Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Background

Routine removal of titanium miniplates in the maxillofacial region is still controversial. This current study hopes to share our experience with the different reasons for maxillofacial plates and screws removal following miniplate osteosynthesis.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of plates and screws removal following Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF) of maxillofacial fractures at King Khalid Hospital, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from 2005-2019. Information collected includes demographics, etiology and pattern of maxillofacial fractures, treatment modalities as well as reasons for plates and screws removal. Data was stored and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for windows Version 25 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp).

Results

A total of 985 patients with maxillofacial bone fractures had ORIF during the study period out of which 149 had miniplates and screws removed, giving a prevalence rate of 15.1%. There were 141 (94.6%) males and 8 (5.4%) females, with a M:F of 17.6:1. Their ages ranged from 4-65 years with mean (SD) at 24.6 (12.2) years. The age group from 16-30 years had the most cases of plates removal with statistical significance (P = .000). Young age (43 (28.8%)) constituted the majority of reasons responsible for plate removal. The angle of the mandible is the site with the largest number of plate removal with 34 (22.8%) cases followed by the parasymphyseal site with 21 (14.1%) cases.

Conclusion

With removal rate of 15.1%, this study concluded that there is no evidence to support routine removal of asymptomatic plates and screws in maxillofacial region.

Keywords

miniplate maxillofacial removal osteosynthesis trauma

Introduction

The use of miniplates and screws osteosynthesis has revolutionized the management of maxillofacial bone fractures and additionally, following orthognathic surgery.^1,2 Since its introduction by Champy et al.³ in the maxillofacial region, the materials for this hardware have also transformed from the bulky, less biocompatible stainless-steel or chrome-cobalt plates and screws to more thin, flexible, and biocompatible titanium and its alloy plates and screws.¹ Despite the fact that its use has been popularized, it is associated with complications such as metal toxicity and allergy, stress shielding, metallosis, migration, palpability, and thermal sensitivity.⁴ Champy et al.³ have recommended the removal of this hardware following the healing of the fractures; however no specific reason was given.

Controversy still exists among maxillofacial surgeons on the need for routine removal of asymptomatic plates and screws.⁵ While some clinicians have recommended their routine removal following fracture healing,⁶ others have opposed it unless they are associated with clinical symptoms.^1,7

Based on the above, this current study hopes to share our experience on the different reasons for the removal of titanium plates and screws following maxillofacial bone fractures osteosynthesis in Najran region, southwestern province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as no such study existed previously.

Materials and Methods

This was a retrospective study of plates and screws removal following open reduction and fixation (ORIF) of maxillofacial fractures in King Khalid Hospital, the main tertiary referral hospital in Najran Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from 2005-2019.

Information collected includes demographics such as age and gender of patients, etiology and pattern of maxillofacial fracture, treatment modalities as well as reasons for plates and screws removal. All miniplates were 1.5 and 2 mm titanium plates.

Ethical clearance for the study was obtained from the Ethics and Research Committee of the Hospital with IRB number H-11-N-081. Inclusion criteria are cases of maxillofacial fractures treated with ORIF and those that had plates and screws removal. Exclusion criteria are such cases with incomplete records.

Data was stored and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for windows Version 25 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp). Results were presented as simple frequencies and descriptive statistics. Pearson Chi-square was used to compare variables. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ .05.

Results

A total of 985 patients with maxillofacial fractures were treated by ORIF during the study period. Out of these patients, 149 had miniplates and screws removed, giving a prevalence rate of 15.1%. There were 141 (94.6%) males and 8 (5.4%) females with a M:F of 17.6:1, however this did not attain statistical significance (P = .682) (Table 1). Their ages ranged from 4-65 years with mean (SD) at 24.6 (12.2) years. The age group from 16-30 years had the most cases of plates removal with statistical significance (P = .000) (Table 2). Young age (43 (28.8%)) constituted the majority reason responsible for plate removal and followed closely by palpable plates in 35 (23.5%) patients (Table 2). No plate and screws were removed on routine basis without any specific indications from the current study.

