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Abstract

Background

Postnatal care (PNC) is critical for both the mother and the infant to treat delivery complications and provide the mother with important information on caring for herself and her baby. However, only 17% of women and 13% of newborns in Ethiopia received a postnatal checkup within the first two days of birth. This figure is significantly lower than the least developed countries. This study aimed to assess the coverage and associated factors of PNC service utilization in South Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia.

Method

A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2020 to May 2021. The data were gathered using an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire. A total of 434 women who gave birth within 2 years of the study were included in the analysis. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with PNC service utilization.

Result

The prevalence of women who used PNC services was 36.4%. The study showed that antenatal care visit, husbands who have a secondary education, women with a secondary education, daily laborer women, husbands working for the government or non-profit sector, delivered in a health institution, nearby hospitals, travel by car to the nearest health facility were positively associated with PNC utilization. While, not having a cell phone, rural women and not having road access to a health facility, have not been receiving counseling were negatively associated with PNC utilization.

Conclusion

The coverage of PNC service utilization in the study area was extremely low. Therefore, government and health care departments should pay special attention to uneducated women, women in rural areas, and women who are unemployed, are not exposed to mass media, and do not have access to transportation to improve PNC service utilization. Furthermore, programs educating mothers on the benefits of antenatal checkups and safer places of childbirth should be considered to increase PNC service utilization.

Keywords

postnatal care logistic regression South Gondar women utilization

Background

Maternal mortality has been a major focus of public health programs. It is also used to determine the level of development, health, and socioeconomic position of a population. One of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim is to reduce maternal mortality and improve maternal health (Lim et al., 2016; UNICEF, 2016).

In 2017, approximately 295 000 women died during and after pregnancy and childbirth. Most of these deaths (94%) occurred in developing countries and most could have been prevented. Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia accounted for about 86% (254,000) of the estimated global maternal deaths. Sub-Saharan Africa alone accounted for nearly two-thirds (196,000) of maternal deaths, while Southern Asia accounted for nearly one-fifth (58,000) (UNICEF & WHO, 2015). In 2015, maternal mortality was 239 per 100,000 live births in developing countries, compared to 12 per 100,000 live births in developed countries (WHO, 2018). Ethiopia has one of the highest maternal death rates in the developing world. According to 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey, maternal mortality is 412 deaths per 100,000 live births (EDHS). This indicates that Ethiopian women have a 1 in 243 chance of dying over their lifetime. This maternal death rate is much higher than the SDG of 70 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births (CSA, 2016; Tessema et al., 2017). About 75% of all maternal deaths are caused by severe bleeding (usually after childbirth), infections (usually after childbirth), high blood pressure during pregnancy (pre-eclampsia and eclampsia), delivery complications, and botched abortions. Preterm birth, asphyxia, and severe infections were responsible for two-thirds of all neonatal deaths, while hemorrhage and sepsis accounted for 27.1% and 10.7% of maternal mortality, respectively (Gebrehiwot et al., 2018; Say et al., 2014).

Postnatal care (PNC) use is one of the most essential and critical methods for reducing high mother mortality rates. However, Ethiopia is one of the countries with low PNC coverage and a large geographical (urban-rural) gap. As a result, the government of Ethiopia's major initiatives for achieving Universal Health Coverage includes exempted services or cost-sharing for high-priority programs (Health, 2015). PNC services are provided free of charge to village dwellers in Ethiopia, although only 17% of women obtained a postnatal check-up in the EDHS 2016 which is far from 26% of health facilities delivery. Only 18.4% of women received a postnatal checkup within the first two days of delivery in the Amhara region including this study area (CSA & ICF, 2012; Debie & Tesema, 2021).

Review of Literature

The use of PNC services has been attempted to be quantified by several researchers, who have identified some linked characteristics. Several studies have been conducted to investigate the utilization of PNC, as well as the factors that influence it. Several studies have linked it to maternal-related influencing factors such as age of women (Yoseph et al., 2021), educational level of the women (Ahinkorah et al., 2021), occupational status of women and husbands (Ahinkorah et al., 2021), wealth index (Ahinkorah et al., 2021), antenatal care (ANC) (Belachew et al., 2016), media exposure (Ahinkorah et al., 2021), place of delivery (Belachew et al., 2016; Limenih et al., 2016; Somefun & Ibisomi, 2016), wealth index (Mekonnen et al., 2021; Somefun & Ibisomi, 2016). In addition, the utilization of PNC can be affected by other factors, such as time taken to get the nearest health facility (Ndugga et al., 2020), planned and wanted pregnancy (Yoseph et al., 2021), health profession preferred by women, source of information about maternal care, duty service of maternal health care (Ahinkorah et al., 2021), number of living children (Debie & Tesema, 2021), cultural practices (Belachew et al., 2016; Miller et al., 2016), lack of counselling, transportation problem, distance from the health institutions (Hordofa et al., 2015; Mukonka et al., 2018; Somefun & Ibisomi, 2016). Different cultures and socio-economic status within a society have varied factors of PNC service utilization. However, the determinants of utilization of PNC services are not the same across different cultures and socioeconomic status within a society. Determinants of PNC service utilization differ from place to place. In order to improve mother and child health services, it is important to assess factors affecting PNC service utilization in different settings. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the coverage and identify associated factors of PNC service utilization in South Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia.

