0.01 for SGC-7901) and a-SMA ( $P<$ 0.05 for BGC-823 and $P<$ 0.01 for SGC-7901) were significantly increased in the cells transfected with miR-937 inhibitor when compared to control cells (Fig. 3C).

These findings were further confirmed by western blotting analysis and it was seen that levels of E-cadherin were significantly increased in BGC-823 and SGC-7901 cells with miR-937 overexpression when compared to control cells. And the relative mRNA levels of vimentin and a-SMA were significantly decreased in these cells with miR-937 overexpression when compared to control cells. On the contrary, the levels of E-cadherin were decreased and levels of vimentin and a-SMA were increased in the cells transfected with miR-937 inhibitor when compared to control cells (Fig. 3D).

These results indicate that overexpression of miR-937 decreases cell migration and invasion by inhibition of EMT.

3.4 FOXL2 is a target gene of miR-937 and negatively regulated by miR-937

To identify a target gene of miR-937, luciferase assay was performed to validate the target sites in the FOXL2 3’UTR. There are two predicted miR-937 binding sites (323-329 and 649-655) in the 3’UTR of FOXL2 mRNA (Fig. 4A).

Figure 4.

FOXL2 is a direct target of miR-937. Cells were transfected with miR-937 mimic and ASO-miR-937 to overexpress or suppress miR-937 expression. (A) The FOXL2 3’UTR has two putative miR-937 binding sites (323-329 and 649-655). (B) Luciferase assay was performed to measure relative luciferase activity of FOXL2 ( ${}^{*}P<$ 0.05, ${}^{**}P<$ 0.01). (C) qRT-PCR was used to detected the transfection efficiency of miR-937 mimic and ASO-miR-937 in both the BGC-823 and SGC-7901 cells ( ${}^{**}P<$ 0.01, ${}^{***}P<$ 0.001). (D) qRT-PCR and western blotting analysis were performed to measure the effect of miR-937 on FOXL2 mRNA and protein expression ( ${}^{**}P<$ 0.01). (E) Western blotting was performed to measure the protein levels of p-AKT, AKT, p-ERK and ERK1/2.

Luciferase reporter assay showed that the relative luciferase activity of FOXL2 was significantly decreased by miR-937 overexpression in BGC-823 ( $P<$ 0.01) and SGC-7901 ( $P<$ 0.05) cells but was increased by miR-937 suppression. However, no significant effect was found after mutation of FOXL2 (Fig. 4B).

Subsequently, we further examined the transfection efficiency of miR-937 mimic and ASO-miR-937 in both the BGC-823 and SGC-7901 cell lines by using qRT-PCR. As demonstrated in Fig. 4C, the level of miR-937 was significantly increased by miR-937 overexpression, while reduced by miR-937 inhibitor ( $P<$ 0.01 or $P<$ 0.001), indicating that the transfection efficiency was well and could be used to subsequent studies. In addition, qRT-PCR and western blotting analysis were performed to detect the effect of miR-937 on FOXCL2 mRNA and protein expressions. As shown in Fig. 4D, overexpression of miR-937 significantly decreased the mRNA expression of FOXL2 in BGC-823 and SGC-7901 cells ( $P<$ 0.01), whereas suppression of miR-937 increased the FOXL2 expression in BGC-823 cells ( $P<$ 0.01) and SGC-7901 cells ( $P<$ 0.05). Similarly, overexpression of miR-937 significantly decreased the FOXL2 protein level in BGC-823 and SGC-7901 cells and was increased in miR-937 suppressed cells. These findings suggest that FOXL2 is a direct target gene of miR-937, and is negatively regulated by miR-937.

To determine whether miR-937 regulates PI3K/AKT pathway, protein levels of p-AKT, AKT, p-ERK and ERK1/2 were examined by western blotting analysis. As shown in Fig. 4E, overexpression of miR-937 decreased the expression of p-AKT and p-ERK, whereas suppression of miR-937 showed opposite results. To confirm this finding, we measured the rate of phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT in these cells. In the presence of miR-937, there was a significant decrease in the phosphorylation rate of PI3K and ERK compared to the control ( $P<$ 0.05), whereas suppression of miR-937 significantly increased the phosphorylation rate of PI3K and ERK compared to the negative control ( $P<$ 0.05). The data indicate that miR-937 overexpression inactivates the PI3K/AKT signal pathway.

Figure 5.

