The increasing need for cadaveric kidneys has caused the criteria for acceptable donor kidneys to include younger and older donors. Researchers have been studying the use of infant kidneys as a source for adult transplant. When used as a pair, infant kidneys transplanted into an adult have been found to filter an adult volume of blood. Sonographers will be asked to evaluate this type of transplant. Understanding the specific features of the transplant will aid in that process.
Cecka JM: The UNOS scientific renal transplant registry. Clin Transpl1999:1-21.
2.
Hiramoto JS, Freise CE, Randall HR, et al. Successful long-term outcomes using pediatric en bloc kidneys for transplantation. Am J Transpl2002;2:337-342.
3.
Martin JE, Gonzales LL, West CD, Swartz RA, Sutorius DJ: Homotransplantation of both kidneys from an anencephalic monster to a 17 pound boy with Eagle-Barrett syndrome. Surgery1969 ;71:603-607.
4.
Meakins JL, Smith EJ, Alexander JW: En bloc transplantation of both kidneys from pediatric donors into adult patients . Surgery1972;71:72-75.
5.
Carrel A.: Transplantation in mass of the kidneys. J Exp Med1908;10:98.
6.
Mushnick R.: Creatinine-serum. October 10, 2007. www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003475.htm. Accessed March 29, 2008.
7.
Mushnick R.: Potassium test. May 15, 2007. www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003484.htm. Accessed March 29, 2008.
8.
Mushnick R.: Urea nitrogen-urine. October 22, 2007. www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003605.htm. Accessed March 29, 2008.
9.
Nghiem DD: En bloc transplantation of kidneys from donors weighing less than 15 kg into adult recipients. J Urol1991;145:14-16.
10.
Amante AJ, Kahan BD: En bloc transplantation of kidneys from pediatric donors. J Urol1996;155:852-857.
11.
Memel DS, Dodd GD, Shah AN, et al: Imaging of en bloc renal transplants: normal and abnormal postoperative findings. Am J Roentgenol1993;160:75-81.
12.
Andersen OS , Jonasson O., Merkel FK: En bloc transplantation of pediatric kidneys into adult patients. Arch Surg1974;108:35.
13.
Chinnakotla S., Leone JP, Taylor RJ: Long-term results of en bloc transplantation of pediatric kidneys into adults using a vicryl mesh envelope technique. Clin Transpl2001;15:388-392.
14.
Nghiem DD, Schlosser JD, Nghiem HG: Ten-year experience with infant kidneys transplanted en bloc. Transpl Int1998;11:35-38.
15.
Nghiem DD, Hsia S., Schlosser JD: Growth and function of en bloc infant kidney transplants: a preliminary study . J Urol1995;153:326-329.
16.
Ruff T., Reddy KS, Johnston TD, et al: Transplantation of pediatric en bloc cadaver kidneys into adult recipients: a single-center experience. Am Surg2002;68:857-859.
17.
Borboroglu PG: Solitary renal allografts from pediatric cadaver donors less than 2 years of age transplanted into adult recipients . Transplantation2004;77:698-702.
18.
Merkel FK: Five and 10 year follow-up of en bloc small pediatric kidneys in adult recipients . Transpl Proc2001;33: 1168-1169.
19.
Bresnahan BA , McBride MA, Cherikh WS, Hariharan S.: Risk factors for renal allograft survival from pediatric cadaver donors: an analysis of united network for organ sharing data. Transplantation2001;72:256-261.
20.
Gomez VA, Blázquez Izquierdo J., Pérez Contín MJ, et al: En bloc renal transplant from infant donors to adults. Arch Esp Urol1998;51:1002-1010.
21.
El-Sheukh MF , Gok MA, Buckley PE, et al: En bloc pediatric into adult recipients: the Newcastle experience. Transpl Proc2003 ;35:786-788.
22.
Sanchez-Fructuoso AI, Prats D., Perez-Contin MJ, et al: Increasing the donor pool using en bloc pediatric kidneys for transplant. Transplantation2003;76:1180-1184.
23.
Baxter GM: Ultrasound of renal transplantation. Clin Radiol2001;56:802-818.
24.
Foss A., Gunther A., Line PD, et al: Long-term clinical outcome of paediatric kidneys transplanted into adults. Nephrol Dial Transpl2008;23:726-729.
25.
Bakker, J., Olree M., Kaatee R.: Renal volume measurements: accuracy and repeatability of US compared with that of MI imaging. Radiology1999;211:623-628.
26.
Emamian SA, Nielsen, MB, Pedersen JF, Ytte L.Kidney dimensions at sonography: correlation with age, sex, and habitus in 665 adult volunteers. AJR1993;160:83-86.
Taylor KJ, Morse SS, Rigsby CM, Bia M., Schiff M.: Vascular complications in renal allografts: detection with duplex Doppler US. Radiology1987;162:31-38.
29.
Hobart MG, Modlin CS, Kapoor A., et al: Transplantation of pediatric en bloc cadaver kidneys into adult recipients. Transplantation1998;66:1689-1694.
30.
Sureshkumar KK, Chandana SR, Nghiem DD, Sandroni SE, Carpenter BJ: Superiority of pediatric en bloc renal allografts over living donor kidneys: a long-term functional study. Transplantation2006;82:348-353.
31.
Dodd GD, Tublin ME, Shah A., Zajiko AB: Imaging vascular complications associated with renal transplants. AJR1991;157:449-459.
32.
Baxter GM, Morley P., Dall B.: Acute renal vein thrombosis in renal allografts: new Doppler ultrasonic findings . Clin Radiol1991;43:125-127.
