The Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT) was designed to measure a comprehensive construct of wellbeing beyond the traditional hedonia-versus-eudaimonia framework, highlighting the holism of human flourishing and functioning. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the BIT in China. A total of 705 community participants and 251 college students completed the BIT, while the student sample also completed the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Flourishing Scale, the Meaning in Life Questionnaire, the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule, and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale. Results demonstrated good internal consistency, strong and solid single-factor structure, and good convergent and discriminant validities. Furthermore, the screening role of BIT in mental health status and the incremental validity beyond other wellbeing measures were determined.
BoehmJ. K.PetersonC.KivimakiM.KubzanskyL. (2011). A prospective study of positive psychological well-being and coronary heart disease. Health Psychology, 30, 259–267. doi:10.1037/a0023124
2.
CoyneJ. C. (2013). Highly correlated hedonic and eudaimonic well-being thwart genomic analysis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 110(45), E4183.
3.
CumminsR. A.EckersleyR.PallantJ.Van VugtJ.MisajonR. (2003). Developing a national index of subjective wellbeing: The Australian Unity Wellbeing Index. Social Indicators Research, 64, 159–190. doi: 10.1023/A:1024704320683
4.
DienerE. (1994). Assessing subjective well-being: Progress and opportunities. Social Indicators Research, 31, 103–157. doi:10.1007/BF0120705
5.
DienerE.LucasR. E. (1999). Personality and subjective well-being. In KahnemanD.DienerE.SchwarzN. (Eds.), Well-being: Foundations of hedonic psychology. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
6.
DienerE.EmmonsR. A.LarsenR. J.GriffinS. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
7.
DienerE.WirtzD.TovW.Kim-PrietoC.ChoiD.-w.OishiS.Biswas-DienerR. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97, 143–156. doi:10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y
8.
DisabatoD. J.GoodmanF. R.KashdanT. B.ShortJ. L.JardenA. (2015). Different types of well-being? A cross-cultural examination of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Psychological Assessment. Advance online publication. doi:10.1037/pas0000209
9.
DuanW.XieD. (2016). Measuring adolescent flourishing: Psychometric properties of Flourishing Scale in a sample of Chinese adolescents. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/0734282916655504
10.
DuanW.BaiY.TangX.SiuP. Y.ChanR. K. H.HoS. M. Y. (2012). Virtues and positive mental health. Hong Kong Journal of Mental Health, 38(5), 24–31.
11.
DuanW.HoS. M. Y.BaiY.TangX. (2013). Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese Virtues Questionnaire. Research on Social Work Practice, 23, 336–345. doi:10.1177/1049731513477214
12.
DuanW.HoS. M. Y.BaiY.TangX.ZhangY.LiT.YuenT. (2012). Factor structure of the Chinese Virtues Questionnaire. Research on Social Work Practice, 22, 680–688. doi:10.1177/1049731512450074
13.
DuanW.HoS. M. Y.TangX.LiT.ZhangY. (2014). Character strength-based intervention to promote satisfaction with life in the Chinese university context. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(6), 1347–1361. doi:10.1007/s10902-013-9479-y
14.
EasterlinR. A.MorganR.SwitekM.WangF. (2012). China’s life satisfaction, 1990–2010. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(25), 9775–9780. doi:10.1073/pnas.1205672109
15.
FeeneyB. C.CollinsN. L. (2015). A new look at social support A theoretical perspective on thriving through relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 19(2), 113–147. doi:10.1177/1088868314544222
16.
FredricksonB. L.GrewenK. M.CoffeyK. A.AlgoeS. B.FirestineA. M.ArevaloJ. M.…ColeS. W. (2013). A functional genomic perspective on human well-being. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(33), 13684–13689.
17.
FriedmanE. M.RuiniC.FoyR.JarosL.SampsonH.RyffC. D. (2015). Lighten UP! A community-based group intervention to promote psychological well-being in older adults. Aging Mental Health, 1–7. doi:10.1080/13607863.2015.1093605
18.
GallagherM. W.LopezS. J.PreacherK. J. (2009). The hierarchical structure of well-being. Journal of Personality, 77(4), 1025–1050.
19.
HallerödB.SeldénD. (2013). The multi-dimensional characteristics of wellbeing: How different aspects of wellbeing interact and do not interact with each other. Social Indicators Research, 113(3), 807–825.
20.
HoS. M. Y.DuanW.TangS. C. M. (2014). The psychology of virtue and happiness in western and asian thought. In SnowN. E.TrivignoF. V. (Eds.), The philosophy and psychology of character and happiness (pp. 215–238). New York, NY: Routledge.
21.
HoS. M. Y.RochelleT. L. R.LawL. S. C.DuanW.BaiY.ShihS.-M.WangG.-L. (2014). Methodological issues in positive psychology research with diverse populations: Exploring strengths among Chinese adults. In PedrottiJ. T.EdwardsL. M. (Eds.), Perspectives on the intersection of multiculturalism & positive psychology (pp. 45–57). New York, NY: Springer Science + Business Media B.V.
22.
HuL. T.BentlerP. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
23.
HuangL.YangT.JiZ. (2003). Applicability of the Positive and Negative Affect Scale in Chinese. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 7(1), 4–6.
24.