Methods

Design

A community-based cross-sectional study design was conducted in South Gondar Zone, in the Amhara region of Northwest Ethiopia, from September 2020 to May 2021. Debre Tabor is the capital city of the South Gondar Zone and is located around 666 km from Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia, and 105 km away from Bahir Dar, the capital city of the Amhara region. According to the 2007 Central Statistical Agency Report, the population of South Gondar Zone is 2,051,738, of which 1,041,061 were men and 1,010,677 were women. South Gondar is bordered on the south by East Gojjam, on the southwest by West Gojjam and Bahir Dar, on the west by Lake Tana, on the north by North Gondar, on the northeast by Wag Hemra, on the east by North Wollo, and on the southeast by South Wollo; the Abbay River separates South Gondar from the two Gojjam Zones. Currently, the south Gondar zone had one referral hospital, seven district hospitals, and 94 health centers. In this zone, a total of 468,238 households were counted, resulting in an average of 4.38 people per household. Among 13 woredas in the South Gondar zone four districts/woredas were randomly selected (these randomly selected woredas are Debre Tabor town, Laye Gayint, Libokekem, and Fogera).

Research Questions

Is postnatal care utilization related to the maternal education?

Is postnatal care utilization related to the media exposure, and source of information?

Is the women, and their husbands occupation related to postnatal care utilization?

Is there a relationship between the postnatal care utilization of women's and presence of health facility in kebele?

Is the postnatal care utilization related to the transportation, and road accessibility to the nearest health facility?

Is planned pregnancy, and wanted pregnancy related to postnatal care utilization?

Sample

Prior to the actual data collection, the emphasis was placed on selecting the right sample size, which mostly depended on the study's objective, the available resources, and the precision required. The sample size was determined using a single population proportion formula with the assumption; 95% confidence interval, 4.7% margin of error, 10% estimated non-response rate, and taking 34.6% proportion of PNC utilization in East Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia (Zeleke et al., 2021) then, the required sample size was 434. The study's individuals were assessed using a multi-stage sampling method. To calculate the number of households in each selected kebele, the sample size was distributed proportionally (the smallest administrative unit in Ethiopia). Finally, using computer-generated random numbers in an Excel spreadsheet, simple random sampling was used to choose study participants by name from the sampling frame.

Inclusion Criteria and Exclusion Criteria

All women from 15 to 49 years of age who had given birth within the previous 10 months were eligible for the survey. Women admitted for most of their postnatal periods, women who gave birth more than 10 months ago, and women who had stillbirths were all excluded from the study.

Data Collection Tools and Methods

Data Collection Tool

This instrument was a self-administered survey questionnaire. A validated, pre-tested, and well-structured Amharic version questionnaire with closed-ended questions on PNC was used to collect data. To assure the quality of data, and to determine the reliability of research instruments, pilot study was conducted on 30 respondents who met the inclusion criteria but were not included in the current data set to ensure clarity and applicability of the tools. The researchers developed the questionnaire based on guidelines from the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Ethiopian Ministry of Health and by reviewing different types of literature. Content validity was tested by expert academic members and proved to be valid for use. The research instruments reliability was tested by pilot study and it was found to be reliable. The questionnaire was first written in English and then translated into Amharic to ensure that it was appropriate for approaching research participants, and then back to English by language experts to ensure consistency. The socio-demographic, accessibility, behavioral, and obstetric factors variables were all included in the questionnaire.

Data Collection

After approval from the Institutional Review Board of the higher institute in Debre tabor University, Ethiopia, this research was conducted. Before the data collection date, for ensuring data quality, one-day training was given to supervisors and data collectors on the study's goal, data gathering processes, data collection tools, respondents’ approach, data confidentiality, and respondents’ rights. Proper categorization and coding of the data, completeness, and consistency of the collected data were checked daily during data collection by the supervisor and principal investigators. Double entry and data cleaning were deliberating.

