Abstract
The thermodynamic features of cutting tools and the cut materials change during cutting owing to their interactions and are considered in the present paper. The temperature of both increases, but, while the temperature and load on the cutting tool, during continuous cutting, may be considered as constant; the temperature of the machined material, in regions close to the cut surface, change both in time and space. When the crystal structure of the machined material is sensitive to changes in temperature, phase transitions, hardening or softening can occur in the surface layer. In particular the phase transition to a martensitic material involves hardening of a soft material. These transitions are of great importance, especially, in the case of ultra precision machining of mirror like surfaces. Similar changes of surface roughness are caused by the anisotropy of the modulus of elasticity. The component of Young's modulus, perpendicular to a cut surface, mainly depends on crystal orientation and therefore, elastic deformations change from individual crystallite to crystallite.
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