HutaV.WatermanA. S. (2014). Eudaimonia and its distinction from hedonia: Developing a classification and terminology for understanding conceptual and operational definitions. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(6), 1425–1456.
25.
JosephS.WoodA. (2010). Assessment of positive functioning in clinical psychology: Theoretical and practical issues. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 830–838.
26.
KillenA.MacaskillA. (2015). Using a gratitude intervention to enhance well-being in older adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(4), 947–964. doi:10.1007/s10902-014-9542-3
27.
KubovyM. (1999). On the pleasures of the mind. In KahnemanD.DienerE.SchwarzN. (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 134–154). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
28.
LewisP.KimiecikJ.HornT.ZulligK. J.WardR. M. (2014). Can becoming my self influence my health?: Exploring the effects of a eudaimonic-enhancement process on psychological indicators of well-being and physical activity. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 9(3), 643–665.
29.
LinleyP. A.MaltbyJ.WoodA. M.OsborneG.HurlingR. (2009). Measuring happiness: The higher order factor structure of subjective and psychological well-being measures. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(8), 878–884.
30.
LovibondS. H.LovibondP. F. (1995). Manual for the depression, anxiety and stress Scales (2 ed.). Sydney, Australia: Psychological Foundation.
31.
LuL. (2001). Understanding happiness: A look into the Chinese folk psychology. Journal of Happiness Studies, 2(4), 407–432.
32.
LuL.GilmourR. (2004). Culture and conceptions of happiness: Individual oriented and social oriented SWB. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5(3), 269–291. doi:10.1007/s10902-004-8789-5
33.
MarshH. W.EllisL. A.ParadaR. H.RichardsG.HeubeckB. G. (2005). A short version of the Self Description Questionnaire II: Operationalizing criteria for short-form evaluation with new applications of confirmatory factor analyses. Psychological Assessment, 17(1), 81–102. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.17.1.81
34.
OishiS.KooM.AkimotoS. (2008). Culture, interpersonal perceptions, and happiness in social interactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(3), 307–320. doi:10.1177/0146167207311198
35.
PavotW.DienerE. (1993). Review of the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Psychological Assessment, 5(2), 164–172. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.5.2.164
36.
PeledE.Davidson-AradB.PerelG. (2010). The mothering of women abused by their partner: An outcome evaluation of a group intervention. Research on Social Work Practice, 20(4), 391–402.
37.
RyanR. M.DeciE. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
38.
RyanR. M.DeciE. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 141–166.
39.
RyffC. D.KeyesC. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719–727. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719
40.
RyffC. D.SingerB. (2000). Interpersonal flourishing: A positive health agenda for the new millennium. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(1), 30–44.
41.
SeligmanM. E. P. (2011). Flourishing. New York, NY: Free Press.
42.
SeligmanM. E. P. (2015). Chris Peterson’s unfinished masterwork: The real mental illnesses. The Journal of Positive Psychology. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.888582
43.
SeligmanM. E. P.CsikszentmihalyiM. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 410–421. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
44.
SeligmanM. E. P.SteenT. A.ParkN.PetersonC. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60(5), 410–421. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.60.5.410
45.
SheldonK. M. (2013). Individual daimon, universal needs, and subjective well-being: Happiness as the natural consequence of a life well-lived. In WatermanA. (Ed.), The best within us: Positive psychology perspectives on eudaimonic functioning (pp. 119 –137). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
46.
StaniuteM.BrozaitieneJ.BurkauskasJ.KazukauskieneN.MickuvieneN.BuneviciusR. (2015). Type D personality, mental distress, social support and health-related quality of life in coronary artery disease patients with heart failure: A longitudinal observational study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 13(1), 1–11.
47.
StegerM. F.FrazierP.OishiS.KalerM. (2006). The Meaning in Life Questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 80–93. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80
48.
SuR.TayL.DienerE. (2014). The development and validation of the Comprehensive Inventory of Thriving (CIT) and the Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT). Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 6(3), 251–279.
49.
SumiK. (2014). Reliability and validity of Japanese versions of the Flourishing Scale and the scale of positive and negative experience. Social Indicators Research, 118(2), 601–615.
50.
TangX.DuanW.WangZ.LiuT. (2016). Psychometric Evaluation of the Simplified Chinese Version of Flourishing Scale. Research on Social Work Practice, 26(5), 591–599. doi:10.1177/1049731514557832
WangK.ShiH.-S.GengF.-L.ZouL.-Q.TanS.-P.WangY.…ChanR. C. (2015). Cross-cultural validation of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale–21 in China. Advance online publication. doi:10.1037/pas0000207
53.
WangM.DaiX. (2008). Chinese Meaning in Life Questionnaire Revised in college students and its reliability and validity test. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 16(5), 459–461.
54.
WatsonD.ClarkL. A.TellegenA. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070.
ZeidnerM.RobertsR. D.MatthewsG. (2008). The science of emotional intelligence. European Psychologist, 13(1), 64–78. DOI: 10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00381.x
57.
ZhangY.DuanW.TangX.YangZ. (2014). Can virtues enhance the benefits of expressive writing among healthy Chinese? A pilot study. Journal of Mental Health, 23(5), 231–235. doi:10.3109/09638237.2014.924050
