The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of vocal register use and age on the perceived vocal health of male elementary music teachers. Participants (N = 160) consisted of male elementary music teachers from two neighboring states in the south-central region of the United States. Participants responded to various demographic questions and completed the Singing Voice Handicap Index–10. To examine the possible effects of vocal register use and age on the participants’ vocal health, a two-way, between-subjects analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted. Vocal register use and age served as the independent variables with the Singing Voice Handicap Index–10 as the dependent variable. Results from the ANOVA revealed no main effect for vocal register use, F(2,147) = 2.20, p = .89, η2 = .03, or age, F(3,147) = 0.98, p = .41, η2 = .02. No statistically significant interaction was found.
AndersonW. M.LawrenceJ. E. (1991). Integrating music into the classroom (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
2.
AskrenK. A. (2001). Vocal attrition and vocal educators (Master’s thesis). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 1409080)
3.
AyersJ. L. (2004). Elementary music teachers’ vocal hygiene behaviors and singing techniques: A survey of classroom vocal practices of elementary music teachers in North Carolina and Virginia public schools (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3142424)
4.
BehlauM.OliveiraG. (2009). Vocal hygiene for the voice professional. Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, 17, 149–154.
5.
BernstorfE. D. (1993). Specific personal and environmental factors as predictors of vocal integrity in elementary vocal music teachers (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9325700)
6.
BernstorfE. D.BurkK. W. (1996). Vocal integrity of elementary vocal music teachers: Personal and environmental factors. Journal of Research in Music Education, 44, 369–383.
7.
CohenS. M.JacobsonB. H.GarrettC. GNoordzijJ. P.StewartM. G.AttiaA.. . .ClevelandT. F. (2007). Creation and validation of the Singing Voice Handicap Index. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology, 116, 402–406.
8.
CohenS. M.StathamM.RosenC. A.ZulloT. (2009). Development and validation of the Singing Voice Handicap-10. Laryngoscope, 119(9), 1–6.
9.
CoyleS. M.WeinrichB. D.StempleJ. C. (2001). Shifts in relative prevalence of laryngeal pathology in a treatment-seeking population. Journal of Voice, 15, 424–440.
10.
GotaasC.StarrC. D. (1993). Vocal fatigue among teachers. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 45, 120–129.
11.
GreenG. A. (1990). The effect of vocal modeling on pitch-matching accuracy of elementary schoolchildren. Journal of Research in Music Education, 38, 225–231.
12.
HackworthR. S. (2003). The effect of vocal hygiene and behavior modification instruction on the self-reported vocal health habits of public school music teachers (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3085591)
13.
HackworthR. S. (2007). The effect of vocal hygiene and behavior modification instruction on the self-reported vocal health habits of public school music teachers. International Journal of Music Education, 25, 20–28.
14.
HazlettD. (2001). An investigation into the prevalence and causes of occupational dysphonia in Teachers (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland.
15.
HendleyJ. A.PersellinD. C. (1994). The male falsetto voice and the lower adult male voice: The effects of modeling on children’s vocal accuracy. Texas Music Education Research. Retrieved from www.tmea.org/assets/pdf/research/Hen1994.pdf
16.
HendleyJ. A.PersellinD. C. (1996). How the lower adult male voice and the male falsetto voice affect children’s vocal accuracy. Update: Applications of Research in Music Education, 14(2), 9–14.
17.
HendryK. L. (2001). Burnout and self-reported vocal health among music teachers and other educators (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3014770)
18.
Herrington-HallB. L.LeeL.StempleJ. C.NiemiK. R.McHoneM. M. (1988). Description of laryngeal pathologies by age, sex, and occupation in a treatment-seeking sample. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 53, 57–64.
19.
HunterE. J.TannerK.SmithM. E. (2011). Gender differences affecting vocal health of women in vocally demanding careers. Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 36, 128–136.
20.
JacobsonB. H.JohnsonA.GrywalskiC.SilbergleitA.JacobsonG.BenningerM. S. (1997). The Voice Handicap Index (VHI). American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 6, 66–70.
21.