FOXL2 promotes cell proliferation and metastasis. Cells were transfected with FOXL2 overexpression vector, si-FOXL2 and corresponding controls. (A) The protein level of FOXL2 was detected by western blotting analysis. (B) MTT assay was performed 24, 48 and 72 hours after transfection to determine the effect of FOXL2 overexpression on cell viability ( ${}^{*}P<$ 0.05, ${}^{**}P<$ 0.01). (C) Colony formation assay was done to analyze relative colony formation rate ( ${}^{*}P<$ 0.05, ${}^{**}P<$ 0.01). (D) Western blotting analysis was used to detect effect of expression of FOXL2 on apoptosis-related proteins. (E–F) Transwell assay was used to detect the effect of FOXL2 on cell migration and invasion of BGC-823 cells ( ${}^{*}P<$ 0.05, ${}^{**}P<$ 0.01). (G) Western blotting analysis was used to measure the expression of E-cadherin, vimentin and a-SMA.

3.5 FOXL2 promotes cell proliferation and metastasis

Since miR-937 directly regulates the expression of FOXL2 and suppresses cell growth and migration, we next examined functions of FOXL2 in gastric cancer. BGC-823 and SGC-7901 cells were firstly transfected with FOXL2 and si-FOXL2 to overexpress or suppress FOXL2 expression. As expected, the expression of FOXL2 was obviously up-regulated by overexpression of FOXL2, while was down-regulated by suppression of FOXL2 (Fig. 5A). After transfection, the effects of FOXL2 on cell viability were analyzed by MTT. As shown in Fig. 5B, FOXL2 overexpression significantly increased cell viability at all the time points as compared to the control group ( $P<$ 0.01 for 24 and 48 hour, $P<$ 0.05 for 72 hour), whereas suppression of FOXL2 significantly decreased cell viability at all the time points as compared to the negative control group ( $P<$ 0.01 for 24 and 48 hour, $P<$ 0.05 for 72 hour). A colony formation assay was performed to analyze relative colony formation rate in the cells transfected with control, FOXL2, si-NC, or si-FOXL2. As shown in Fig. 5C, FOXL2 overexpression significantly increased the colony formation rate as compared to the control group ( $P<$ 0.01), whereas suppression of FOXL2 decreased the colony formation rate as compared to the negative control group ( $P<$ 0.05).

Next, we performed western blotting analysis to determine the effect of FOXL2 on apoptosis-related proteins. As shown in Fig. 5D, FOXL2 overexpression decreased the level of Bax but increased the level of Bcl-2. Opposite results were seen when FOXL2 was knockdown and it increased the level of Bax but decreased the level of Bcl-2. Furthermore, we also performed transwell assays to determine effect of FOXL2 on cell migration and invasion. The results showed that FOXL2 overexpression significantly increased cell migration and invasion compared to the control ( $P<$ 0.05 or $P<$ 0.01), whereas, knockdown of FOXL2 significantly decreased cell migration ( $P<$ 0.01) and invasion ( $P<$ 0.05) compared to the negative control ( $P<$ 0.05 or $P<$ 0.01, Fig. 5E–F).

We then measured the expression of EMT-associated proteins (E-cadherin and vimentin) using qRT-PCR and western blotting analysis. The results showed that FOXL2 overexpression could decrease the expression of E-cadherin but increased the expression of vimentin; suppression of FOXL2 showed opposite results (Fig. 5G).

These results indicate that FOXL2 promotes cell proliferation and metastasis of gastric cancer cells.

4. Discussion

Recent data suggest that miRNAs are associated with gastric cancer and contribute to carcinogenesis due to abnormality in their expression which in turn affects cell proliferation, apoptosis, motility, and invasion [26]. Therefore, these miRNAs may serve as a biomarker for predicting the prognosis of cancer, including gastric cancer [26]. Even though several studies are conducted, the underlying mechanism of gastric cancer remains unclear. But there are increasing evidences that it is governed by complex interactions between multiple pro- and anti-oncogenic signaling pathways [27]. Therefore, it is necessary to identify specific miRNAs and their targets which can provide valuable insight for the diagnosis and therapy of patients with gastric cancer.

In the present study, we found that the expression of miR-937 was significantly decreased in gastric cancer tumors and cell lines. Moreover, overexpression of miR-937 decreased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of the gastric cancer cells. These results highlight the significance of miR-937 as a tumor suppressor in gastric cancer.