Table 1.

Distribution of Reasons for Plate Removal According to Gender of Patients.

Gender
Reasons for Removal	Male (%)	Female (%)	Total (%)
Young age	40 (26.8)	3 (2.0)	43 (28.8)
Infection	7 (4.7)	0 (.0)	7 (4.7)
Patients demand/Psychological	21 (14.1)	1 (.7)	22 (14.8)
Plate loosening/Fracture	17 (11.4)	1 (.7)	18 (12.1)
Paresthesia	3 (2.0)	1 (.7)	4 (2.7)
Thermal conductivity	8 (5.4)	0 (.0)	8 (5.4)
Palpable	33 (22.2)	2 (1.3)	35 (23.5)
Plate exposure	12 (8.0)	0 (.0)	12 (8.0)
Total	141 (94.6)	8 (5.4)	149 (100.0)

χ²=4.823, df=7, P value=.682.

Table 2.

Distribution of Age-Group of Patients According to Reasons for Plate Removal.

Age group (years)
Reasons for removal	0-15	16-30	31-45	46-60	61-85	Total
Young age	43 (28.8)	0 (.0)	0 (.0)	0 (.0)	0 (.0)	43 (28.8)
Infection	0 (.0)	2 (1.3)	2 (1.3)	3 (2.0)	0 (.0)	7 (4.7)
Patients demand/Psychological	0 (.0)	14 (9.4)	7 (4.7)	1 (.7)	0 (.0)	22 (14.8)
Plate loosening/Fracture	0 (.0)	15 (10.1)	3 (2.0)	0 (.0)	0 (.0)	18 (12.1)
Paresthesia	0 (.0)	4 (2.7)	0 (.0)	0 (.0)	0 (.0)	4 (2.7)
Thermal conductivity	0 (.0)	8 (5.4)	0 (.0)	0 (.0)	0 (.0)	8 (5.4)
Palpable	0 (.0)	19 (12.8)	10 (6.7)	4 (2.7)	2 (1.3)	35 (23.5)
Plate exposure	0 (.0)	6 (4.0)	6 (4.0)	0 (.0)	0 (.0)	12 (8.0)
Total	43 (28.8)	68 (45.6)	28 (18.8)	8 (5.4)	2 (1.3)	149 (100.0)

χ²=189.25, df=28, P value=.000.

RTA remained the leading cause of maxillofacial bone fractures among patients who had plate removal with 127 (85.2%) cases. Other etiologies of maxillofacial bone fractures among plate removal patients are shown in Table 3.

Table 3.

Distribution of the Etiologies of Maxillofacial Bone Fracture.

	N	Freq (%)
Road traffic accident	127	85.2
Fall	13	8.7
Football	2	1.3
Animal	3	2.0
Assault	3	2.0
Occupational	1	0.7
Total	149	100.0

Out of 505 patients who had ORIF in the mandible, 85 (16.8%) had plates removed while in the zygoma, 38 (16.5%) out of 230 patients with ORIF had plates removed. Other distributions were as shown in Figure 1. The angle of the mandible constituted the site with the largest number of plate removal comprising of 34 (22.8%) cases followed by the parasymphyseal site with 21 (14.1%) plates removal. In the mid-face, zygomatic body and arch (zygomatic complex) had the highest rate of plate removal with 38 (25.5%) cases. In the orbit, inferior orbital rim had the highest rate of removal with 7 (4.7%) cases. Other distributions of plate removal according to site are as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 1.

Bar chart showing distributions of number of plates inserted and removed from maxillofacial bones.

Figure 2.

Bar chart showing distributions of plates removal sites from different maxillofacial bones.

