Not all in-service general music teachers received instruction in vocal pedagogy for young voices. However, teaching children how to sing is highly complex. By understanding adult vocal registers and children’s vocal development, as well as using effective vocal modeling and varied feedback, music teachers may create a learning experience that can positively influence how young students view themselves as singers, sufficiently prepare them for future vocal music endeavors, and foster their intrinsic motivation to continue participating in vocal music.
AbrilC. R.GaultB. M. (Eds.). (2016). Teaching general music: Approaches, issues, and viewpoints. Oxford University Press.
2.
AsztalosA. (2022). The theory and practice of singing voice production of children. Juhász Gyula Higher Education Publishing.
3.
BanduraA. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice Hall.
4.
BeckettR. L.ThoelkeW.CowanL. (1971). A normative study of airflow in children. British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 6(1), 13–16. https://doi.org/10.3109/13682827109011520
5.
BennettS. (1983). A 3-year longitudinal study of school-aged children’s fundamental frequencies. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 26(1), 137–141. https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.2601.137
6.
BjorklundD. F. (1985). The role of conceptual knowledge in the development of organization in children’s memory.In BrainerdC. J.PressleyM. (Eds.), Basic processes in memory development (pp. 103–142). Springer.
7.
CampbellP. S.Scott-KassnerC. (2017). Music in childhood: From preschool through the elementary grades (4th ed.). Cengage Learning.
FrancoF.SuttoraC.SpinelliM.KozarI.FasoloM. (2022). Singing to infants matters: Early singing interactions affect musical preferences and facilitate vocabulary building. Journal of Child Language, 49(3), 552–577. https://doi:10.1017/S0305000921000167
10.
GarciaM. (1847). A complete treatise on the art of singing: Part one. Da Capo Press.
11.
GoetzeM. (2000). Challenge of performing diverse cultural music: Although many ensembles perform multicultural music according to the Western musical system, there are ways to achieve multicultural performances on their own terms. Music Educators Journal, 87(1), 23–48. https://doi.org/10.2307/3399673
12.
GreenG. A. (1990). The effect of vocal modeling on pitch-matching accuracy of elementary schoolchildren. Journal of Research in Music Education, 38(3), 225–231. https://doi.org/10.2307/3345186
HeddenD. (2012). An overview of existing research about children’s singing and the implications for teaching children to sing. Update: Applications of Research in Music Education, 30(2), 52–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/8755123312438516
15.
HendleyJ. A.PersellinD. C. (1996). How the lower adult male voice and the male falsetto voice affect children’s vocal accuracy. Update: Applications of Research in Music Education, 14(2), 9–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/875512339601400203
HerbstC. T. (2020). Registers-the snake pit of voice pedagogy part 1: Proprioception, perception, and laryngeal mechanisms. Journal of Singing, 77(2), 175–190.
18.
HiranoM.OhalaJ.VennardW. (1969). The function of the laryngeal muscles in regulating fundamental frequency and intensity of phonation. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 12(3), 616–628. https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.1203.616
19.
HiranoM.VennardW.OhalaJ. (1970). Regulation of register, pitch, and intensity of voice: An electromyographic investigation of intrinsic laryngeal muscles. Folia Phoniatrica, 22(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1159/000263363
20.
HowardK. (2020). First steps in global music. GIA Publications, Inc.
21.
JorgensenE. R. (1983). Engineering change in music education: A model of the political process underlying the Boston school music movement (1829-1838). Journal of Research in Music Education, 31(1), 67–75. https://doi.org/10.2307/3345111
22.
ManternachJ. N.ClarkC.DaughertyJ. F. (2017). Effects of a straw phonation protocol on acoustic measures of an SATB chorus singing two contrasting renaissance works. Journal of Voice, 31(4), 514.e5–514.e10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2016.12.008
23.
ManternachJ. N.DaughertyJ. F. (2019). Effects of a straw phonation protocol on acoustic and perceptual measures of an SATB chorus. Journal of Voice, 33(1), 80–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2017.09.017
24.
ManternachJ. N.SchlonegerM.MaxfieldL. (2019). Effects of straw phonation and neutral vowel protocols on the choral sound of two matched women’s choirs. Journal of Research in Music Education, 66(4), 465–480. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022429418809976
25.
MarkM.GaryC. L. (2007). A history of American music education (3rd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Education.
26.
MaxfieldL. (2013). Improve your students’ learning by improving your feedback. Journal of Singing, 69(4), 471–478.
27.
MaxfieldL.TitzeI.HunterE.Kapsner-SmithM. (2015). Intraoral pressures produced by thirteen semi-occluded vocal tract gestures. Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 40(2), 86–92. https://doi.org/10.3109/14015439.2014.913074
28.
McCoyS. (2012). You voice: An insider view (2nd ed.). Inside View Press.
29.
MichaudB. G. (2014). Male music teachers and singing fathers: Effects on and correlations with kindergarten children’s singing abilities (Order No. 3581070) [Doctoral dissertation, Boston University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
30.