Study Variables

Dependent Variables

The outcome variable was the utilization of PNC services. The variable was developed using the WHO definition of PNC, which is described as seeking postnatal treatment for the mother within 6 weeks of delivery at a dispensary, health center, or hospital (government or private).

Independent Variables

The potential variables associated with PNC service utilization have been selected based on different works of literature (Akibu et al., 2018; Bwalya et al., 2017; Debie & Tesema, 2021; Mosiur Rahman et al., 2011; Seid & Ahmed, 2020; Zeleke et al., 2021). Age of women, religion, education level of women, occupation of women, education level of husband's, husband's occupation, family size, monthly income, own mobile telephone, the decision of maternal care service utilization, access to mass media, residence, and marital status were considered to be explanatory variables within the study.

Statistical Analysis

After data collection, each questionnaire was reviewed for completeness and consistency by principal investigators and supervisor. Data were cleaned, edited, coded, and entered by using SPSS version 25 and exported to R version 4.1.0 for further analysis. The data were analyzed using R statistical software. Categorical variables were summarized using frequencies, percentages, and a bar chart. Bivariate and multivariable binary logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with PNC utilization. Variables that demonstrated statistical significance in bivariate analysis at a p-value of .20 were entered into multivariable logistic regression. To assess the strength of the associations, adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated, and statistical significance was declared at a p-value of .05.

Ethical Clearance

Ethical approval for this study was obtained from Ethical Approval Committee of facility of natural and computational science, Debre Tabor University, Ethiopia. Written informed consent was obtained from each study participant before participation in the study after the objectives of the study were fully explained to them. Each participant signed and returned a written informed consent form. The confidentiality of participants was ensured and guaranteed, all identities have been replaced by codes and numbers in this research. The returned survey questionnaires were kept at the locked place for data security.

Results

Sample Characteristics

A total of 434 mothers participated in the study. The mean age of respondents was 33.63 years with a standard deviation of 7.19. About 188 (43.3%) of the respondents were in the age group of greater than 34 years. Most of the participants 390 (89.9%) were Orthodox and married. Regarding educational status, 194 (44.7%) mothers and 155 (35.7%) respondents’ husbands were unable to read and write. Regarding occupation, 157 (36.2%) mothers and 228 (52.5%) respondents’ husbands were a farmer. More than half, 252 (58.1%) of the respondents were rural residents (Table 1).

Table 1.

Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Respondents in South Gondar Zone.

Variable	Categories	Frequency	Percentage
Age of respondents	<25	48	11.1
	25–29	91	21.0
	30–34	107	24.7
	>34	188	43.3
Respondent religion	Orthodox	390	89.9
	Muslim	37	8.5
	Others	7	1.6
Education level of respondent	Illiterate	194	44.7
	Only read and write (no formal education)	35	8.1
	Primary educated (Grade1–8)	85	19.6
	Secondary school (Grade 9–12)	49	11.3
	Tertiary level	71	16.4
Respondent occupation	Housewife	152	35.0
	Farmer	157	36.2
	Governmental or non-governmental employed	62	14.3
	Merchant	55	12.7
	Daily Laborer	8	1.8
Education level of husband's	Illiterate	155	35.7
	Only read and write (no formal education)	57	13.1
	Primary educated (Grade1–8)	75	17.3
	Secondary school (Grade 9–12)	60	13.8
	Tertiary level	87	20.0
Husband's occupation	Farmer	228	52.5
	Governmental or non-governmental employed	100	23.0
	Merchant	81	18.7
	Daily Laborer	25	5.8
Family size	2–4	175	40.3
	5–7	188	43.3
	8 and above	71	16.4
Monthly income (in Birr)	< = 1000	63	14.5
	1001–2500	124	28.6
	2501–5000	177	40.8
	5001 and above	70	16.1
Owns mobile telephone	No	209	48.2
Owns mobile telephone	Yes	225	51.8
Decision of maternal care service utilization	Husband	14	3.2
	Wife	90	20.7
	Both	330	76.0
Access to mass media	Exposed to mass media	190	43.8
Access to mass media	Not exposed to mass media	244	56.2
Residence	Urban	182	41.9
Residence	Rural	252	58.1
Marital status	Married	390	89.9
	Divorced	24	5.5
	Windowed	14	3.2
	Single	6	1.4

Approximately three-fourths, 321 (74%) of participants had their first pregnancy after age 19 years. Most, 369 (85.0%) of pregnancies were wanted and planned. Above half of, 241 (55.5%) respondents had less than four living children while 193 (44.5%) reported having more than three living children. Around one-fourth, 197 (45.4%) of the respondents was their first pregnancy. About 79 (18.2%) of women had a history of abortion and 68 (15.7%) of the respondent had a history of neonatal death. Nearly half, 205 (47.2%) of the respondents were married between the age of 20–24 years (Table 2).