Discussion

This retrospective study reports the prevalence and motives for maxillofacial miniplates removal in 985 patients who sustained maxillofacial trauma and were treated with ORIF. During the 15-year period, 149 of the patients had plates removed, giving a prevalence rate of 15.1%. This is consistent with other documented studies in which 10-17% plate removal rate was reported.^8-11.However, in a recent Korean study, a higher prevalence rate of 22.6% was reported.⁴

Many recent studies have reported lack of evidence to support the routine removal of plates and screws after osteosynthesis in the maxillofacial region.^4,8-11 However, older studies have recommended its routine removal because most of the plates used then were less bio-compatible.^1,7 The current study have added to the literature on the lack of evidence to support routine removal of plates and screws following osteosynthesis in the maxillofacial region as no plate was removed routinely.

The postoperative timing for plate removal is controversial in the literature. Some studies have reported that plates should be removed within 6 months of insertion^8,12 while others have favored removal within 1 year.^1,13 In the current study, majority of the plate removal was carried out within the first year of osteosynthesis. Attempt at removal after 1 year may be difficult especially in adolescents where the plates would have been covered by bone.^4,11

It is not surprising that most of the cases of plate removal occurred in the males and road traffic accident (RTA) remain the main etiological factor of the maxillofacial injuries. In our center, Daniels et al.^14,15 have reported male predominance among the victims of maxillofacial injuries and RTA as the main etiology of these injuries because of the cultural background and socio-economic activities in Najran region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Regarding age distribution, most of the patients who sustained facial bone fractures necessitating osteosynthesis were within the age range of 16-30 years and highest rate of removal was among patients aged 30 years or younger. This compares favorably with the study of Park et al,⁴ however it differs from that of Rosenberg et al.¹⁶ which reported higher rate of miniplates removal among patients in this age group. Concerning pediatric patients, researchers have recommended removal of miniplates within 2-3 months after fracture healing as a result of possible growth restriction.¹² In view of this, researchers have recommended the use resorbable plates and screws in the management of facial fractures in children.⁵ However, insufficient stabilization has been reported with the use of resorbable plates especially at fractures sites involving the infraorbital rim and the zygomaticomaxillary crest/anterior sinus wall.¹⁷ Because of this shortcoming, titanium plates have been recommended in these regions in the pediatric victims.¹⁸ In our series, no resorbable plates and screws were used. Consequently, all our pediatric cases had removal of the titanium miniplates (Figures 3A-3C) and (Figures. 4A-4C). This constituted the highest reason of plate removal in our series. One pediatric patient who relocated to another country, had the plates removed after contacting our center on the brands of the plates and screws used (Figures 5A-5F).

Figure 3.

(A) Pre-operative 3-D CT scan of a 6-year old patient with depressed fracture of the superior aspect of left orbital rim. (B) Post-operative occipitomental view of a 6-year old patient showing ORIF of left lateral orbital wall. (C) Post-operative occipitomental view after removal of microplate from left orbital wall 3 months after ORIF of fractured left lateral orbital wall.

Figure 4.

(A) Pre-operative 3-D CT scan of a 14 years old male epileptic patient showing fracture of right body and left parasymphysis of mandible following road traffic accident. (B) Post-operative 3-D CT scan of same patient showing ORIF the bilateral fractures of mandible. (C) Post-operative PA skull x-ray of same patient with plates removed 8 months after ORIF of bilateral fractures of mandible.

Figure 5.

(A) Clinical photograph of a 7-year old patient unable to close his mouth following a road traffic accident. (B) 3-D CT scan of the patient showing displaced bilateral fracture of mandible. (C) Right lateral view of 3-D CT scan view showing fracture of right angle of mandible with vertical ramal split. (D) Left lateral view of 3-D CT scan view showing displaced fracture of left body of mandible. (E) Post-operative 3-D CT scan showing ORIF of bilateral fractures of mandible. (F) Post-operative orthopantomogram of the same patient showing ORIF with microplates and wires. This patient was a visitor from a GCC country and returned home immediately after surgery. The microplates and wires were removed later in his home country.