MillerR. (1986). The structure of singing: System and art in vocal technique. Schirmer Books.
NicollasR.GarrelR.OuaknineM.GiovanniA.NazarianB.TrigliaJ. M. (2008). Normal voice in children between 6 and 12 years of age: Database and nonlinear analysis. Journal of Voice, 22(6), 671–675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2007.01.009
33.
NixJ. (2018). Commentary: Vocal and choral music. In McPhersonG. E.WelchG. F. (Eds.), Vocal, instrumental, and ensemble learning and teaching: An oxford handbook of music education (Vol. 3, pp. 3–10). Oxford University Press.
34.
OrnsteinP. A.HadenC. A.ElischbergerH. B. (2006). Children’s memory development: Remembering the past and preparing for the future. In BialystokE.CraikF. I. M. (Eds.), Lifespan cognition: Mechanisms of change (pp. 143–161). Oxford University Press.
35.
PersellinD. C. (2006). The effects of vocal modeling, musical aptitude, and home environment on pitch accuracy of young children. Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, 169, 39–50. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40319309
36.
PhillipsK. H. (1992). Teaching kids to sing. Schirmer Books.
37.
PhillipsK. H.WilliamsJ.EdwinR. (2018). The young singer. In McPhersonG. E.WelchG. F. (Eds.), Vocal, instrumental, and ensemble learning and teaching: An oxford handbook of music education (Vol. 3, pp. 60–75). Oxford University Press.
38.
RaganK. (2020). A systematic approach to voice: The art of studio application. Plural Publishing.
39.
RutkowskiJ. (1997). The nature of children’s singing voices: Characteristics and assessment. In RobertsB. A. (Ed.), The phenomenon of singing (pp. 201–9). Memorial University Press.
40.
RutkowskiJ. (2015). The relationship between children’s use of singing voice and singing accuracy. Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 32(3), 283–292. https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2015.32.3.283
41.
RutkowskiJ. (2019). Investigation of the effect of a male singing model on kindergarten children’s use of singing voice achievement. International Journal of Music in Early Childhood, 14(2), 167–180. https://doi.org/10.1386/ijmec_00003_1
42.
RutkowskiJ.MillerM. S. (2003). The effect of teacher feedback and modeling on first graders’ use of singing voice and developmental music aptitude. Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, 156, 1–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40319169
43.
SchmidtR. A.LeeT. D.WinsteinC.WulfG.ZelaznikH. N. (2019). Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis (6th ed.). Human Kinetics.
44.
ShawJ. (2012). The skin that we sing: Culturally responsive choral music education. Music Educators Journal, 98(4), 75–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/0027432112443561
45.
SimonA. J.GallenC. L.ZieglerD. A.MishraJ.MarcoE. J.AngueraJ. A.GazzaleyA. (2023). Quantifying attention span across the lifespan. Frontiers in Cognition, 2, 1207428. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcogn.2023.1207428
46.
SimsW. L.MooreR. S.KuhnT. L. (1982). Effects of female and male vocal stimuli, tonal pattern length, and age on vocal pitch-matching abilities of young children from England and the United States. Psychology of Music, Spec Iss, 104–108.
47.
StathopoulosE. T.SapienzaC. M. (1997). Developmental changes in laryngeal and respiratory function with variations in sound pressure level. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 40(3), 595–614. https://doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4003.595
48.
SundbergJ. (1987). The science of the singing voice. Northern Illinois Press.
49.
SwinnenS. P.SchmidtR. A.NicholsonD. E.ShapiroD. C. (1990). Information feedback for skill acquisition: Instantaneous knowledge of results degrades learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16(4), 706–716. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.16.4.706
ThurmanL.WelchG.TheimerA.KlitzkeC. (2004). Addressing vocal register discrepancies: An alternative, science-based theory of register phenomena. In The Second International Physiology and Acoustics of Singing Conference (PAS04), Denver, CO, United States.
52.
TitzeI. R. (2000). Principles of voice production. National Center for Voice and Speech.
53.
TitzeI. R. (2006). Voice training and therapy with a semi-occluded vocal tract: Rationale and scientific underpinnings. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 49(2), 448–459. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2006/035)
54.
TitzeI. R.Verdolini AbbottK. (2012). Vocology: The Science and Practice of Voice Habilitation. The National Center for Voice and Speech.
55.
Titze CoxK.TitzeI. R. (2023). Voice is free after SOVT. National Center for Voice and Speech.
56.
TrollingerV. L. (2003). Relationships between pitch-matching accuracy, speech fundamental frequency, speech range, age, and gender in American English-speaking preschool Children. Journal of Research in Music Education, 51(1), 78–94. https://doi.org/10.2307/3345650
57.
TrollingerV. (2007). Pediatric vocal development and voice science: Implications for teaching singing. General Music Today, 20(3), 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/10483713070200030105
58.
VennardW. (1967). Singing: The mechanism and the technical. Carl Fischer.