Table 2.

Obstetric Characteristics of Respondents in South Gondar Zone.

Variable	Categories	Frequency	Percentage
Birth order	First	81	18.7
	2–3	156	35.9
	4 and above	197	45.4
Counseling about maternal health care	No	90	20.7
Counseling about maternal health care	Yes	344	79.3
Size of child at birth	Small	111	25.6
	Average	240	55.3
	Large	83	19.1
Maternal health insurance	No	162	37.3
Maternal health insurance	Yes	272	62.7
Health Provider Behavior	Good	364	83.9
Health Provider Behavior	Poor	70	16.1
Post delivery shelter	No	42	9.7
Post delivery shelter	Yes	392	90.3
Health facility in kebele	No	61	14.1
Health facility in kebele	Yes	373	85.9
Nearest health institution	Health center	387	89.2
	Privet clinic	14	3.2
	Hospital	33	7.6
Duty service of maternal health care	No	172	39.6
Duty service of maternal health care	Yes	262	60.4
Transportation	On foot	293	67.5
Transportation	By car	141	32.5
Number of living children	1–3	241	55.5
Number of living children	4 and above	193	44.5
Experienced child death	No	325	74.9
Experienced child death	Yes	109	25.1
Road accessibility to the HF	No	235	54.1
Road accessibility to the HF	Yes	199	45.9
Place of previous delivery	Home	187	43.1
Place of previous delivery	Health institution	247	56.9
Did you face any health problem in the last pregnancy?	No	279	64.3
Did you face any health problem in the last pregnancy?	Yes	155	35.7
Planned pregnancy	No	65	15.0
Planned pregnancy	Yes	369	85.0
Wanted pregnancy	No	65	15.0
Wanted pregnancy	Yes	369	85.0
Experienced death of neonate age less than seven day	No	366	84.3
Experienced death of neonate age less than seven day	Yes	68	15.7
History of abortion	No	355	81.8
History of abortion	Yes	79	18.2
Age at first pregnancy	<20	113	26.0
Age at first pregnancy	> = 20	321	74.0
Age at first marriage	Less than 15	57	13.1
	15–19	146	33.6
	20–24	205	47.2
	> = 25	26	6.0
The time taken to get the nearest health facility	Below 1 h	243	56.0
	1–2 h	162	37.3
	Above 2 h	29	6.7

Prevalence of Postnatal Care Utilization

The prevalence of PNC in the south Gondar zone is shown in Figure 1. The percentage of women who used PNC services was 36.41%. Majority of women (63.59%) were not used PNC (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

The prevalence of PNC utilization in South Gonder Zone.

Factors Associated With Postnatal Care Utilization Among Reproductive-age Women

Table 3 summarizes the results of bivariate and multivariable binary logistic regression analysis. The study indicated that maternal education, maternal occupation, husbands education, husbands occupation, media exposure, time taken to get the nearest health facility, planned pregnancy, wanted pregnancy, health profession preferred by women, source of information about maternal care, media exposure, residence, duty service of maternal health care, number of living children, road accessibility to the nearest health facility, health provider behavior, presence of health facility in kebele, transportation, family size were significantly associated with PNC utilization.

Table 3.

Factors Associated With Postnatal Care Utilization in South Gondar Zone.