In the present study, miR-937 inhibited cell invasion by increasing the expression of E-cadherin and decreasing the expression of vimentin. This finding indicates that miR-937 inhibits EMT process. EMT is a key process in cancer metastasis, during which, epithelial cells lose cell-cell junctions and polarity, leading to a more migratory, mesenchymal cell phenotype [28]. EMT is associated with loss of expression of epithelial cell markers (E-cadherin) and increased expression of mesenchymal genes (vimentin) [29, 30]. Loss of E-cadherin expression occurs during the progression of many types of cancer [6, 31]. In a previous study, E-cadherin down-regulation in gastric cancer increased cell survival and metastasis through Wnt/ $\beta$ -catenin signaling pathway [32]. It has been shown that vimentin dysregulation significantly impacted tumor growth, cellular motility, and poor prognosis [33]. Fuyuhire et al. reported a direct relationship between vimentin expression and advanced clinical stage in gastric cancer [34]. Upregulation of vimentin stimulates cell migration by enhancing mitochondrial membrane potential [35].

It is well known that miRNAs regulate gene expression [36] and therefore it is necessary to identify specific miRNA target genes to understand the mechanism involved in the progression of cancer. It has been reported that miRNAs regulate their target genes by binding to the mRNA 3’UTR [37]. Based on functional knowledge, we chose FOXL2 as a target to predict the miR-937 target gene. We identified two sites as the miR-937 binding sites in FOXL2 3’UTR which are responsive to miR-937 overexpression. These results suggested that miR-937 regulates FOXL2 expression by directly binding to the FOXL2 3’UTR. We also observed that the relative luciferase activity of FOXL2 decreased by miR-937 overexpression but increased by miR-937 suppression. We also measured the effects of aberrant expression of miR-937 on expression levels of FOXL2 and found that miR-937 negatively regulated the expression of FOXL2. More importantly, we found that FOXL2 could increase the cell proliferation, migration and invasion but decrease the cell apoptosis. FOX family of transcription factors are reported to be involved in various cancer progression and metastasis [20] and they act as both oncogenes and tumor suppressors via a variety of mechanisms. For example, FoxM1c induces EMT by activating the uPA system/Slug pathway [22]. FoxC2 promotes EMT and colorectal cancer metastasis through the Akt/GSK-3 $\beta$ /Snail Pathway [23]. FOXO3a modulates WNT/ $\beta$ -catenin signaling and suppresses EMT in prostate cancer cells [21]. FOXC1 regulates the EMT and contributes to cell migration [38]. In our study, FOXL2 overexpression promoted the EMT process.

We have reported several novel findings in this study. We report for the first time that miR-937 overexpression inhibits gastric cancer cell growth and metastasis via inactivation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Moreover, this is the first study to report the role of FOXL2 in the regulation of cell proliferation, migration and invasion in the progression of gastric cancer. Further studies are required to elucidate the role of FOXL2 in the carcinogenic mechanism by gene amplification, chromosomal translocation, or retroviral integration similar to other FOX members.

In conclusion, our study reports the following findings that miR-937 is expressed at low levels in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines; miR-937 inhibits cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis in gastric cancer cells; miR-937 decreases cell migration and invasion by inhibition of EMT; FOXL2 is a target gene of miR-937; miR-937 inhibits PI3K/AKT signal pathway; and FOXL2 promotes cell proliferation, migration and invasion but decrease the cell apoptosis. These results suggest that miR-937 may be a potential target for the treatment of gastric cancer.

Footnotes

Conflict of interest

The authors have no conflict of interest to report.

References

Jemal

Bray

Center

M.M.

Ferlay

Ward

and Forman

, Global cancer statistics, CA Cancer J Clin 61 (2011), 69–90.

Ferlay

Shin

H.R.

Bray

Forman

Mathers

and Parkin

D.M.

, Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008, Int J Cancer 127 (2010), 2893–917.

Tamura

, Alterations of tumor suppressor and tumor-related genes in the development and progression of gastric cancer, World J Gastroenterol 12 (2006), 192–198.

and Zhou

B.P.

, New insights of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer metastasis, Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 40 (2008), 643–650.

Fuxe

Vincent

and Garcia de Herreros

, Transcriptional crosstalk between TGF-beta and stem cell pathways in tumor cell invasion: role of EMT promoting Smad complexes, Cell Cycle 9 (2010), 2363–2374.

Thiery

J.P.

Acloque

Huang

R.Y.

and Nieto

M.A.

, Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in development and disease, Cell 139 (2009), 871–890.