The second most common reasons for plate removal in the current study were palpable plates followed by patients’ request (Figures 6A-6C.) This agrees favorably with the study of Rallis et al.¹¹ Psychological factors may be responsible for this as palpable plates become a source of concern for the patients.¹¹ Infection, as reason for plate removal, was very low in our series with 7 (4.7%) cases as compared with other studies in which infection was the main reasons for their removal.^1,8,11 Chronic smoking has been suggested as a risk factor for the development of superficial infections following ORIF of fractures.⁵

Figure 6.

(A) 3-D CT scan of a 33-year-old patient showing comminuted fractured of RT anterior mandible and fracture RT maxilla. (B) Post-operative 3-D CT scan of the patient showing ORIF of the mandibular fracture with miniplates and maxillary fracture with plate and wires. (C) Post-operative occipitomental view of the patient following removal of plates and wires 1 year after ORIF of fractured mandible and maxilla.

Literature is silent on the association between rate of plate removal in healthy and immunocompromised patients. One study has eliminated this group of patients in order to remove confounding factors.¹⁹ Majority of patients with facial trauma requiring osteosynthesis are young healthy folks, hence the possibility of the scarce literature on relationship between plates removal in the healthy and the immunocompromised. In the current study, none of our patients were immunocompromised necessitating plate removal. Two (1.3%) older patients in our study required plate removal because the plates and screws were palpable. Further studies regarding immunocompromised status and plate removal is essential.

Studies have shown that over 50% of plates inserted following maxillofacial bone fractures are placed in the mandible.⁵ Therefore it is not surprising that in this study, 85 (57.1%) (n = 149) of plates removed were from the mandible with 34 (40%) (n =85) of these plates removed from the angle (Figures 7A-7D). Gabrielli et al.²⁰ have reported similar findings with most removal of plates from the angle of the mandible. During mastication, the biomechanical forces that occur at the angle region may have been responsible for higher incidence of complications.^5,21 Yamamoto et al.²² have recommended routine removal of plates and screws in the angle region because of this reason especially with presence of an impacted third molar. On the contrary, other studies reported that most cases of plate removal were from the parasymphyseal region.^1,8 In this series, the frontal and NOE site did not record any plate removal while the maxilla has very low rate of plate removal. This observation has also been reported by Rallis et al.¹¹

Figure 7.

(A) Pre-operative 3-D CT scan of a 31-year-old patient showing right lateral fractures of the angle of mandible. (B) Pre-operative 3-D CT scan of a 31-year-old patient showing left lateral view of the comminuted fracture of left angle and ramus. (C) Post-operative 3-D CT scan of the same patient showing ORIF of bilateral mandibular fractures of mandible. (D) Posterior–anterior x-ray view of the patient following removal of miniplates from the mandible 8 months after ORIF of bilateral fractures of mandible. Note the fixed prosthesis replacing the missing lower anterior teeth.

Conclusion

As the controversy of whether to leave a non-functioning and asymptomatic plates in-situ persists, this retrospective study has reported a 15.1% removal rate over a period of 15 years. No asymptomatic plates and screws were removed routinely in the current study. Young age constitutes the main reason responsible for plate removal because of growth concern. The angle of the mandible is the site with the largest number of plate removal, while the maxilla, frontal, and NOE are of low risk for plates removal. This study concludes that there is no evidence to support routine removal of asymptomatic plates and screws in maxillofacial region.

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

ORCID iD

Ramat Oyebunmi Braimah

References

Bhatt

Langford

. Removal of miniplates in maxillofacial surgery: University hospital birmingham experience. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;61:553-556.

Zimmermann

Troulis

Kaban

. Pediatric facial fractures: Recent advances in prevention, diagnosis and management. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005;35:2-13.

Champy

Loddé

Schmitt

Jaeger

Muster

. Mandibular osteosynthesis by miniature screwed plates via a buccal approach. J Maxillofac Surg. 1978;6(1):14-21.