Variables	Postnatal care (PNC)		COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
Variables	No (%)	Yes (%)	COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
Education level of women
Illiterate	161 (58.3)	33 (20.9)	1	1
Only read and write (no formal education)	18 (6.5)	17 (10.8)	4.608 (2.152, 9.866)*	3.931 (1.757, 8.795)*
Primary educated (Grade 1–8)	51 (18.5)	34 (21.5)	3.253 (1.833, 5.770)*	3.490 (1.841, 6.616)*
Secondary school (Grade 9–12)	16 (5.8)	33 (20.9)	10.062 (4.973,20.361)*	9.967 (4.472, 13.212)*
Tertiary level	30 (10.9)	41 (25.9)	6.668 (3.653, 12.170)*	8.039 (3.156, 20.480)*
Respondent occupation
Housewife	78 (28.3)	74 (46.8)	1	1
Farmer	127 (46.0)	30 (19.0)	0.249 (0.150, 0.414)*	0.536 (0.298, 0.965)*
Governmental or non-governmental employee	28 (10.1)	34 (21.5)	1.280 (0.708, 2.315)	0.510 (0.212, 1.229)
Merchant	41 (14.9)	14 (8.9)	0.360 (0.181, 0.714)*	0.306 (0.144, 0.648)*
Daily Laborer	2 (0.7)	6 (3.8)	3.162 (0.619, 6.165)	5.900 (1.064, 9.701)*
Education level of husband's
Illiterate	121 (43.8)	34 (21.5)	1	1
Only read and write (no formal education)	42 (15.2)	15 (9.5)	1.271 (0.630, 2.564)	1.174 (0.575, 2.398)
Primary educated (Grade 1–8)	53 (19.2)	22 (13.9)	1.477 (0.790, 2.763)	1.113 (0.562, 2.201)
Secondary school (Grade 9–12)	22 (8.0)	38 (24.1)	6.147 (3.214, 11.756)*	4.082 (1.933, 8.622)*
Tertiary level	38 (13.8)	49 (31.0)	4.589 (2.597, 8.110)*	2.610 (1.100, 6.194)*
Husband's occupation
Farmer	175 (63.4)	53 (33.5)	1	1
Governmental or none-governmental employee	44 (15.9)	56 (35.4)	4.202 (2.548, 6.931)*	4.297 (1.989, 9.281)*
Merchant	46 (16.7)	35 (22.2)	2.512 (1.469, 4.296)*	2.760 (1.138, 6.695)*
Daily laborer	11 (4.0)	14 (8.9)	4.202 (1.801, 9.806)*	2.831 (1.083, 7.400)*
Access to mass media
Exposed to mass media	89 (32.2)	10 (63.9)
Not exposed to mass media	187 (67.8)	57 (36.1)	0.269 (0.178, 0.405)*	0.384 (0.244, 0.606)*
The time taken to get the nearest HF
Below 1 h	125 (45.3)	118 (74.7)	1	1
1–2 h	126 (45.7)	36 (22.8)	0.303 (0.193, 0.474)*	0.463 (0.282, 0.761)*
Above 2 h	25 (9.1)	4 (2.5)	0.169 (0.057, 0.502)*	0.256 (0.084, 0.778)*
Place of delivery
Home	116 (42.0)	131 (82.9)	1	1
Health institution	160 (58.0)	27 (17.1)	11.690 (5.268,25.939)*	8.184 (3.616, 18.523)*
Antenatal care (ANC) visit
No			1	1
Yes			3.979 (2.545, 6.221)*	2.573 (1.599, 4.141)*
Health profession preferred by women
Yes	41 (14.9)	92 (58.2)	1	1
No	235 (85.1)	66 (41.8)	0.125 (0.079,0.198)*	0.131 (0.08, 0.213)*
Counseling about PNC
Yes	196 (71.0)	148 (93.7)	1	1
No	80 (29.0)	10 (6.3)	0.166 (0.083, 0.330)*	0.145 (0.070, 0.300)*
Owns mobile telephone
Yes	105 (38.0)	120 (75.9)
No	171 (62.0)	38 (24.1)	0.194 (0.125, 0.301)*	0.208 (0.132, 0.329)*
Residence
Urban	87 (31.5)	95 (60.1)	1	1
Rural	189 (68.5)	63 (39.9)	0.588 (0.367, 0.942)*	0.584 (0.364, 0.936)*
Road accessibility to the HF
Yes	86 (31.2)	113 (71.5)	1	1
No	190 (68.8)	45 (28.5)	0.230 (0.143, 0.370)*	0.227 (0.140, 0.366)*
Health facility in the kebele
Yes	230 (83.3)	143 (90.5)	1	1
No	46 (16.7)	15 (9.5)	0.524 (0.282, 0.974)*	0.479 (0.253, 0.905)*
Nearest health institution
Health center	255 (92.4)	132 (83.5)
Privet clinic	9 (3.3)	5 (3.2)	1.073 (0.353, 3.267)*	1.028 (0.336, 3.144)*
Hospital	12 (4.3)	21 (13.3)	3.381 (1.613, 7.084)*	3.650 (1.720, 7.747)*
Duty service of maternal health care
Yes	149 (54.0)	113 (71.5)	1	1
No	127 (46.0)	45 (28.5)	0.513 (0.335, 0.787)*	0.467 (0.307, 0.710)*
Transportation to health facility
On foot	221 (80.1)	72 (45.6)
By car	55 (19.9)	86 (54.4)	4.799 (3.121, 7.381)*	4.341 (2.794, 6.745)*
Family size
2–4	96 (34.8)	79 (50.0)	1	1
5–7	127 (46.0)	61 (38.6)	0.584 (0.381, 0.894)*	0.570 (0.352, 0.925)*
8 and above	53 (19.2)	18 (11.4)	0.413 (0.224, 0.761)*	0.407 (0.206, 0.803)*
Number of living child
1–3	131 (47.5)	110 (69.6)	1	1
4 and above	145 (52.5)	48 (30.4)	0.394 (0.261, 0.596)*	0.385 (0.204, 0.725)*

ANC = antenatal care; AOR = adjusted odds ratio; COR = crude odds ratio; HF = health facility; PNC = postnatal care; 1 = reference category.