Banno

Yanokura

Kisu

Yamagami

Susumu

and Aoki

, MicroRNAs in endometrial cancer, Int J Clin Oncol 18 (2013), 186–192.

Esquela-Kerscher

and Slack

F.J.

, Oncomirs - microRNAs with a role in cancer, Nat Rev Cancer 6 (2006), 259–269.

Yang

T.S.

Yang

X.H.

Wang

X.D.

Wang

Y.L.

Zhou

and Song

Z.S.

, MiR-214 regulate gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion by targeting PTEN, Cancer Cell Int 13 (2013), 68.

10.

Song

Liang

Zhu

X.C.

Peng

J.S.

and Zheng

J.N.

, Overexpression of Lin28 inhibits the proliferation, migration and cell cycle progression and induces apoptosis of BGC-823 gastric cancer cells, Oncol Rep 33 (2015), 997–1003.

11.

Grammatikakis

Gorospe

and Abdelmohsen

, Modulation of cancer traits by tumor suppressor microRNAs, Int J Mol Sci 14 (2013), 1822–1842.

12.

Wang

L.Q.

Liang

and Chim

C.S.

, Methylation of tumor suppressor microRNAs: lessons from lymphoid malignancies, Expert Rev Mol Diagn 12 (2012), 755–765.

13.

Tsukamoto

Nakada

Noguchi

Tanigawa

Nguyen

L.T.

Uchida

Hijiya

Matsuura

Fujioka

Seto

and Moriyama

, MicroRNA-375 is downregulated in gastric carcinomas and regulates cell survival by targeting PDK1 and 14-3-3zeta, Cancer Res 70 (2010), 2339–2349.

14.

Gorur

Balci Fidanci

Dogruer Unal

Ayaz

Akbayir

Yildirim Yaroglu

Dirlik

Serin

M.S.

and Tamer

, Determination of plasma microRNA for early detection of gastric cancer, Mol Biol Rep 40 (2013), 2091–2096.

15.

B.S.

Zhao

Y.L.

Guo

Zhu

E.D.

Luo

Mao

X.H.

Zou

Q.M.

P.W.

Zuo

Q.F.

Tang

Liu

K.Y.

and Xiao

, Plasma microRNAs, miR-223, miR-21 and miR-218, as novel potential biomarkers for gastric cancer detection, PLoS One 7 (2012), e41629.

16.

Liu

Fan

Diao

and Li

, Increased Expression of MicroRNA-221 in gastric cancer and its clinical significance, J Int Med Res 40 (2012), 467–474.

17.

Liu

Zhu

Liu

Yang

Meng

Zhang

and Xiao

, Genome-wide microRNA profiles identify miR-378 as a serum biomarker for early detection of gastric cancer, Cancer Lett 316 (2012), 196–203.

18.

Konishi

Ichikawa

Komatsu

Shiozaki

Tsujiura

Takeshita

Morimura

Nagata

Arita

Kawaguchi

Hirashima

Fujiwara

Okamoto

and Otsuji

, Detection of gastric cancer-associated microRNAs on microRNA microarray comparing pre- and post-operative plasma, Br J Cancer 106 (2012), 740–747.

19.

Myatt

S.S.

and Lam

E.W.

, The emerging roles of forkhead box (Fox) proteins in cancer, Nat Rev Cancer 7 (2007), 847–859.

20.

H.Z.

Gao

X.T.

Zhang

Song

E.L.

Huang

Q.B.

Fan

and Zhang

, Downregulation of FOXO3a promotes tumor metastasis and is associated with metastasis-free survival of patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma, Clin Cancer Res 20 (2014), 1779–1790.

21.

Liu

Yin

Wang

Jiang

Deng

Zhang

Cai

and He

, FOXO3a modulates WNT/beta-catenin signaling and suppresses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer cells, Cell Signal 27 (2015), 510–518.

22.

Huang

Xie

Cui

Gao

and Xie

, FOXM1c promotes pancreatic cancer epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis via upregulation of expression of the urokinase plasminogen activator system, Clin Cancer Res 20 (2014), 1477–1488.

23.

Wei

Zhuo

Wang

and Cai

, Overexpression of forkhead Box C2 promotes tumor metastasis and indicates poor prognosis in colon cancer via regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition, Am J Cancer Res 5 (2015), 2022–2034.

24.

DeGraff

D.J.

Clark

P.E.

Cates

J.M.