JónsdottirV.LaukkanenA.SiikkiI. (2003). Changes in teachers’ voice quality during a working day with and without electric sound amplification. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 56, 267–280.
22.
JónsdottirV.RantalaL.LaukkanenA.VilkmanE. (2001). Effects of sound amplification on teachers’ speech while teaching. Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 26, 118–123.
23.
MorrisseyM. L. (2004). Intensification and the vocal health of an elementary general music teacher (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3143190)
24.
NyeR.NyeV.MartinG.Van RysselbergheM. (1992). Music in the elementary school (6th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
25.
PhillipsK. H. (1992). Teaching kids to sing. New York, NY: Schirmer.
26.
PriceH. E.YarbroughC.JonesM.MooreR. S. (1994). Effects of male timbre, falsetto, and sine-wave models on interval matching by inaccurate singers. Journal of Research in Music Education, 42, 269–284.
27.
RoeP. F. (1983). Choral music education (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
28.
RoyN.GrayS. D.SimonM.DoveH.Corbin-LewisK.StempleJ. C. (2001). An evaluation of the effects of two treatment approaches for teachers with voice disorders: A prospective randomized clinical trial. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 44, 289–296.
29.
RoyN.MerrillR. M.ThibeaultS.GrayS. D.SmithE. M. (2004). Voice disorders in teachers and the general population: Effects on work performance, attendance, and future career choices. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 47, 542–551.
30.
RoyN.MerrillR. M.ThibeaultS.ParsaR. A.GrayS.SmithE. M. (2004). Prevalence of voice disorders in teachers and the general population. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 47, 281–293.
31.
RoyN.WeinrichB.GrayS. D.TannerK.StempleJ. C.SapienzaC. M. (2003). Three treatments for teachers with voice disorders: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 46, 670–688.
32.
RoyN.WeinrichB.GrayS. D.TannerK.ToledoS. W.DoveH.. . .StempleJ. C. (2002). Voice amplification versus vocal hygiene instruction for teachers with voice disorders: A treatment outcomes study. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 45, 625–638.
33.
RussellA.OatesJ.GreenwoodK. M. (1998). Prevalence of voice problems in teachers. Journal of Voice, 12, 467–479.
34.
SapienzaC. M.CrandellC. C.CurtisB. (1999). Effects of sound-field frequency modulation amplification on reducing teachers’ sound pressure level in the classroom. Journal of Voice, 13, 375–381.
35.
SimsW. L.MooreR. S.KuhnT. L. (1982). Effects of female and male vocal stimuli, tonal pattern length, and age on vocal pitch-matching abilities of young children from England and the United States. Psychology of Music, 10, 104–108.
36.
SmallA. R.McCachernF. L. (1983). The effect of male and female vocal modeling on pitch-matching accuracy of first-grade children. Journal of Research in Music Education, 31, 227–233.
37.
SmithE.GrayS. D.DoveH.KirchnerL.HerasH. (1997). Frequency and effects of teachers’ voice problems. Journal of Voice, 11, 81–87.
38.
SmithE.KirchnerH. L.TaylorM.HoffmanH.LemkeJ. H. (1998). Voice problems among teachers: Differences by gender and teaching characteristics. Journal of Voice, 12, 328–334.
39.
SmithE.LemkeJ.TaylorM.KirchnerH. L.HoffmanH. (1998). Frequency of voice problems among teachers and other occupations. Journal of Voice, 12, 480–488.
40.
SolbergL. C.DuaxK. P. (2000). A survey of voice use practices and voice problems of K–12 vocal music teachers. Journal of Singing, 57, 3–7.
41.
SwearsL. (1985). Teaching the elementary school chorus. West Nyack, NY: Parker.
42.
TavaresL. M.MartinsR. H. (2007). Vocal evaluation in teachers with or without symptoms. Journal of Voice, 21, 407–414.
43.
VincentL. S. (2008). The effects of amplification and vocal exercises on the perceived vocal health of elementary music educators (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3326829)
44.
YarbroughC.GreenG.BensonW.BowersJ. (1991). Inaccurate singers: An exploratory study of variables affecting pitch-matching. Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, 107, 23–43.