*Significance at 5% of level of significance.

Relative to women who had no ANC visits, those who had one or more ANC visits were 2.573 (AOR = 2.573; 95%CI: 1.599, 4.141) times more likely to use PNC services. Women with a husband with a secondary education were 4.082 (AOR = 4.082; 95%CI: 1.933, 8.622) times more likely to use PNC than women with an illiterate husband. In comparison to uneducated women, women who completed secondary school were 9.967 (AOR = 9.967; 95%CI: 4.472, 13.212) times more likely to use PNC. In comparison to housewife women, daily laborer women were 5.9 (AOR = 5.900; 95%CI: 1.064, 9.701) times more likely to use PNC services. Women whose husbands worked for the government or non-profit sector were 4.297 (AOR = 4.297; 95%CI: 1.989, 9.281) times more likely to use PNC services than women whose husbands worked as farmers. The odds of PNC service utilization were lower for women who had no media exposure than media users (AOR = 0.384; 95%CI: 0.244, 0.606). When compared to when it took less than 2 h to get to the nearest health institution, people who took more than 2 h were 74.4% (AOR = 0.256; 95%CI: 0.084, 0.778) less likely to use PNC services. When compared to women who were delivered at home, women who were delivered in a health institution were 8.184 (AOR = 8.184; 95%CI: 3.616, 18.523) times more likely to use PNC services. Women who did not choose a health profession for health care service were 86.9% less likely to use PNC services than women who did. When compared to women who own a cell phone, women who do not own a cell phone were 79.2% (AOR = 0.208; 95%CI: 0.132, 0.329) less likely to use PNC service. Rural women were 54.6% (AOR = 0.584; 95%CI: 0.364, 0.936) less likely to use PNC service than urban women. When compared to women who had road access to the health facility, women who do not have road access to the health facility were 77.3% (AOR = 0. 227; 95%CI: 0.140, 0.366) less likely to use PNC service. Women who had not been counseled about PNC during their ANC visits were 85.5% (AOR = 0.145; 95% CI: 0.070, 0.300) less likely to use PNC than mothers who had been counseled. The odds of using PNC services among women who go to the nearest health facility by car were 4.341 (AOR = 4.341; 95%CI: 2.794, 6.745) higher than those women who go on foot. Women who did not own a mobile phone were 0.208 (AOR = 0.208; 95% CI: 0.132, 0.329) times less likely to use PNC services than those who did. Women who did not have a health facility in their kebele had (AOR = 0.479; 95% CI: 0.253, 0.905) a lower likelihood of using PNC services than women who did. Women whose nearest health institution is a hospital were 3.650 (AOR = 3.650; 95% CI: 1.720, 7.747) times more likely to use PNC services than those women whose nearest health institution is a health center. Women with a household size of eight or more were 0.407 (AOR = 0.407; 95% CI: 0.206, 0.803) times less likely to use PNC services than women with a household size of four or less. Women with eight or more children were 0.385 (AOR = 0.385; 95% CI: 0.204, 0.725) times less likely to use PNC services than women with four or fewer children. Women whose husbands worked in government or non-government were 4.297 (AOR = 4.297; 95% CI: 1.989, 9.281) times more likely to use PNC services than women whose husbands were farmers (Table 3).

Discussion

In developing countries, PNC is one of the most effective strategies for improving maternal health outcomes. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to look into the prevalence and predictors of PNC use among women aged 15–49 in the South Gondar Zone. The coverage of PNC service utilization was 36.4% in south Gondar Zone. This prevalence is lower than that recorded in Ugandan (50%) (Ndugga et al., 2020), Zambia (55% %) (Bwalya et al., 2017), Debre Birhan Town, North Ethiopia (83.3%) (Angore et al., 2018), Indonesia (78.4%) (Idris & Syafriyanti, 2021), rural Ghana (74%) (Appiah et al., 2021), and sub-Saharan Africa countries (52.48%) (Tessema et al., 2020). It is, however, higher than what was reported in East Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia (34.6%) (Zeleke et al., 2021), Northern Shoa, Ethiopia (28.4%) (Akibu et al., 2018), Tigray, Northern Ethiopia (8%) (Berhe et al., 2019), Ezha district of southern Ethiopia (23.9%) (Habte et al., 2021), and rural Myanmar (25.20%) (Mon et al., 2018). The observed difference could be caused by differences in healthcare infrastructure and socio-cultural differences between countries. The possible causes of these differences include a variety of complex factors such as policy variations against maternal health services, variability in the quality of care, and other factors such as circumstances, value, and understandings of PNC services.