Yamashita

Robinson

V.L.

Smolkin

M.E.

Chang

S.S.

Cookson

M.S.

Herrick

M.K.

Shariat

S.F.

Steinberg

G.D.

Frierson

H.F.

X.R.

Theodorescu

and Matusik

R.J.

, Loss of the urothelial differentiation marker FOXA1 is associated with high grade, late stage bladder cancer and increased tumor proliferation, PLoS One 7 (2012), e36669.

25.

Meng

Henson

Wehbe-Janek

Ghoshal

Jacob

S.T.

and Patel

, MicroRNA-21 regulates expression of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene in human hepatocellular cancer, Gastroenterology 133 (2007), 647–658.

26.

Ishiguro

Kimura

and Takeyama

, Role of microRNAs in gastric cancer, World J Gastroenterol 20 (2014), 5694–5699.

27.

Liu

Zhou

and Li

, Gene expression profiling and bioinformatics analysis of gastric carcinoma, Exp Mol Pathol 96 (2014), 361–366.

28.

Pozharskaya

Torres-Gonzalez

Rojas

Gal

Amin

Dollard

Roman

Stecenko

A.A.

and Mora

A.L.

, Twist: a regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in lung fibrosis, PLoS One 4 (2009), e7559.

29.

Wang

Yao

Wang

Zhang

Gao

Peng

Zhang

and Tang

, Increased FoxM1 expression is a target for metformin in the suppression of EMT in prostate cancer, Int J Mol Med 33 (2014), 1514-1522.

30.

Hugo

Ackland

M.L.

Blick

Lawrence

M.G.

Clements

J.A.

Williams

E.D.

and Thompson

E.W.

, Epithelial – mesenchymal and mesenchymal – epithelial transitions in carcinoma progression, J Cell Physiol 213 (2007), 374–383.

31.

Perl

A.K.

Wilgenbus

Dahl

Semb

and Christofori

, A causal role for E-cadherin in the transition from adenoma to carcinoma, Nature 392 (1998), 190–193.

32.

Liu

and Chu

K.M.

, E-cadherin and gastric cancer: cause, consequence, and applications, Biomed Res Int 2014 (2014), 637308.

33.

Satelli

and Li

, Vimentin in cancer and its potential as a molecular target for cancer therapy, Cell Mol Life Sci 68 (2011), 3033–3046.

34.

Fuyuhiro

Yashiro

Noda

Kashiwagi

Matsuoka

Doi

Kato

Kubo

Ohira

and Hirakawa

, Clinical significance of vimentin-positive gastric cancer cells, Anticancer Res 30 (2010), 5239–5243.

35.

Matveeva

E.A.

Venkova

L.S.

Chernoivanenko

I.S.

and Minin

A.A.

, Vimentin is involved in regulation of mitochondrial motility and membrane potential by Rac1, Biol Open 4 (2015), 1290–1297.

36.

Lieberman

Slack

Pandolfi

P.P.

Chinnaiyan

Agami

and Mendell

J.T.

, Noncoding RNAs and cancer, Cell 153 (2013), 9–10.

37.

Yao

Liang

Huang

Ding

Tan

Zhao

Yan

Zhang

Chen

Wan

Yao

and He

, MicroRNA-30d promotes tumor invasion and metastasis by targeting Galphai2 in hepatocellular carcinoma, Hepatology 51 (2010), 846–856.

38.

Z.Y.

Ding

S.M.

Zhou

Xie

H.Y.

Chen

K.J.

Zhang

Xing

C.Y.

Guo

H.J.

and Zheng

S.S.

, FOXC1 contributes to microvascular invasion in primary hepatocellular carcinoma via regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition, Int J Biol Sci 8 (2012), 1130–1141.

MicroRNA-937 inhibits cell proliferation and metastasis in gastric cancer cells by downregulating FOXL2

Abstract

Keywords

1. Introduction

2. Materials and methods

2.1 Cell culture

2.2 Tissue specimens

2.3 Transfection

2.4 Luciferase reporter assay

2.5 qRT-PCR

2.6 Western blotting

2.7 Cell viability assay

2.9 Flow cytometry analysis of cell apoptosis

2.10 Cell migration and invasion

2.11 Statistical analysis

3. Results

3.1 MiR-937 expression levels in gastric cancer cells

3.4 FOXL2 is a target gene of miR-937 and negatively regulated by miR-937

4. Discussion

Footnotes

Conflict of interest

References