Park

Kim

You

Kim

. Mini-plate removal in maxillofacial trauma patients during a five-year retrospective study. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016;42:182-186.

O’Connell

Murphy

Ikeagwuani

Adley

Kearns

. The fate of titanium miniplates and screws used in maxillofacial surgery: A 10 year retrospective study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;38:731-735.

Alpert

Seligson

. Removal of asymptomatic bone plates used for orthognathic surgery and facial fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1996;54:618-621.

Matthew

Frame

. Policy of consultant oral and maxillofacial surgeons towards removal of miniplate components after jaw fracture fixation: pilot study. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999;37:110-112.

Mosbah

Oloyede

Koppel

Moos

Stenhouse

. Miniplate removal in trauma and orthognathic surgery—a retrospective study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;32(2):148-151.

Islamoglu

Coskunfirat

Tetik

Ozgentas

. Complications and removal rates of miniplates and screws used for maxillofacial fractures. Ann Plast Surg. 2002;48:265-268.

10.

Nagase

Courtemanche

Peters

. Plate removal in traumatic facial fractures: 13-year practice review. Ann Plast Surg. 2005;55:608-611.

11.

Rallis

Mourouzis

Papakosta

Papanastasiou

Zachariades

. Reasons for miniplate removal following maxillofacial trauma: A 4-year study. J Cranio-Maxillo-Fac Surg. 2006;34:435-439.

12.

Haug

Cunningham

Brandt

. Plates, screws, and children: their relationship in craniomaxillofacial trauma. J Long Term Eff Med Implants. 2003;13:271-287.

13.

Rosenberg

Grätz

Sailer

. Should titanium miniplates be removed after bone healing is complete? Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1993;22:185-188.

14.

Daniels

Albakry

Samara

Al-kalib

Al-zulayq

. Maxillofacial bone fracture profiling amongst adults and elderly population in Najran city, Southern Region of Saudi Arabia: A 20-year single institutional experience. Arch Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020;3(1):50-58.

15.

Daniels

Albakr

Braimah

Samara

. Maxillofacial bone fractures in children and young adults: Overview of 247 cases in a major referral hospital, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Craniomaxillofacial Trauma Reconstr. 2020;14:126-134 doi:10.1177/1943387520952680

16.

Rosenberg

Grätz

Sailer

. Should titanium miniplates be removed after bone healing is complete? Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1993;22:185-188.

17.

Witwer

Adeyemo

Voracek

Ewers

Watzinger

Enislidis

. An evaluation of the clinical application of three different biodegradable osteosynthesis materials for the fixation of zygomatic fractures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005;100(6):656-660.

18.

Menon

Choudhury

CSR

. Resorbable implants in maxillofacial surgery: A reality check. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2012;11(2):132-137.

19.

Fani

Samieirad

Shooshtari

Jamali

Tohidi

. Is mini-plate removal necessary for oral and maxillofacial surgery patients? A five-year case-control study. Front Dent. 2020;17:1-6.

20.

Cabrini Gabrielli

Real Gabrielli

Marcantonio

Hochuli-Vieira

. Fixation of mandibular fractures with 2.0-mm miniplates: review of 191 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;61:430-436.

21.

Gear

Apasova

Schmitz

Schubert

. Treatment modalities for mandibular angle fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005;63:655-663.

22.

Yamamoto

Matsusue

Horita

Murakami

Sugiura

Kirita

. Routine removal of the plate after surgical treatment for mandibular angle fracture with a third molar in relation to the fracture line. Ann Maxillofac Surg. 2015;5(1):77-81.

Is the Routine Removal of Titanium Plates and Screws Following Miniplate Osteosynthesis of Maxillofacial Bone Fractures Justified? A Fifteen-Year Experience in a Maxillofacial Centre,Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Keywords

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

Funding

ORCID iD

References