ANC visit is one of the factors that influence the utilization of PNC services. In comparison to women who had no ANC visits, those who had one or more ANC visits were more likely to use PNC services. The finding is similar to study conducted in Bangladesh (Adane et al., 2020b), Halaba kulito town, Southern Ethiopia (Abebo & Tesfaye, 2018), Uganda (Ndugga et al., 2020), and Mwingi district, Kenya (Nzioki et al., 2015). This is due to the fact that mothers who utilize ANC services during pregnancy are more likely to engage with health workers, who can influence mothers’ decisions about whether or not to use PNC services. ANC visits, in particular, can improve mothers’ motivation to use sustainable maternal health care, such as giving birth with the help of health workers and using PNC services.

When compared to women who gave birth at home, those who gave birth at a health facility were more likely to use PNC services. The finding is similar to studies conducted in Ugandan (Ndugga et al., 2020), Halaba Kulito town, Southern Ethiopia (Abebo & Tesfaye, 2018), Ethiopia (Adane et al., 2020; Ayele et al., 2019), and Bangladesh (Adane et al., 2020b). This could be due to women who give birth in a health facility have a better chance of being informed, and educated about the different types, benefits, and options for PNC services, as well as the danger signals of postpartum depression.

Rural women were less likely to use the PNC service than urban women. This finding is supported by the studies conducted in Zimbabwe and Ethiopia (Adane et al., 2020; Muchabaiwa et al., 2012), and Swaziland and Uganda (Ndugga et al., 2020; Tsawe et al., 2015). The reason for this could be that urban women have better education, access to health care, and are more aware of the importance of PNC service utilization (Fenta et al., 2021).

The education level of women and husbands had positively associated with PNC services. Educated women were more likely to use PNC services than uneducated women. This is consistent with results from studies in Ethiopia (Adane et al., 2020), Bangladesh (Adane et al., 2020b), Nigeria (Igboanusi et al., 2019; Sydavong & Goto, 2019), Uganda (Ndugga et al., 2020), and Mwingi district, Kenya (Nzioki et al., 2015). This may be because education plays an important role in enhancing female autonomy and assisting women in developing greater confidence and capability in making health-related decisions for themselves. As a result, literate women seek out higher-quality health services and have a greater ability to use health-care inputs that result in better health outcomes. Women whose husbands were literate were more likely to use PNC than women whose husbands were illiterate. This finding was supported by the studies done in Ethiopia (Adane et al., 2020b), Bangladesh (Adane et al., 2020b), Nigeria (Igboanusi et al., 2019; Ononokpono et al., 2020). The potential explanation for this may be that educated husbands communicate better with their wives and are more willing to discuss the use of PNC services as well as other maternal health services (Adane et al., 2020b). This could also give their wives more independence (Tarekegn et al., 2014).

Women who had no exposure to the media were less likely to use PNC services than women who had exposure to the media. This finding was supported by the studies done in Ethiopia (Seid & Ahmed, 2020), Nigeria (Igboanusi et al., 2019; Ononokpono et al., 2020), and Uganda (Ndugga et al., 2020). The possible explanation for this result may be that women who had media exposure could have adequate information about maternal health care services. Women who have access to the media have been found to have more ANC visits, allowing them to learn about the benefits of PNC after birth (Seid & Ahmed, 2020).

In comparison to housewife women, Women who worked daily labor were more likely to use PNC services. This result was in line with the studies conducted in rural Ghana (Appiah et al., 2021), and Mwingi district, Kenya (Nzioki et al., 2015). Working mothers can boost their financial ability to benefit from health promotion and make independent decisions about whether or not to use health services (Izudi & Amongin, 2015). Furthermore, the status of women in working households has an impact on their decision to utilize health services: women who work independently are more likely to use health services than those who are reliant on their husbands or other family members (Fawole & Adeoye, 2015). Women whose husbands worked in government or non-government organizations were more likely to use PNC services than women whose husbands were farmers. This finding is in line with findings of studies in Mangochi district, Malawi (Sagawa et al., 2021).

Women who had not received PNC counseling were less likely to use PNC services than women who had. This finding is consistent with the studies conducted in Abi-Adi Town, Tigray, Ethiopia (Alemayeh et al., 2014) and Nepal (Neupane & Doku, 2013). This may be during the postnatal period, mothers who were counseled about the importance of PNC services and the risks associated with them will recognize the value and use PNC.

When compared to when it took less than 2 h to get to the nearest health institution, people who took more than 2 h were less likely to use PNC services. This finding is consistent with a study done in East Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia (34.6%) (Zeleke et al., 2021) and Uganda (Ndugga et al., 2020). Because of the physical difficulties of travel and the high costs of motorized transportation, postpartum women's willingness and ability to seek PNC is limited (Izudi et al., 2017). Women who lived far from the health facility had limited access to health care services after childbirth due to transportation issues and inconvenient geographical and seasonal conditions.

Strengths and Limitations of the Study

The primary data were used to conduct this study. It was more likely that the sampling strategy and study design would produce reliable estimates. It will be possible to address women who were unable to access medical institutions by using a community-based study design. However, using a community-based study design will help to address those mothers who were unable to visit health care facilities. However, because of the cross-sectional nature of the data, there may be a recall bias in the assessment of some variables, despite efforts to reduce recollection biases by informing local events. In addition, the cross-sectional nature of the study limits the capacity to draw any causal implications.

Implications for Practice

PNC is important for maximizing maternal and newborn health. Postnatal visit gives an opportunity for providers to facilitate healthy breastfeeding practices, screen for postpartum depression, and monitor the newborn's growth and overall health status. The postnatal period are a critical phase in the lives of mothers and newborn babies. In this study, the prevalence of postnatal utilization is extremely low. Discussing on the factors of PNC utilization of mothers is essential to ensure that the woman and her child birth have adequate care and to improve PNC utilization. In addition to this finding, Healthcare professionals, including midwives, need to enhance women's counseling regarding PNC utilization. Thus, programs such as training of healthcare providers and information dissemination through social media could break the barriers to PNC utilization. To halt women's’ negative beliefs toward PNC service, community mobilization, including arranging mothers’ conferences, needs to be reinforced. We are also hopeful that the current findings will help the government and other interested parties to address the service inaccessibility issues.

Conclusion

The coverage of PNC service utilization in the South Gondar Zone was extremely low. This study revealed that maternal education, maternal occupation, husbands education, husbands occupation, media exposure, time taken to get the nearest health facility, planned pregnancy, wanted pregnancy, health profession preferred by women, source of information about maternal care, residence, duty service of maternal health care, number of living children, road accessibility to the nearest health facility, health provider behavior, presence of health facility in kebele, transportation, family size were significantly associated with PNC utilization. This suggests that continuity of care has a favorable impact on the use of services. By providing information and instruction to married women, PNC should be strengthened by raising knowledge of its use. In order to encourage the use of PNC services, the concerned body should place a strong emphasis on women's empowerment and institutional delivery. The government and health care department should pay special attention to uneducated women, women who live in rural areas, are unemployed, are not exposed to mass media, and do not have access to transportation to improve PNC service utilization. Furthermore, programs educating mothers on the benefits of antenatal check-ups and safer places of childbirth should be considered to increase PNC service utilization.

Footnotes

Acknowledgment

First, we would like to thank Debre Tabor University, the College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Department of Statistics that allowed us to do research on this interesting area. Lastly, special thanks also go to the study participants, data collectors, and supervisors.

Author Contributions

All authors made substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; took part in drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; agreed to submit to the current journal; gave final approval of the version to be published and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Availability of Data and Materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Ethics Approval

Ethical approval for this study was obtained from Ethical Approval Committee of facility of natural and computational science, Debre Tabor University, Ethiopia (Reference number: RCS/112/2020).

Funding

The authors received the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This study was done by the fund obtained from Debre Tabor University for the design and collection, analysis and interpretation of data. However, the funder has no specific role in the preparation of the manuscript.

Informed Consent

After the objectives of the study were fully explained to them written informed consent was obtained from each study participant before participation in the study.

ORCID iDs

Yikeber Abebaw Moyehodie

Alebachew Taye Belay

Mitiku Wale Muluneh

CORRECTION (January 2023):

This article was updated to correct the authorship.

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Postnatal Care Utilization Coverage and its Associated Factors Among Mothers in South Gondar Zone,Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Background

Method

Result

Conclusion

Keywords

Background

Review of Literature

Methods

Design

Research Questions

Sample

Inclusion Criteria and Exclusion Criteria

Data Collection Tools and Methods

Data Collection Tool

Data Collection

Study Variables

Dependent Variables

Independent Variables

Statistical Analysis

Ethical Clearance

Results

Sample Characteristics

Prevalence of Postnatal Care Utilization

Factors Associated With Postnatal Care Utilization Among Reproductive-age Women

Discussion

Strengths and Limitations of the Study

Implications for Practice

Conclusion

Footnotes

Acknowledgment

Author Contributions

Availability of Data and Materials

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

Ethics Approval

Funding

Informed Consent

ORCID iDs

CORRECTION (January 2023):

References