Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the long-term outcomes of laminoplasty-alone (LP) and combined procedure (CP), consisting of laminoplasty and single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion, in comparable patients who had multilevel degenerative cervical myelopathy (MDCM) with concomitant anterior and posterior compression (CAPC).

Methods

Consecutive MDCM patients with CAPC underwent LP or CP between 2012 and 2015 from a same surgical group were enrolled and followed up for a minimum of 8 years. Preoperative demographic, radiological, and clinical variables were collected. Propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was performed to match patients with comparable conditions. The outcomes were evaluated by postoperative Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score improvement, JOA recovery rate (JOARR) and complications.

Results

A total of 230 patients were included, of whom 146 underwent LP and 84 underwent CP. After PSM, 84 pairs of comparable patients were matched. The matched groups presented fair comparability in preoperative conditions. The CP group had significantly prolonged surgery time and greater blood loss. At the final follow-up, the postoperative JOA scores of LP and CP groups were 14.51 ± 1.79 and 15.47 ± 1.81 (P < 0.001) and the JOARR were 42.5% ± 53.3% and 68.5% ± 35.4%, respectively (P < 0.001). Three (3.6%) patients in the LP group underwent reoperations because of recurrent symptoms (P = 0.081).

Conclusion

Both LP and CP demonstrated considerable long-term neurological recovery in patients with CAPC. The CP showed a significantly higher JOA improvement and JOARR. The combined decompression might be a safe and effective alternative in treating MDCM with CAPC in experienced hands.

Keywords

one-stage combined decompression laminoplasty degenerative cervical myelopathy surgical outcome

Background

Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is a common disease characterized by progressive spinal cord deterioration, which can lead to severe neurological dysfunction in approximately 20% of older patients.^1-4 Multilevel DCM (MDCM), involving three or more intervertebral segments, often presents with severe neurological deficits and concomitant anterior and posterior compression (CAPC).^5-7 The ideal surgical decompression strategy for MDCM with CAPC remains controversial.

Different surgical approaches have been proposed for the treatment of MDCM, including posterior procedures such as laminoplasty or laminectomy with/without fusion, and anterior procedures such as anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) or anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF).^8-10 The posterior laminoplasty (LP) allows for multilevel canal expansion and is generally preferred for treating MDCM patients with CAPC, especially in east Asia.^11,12 However, in some MDCM patients with CAPC who presented with severe ventral compression, LP alone may not be sufficient to provide appropriate decompression (Figure 1). As the severe ventral compression (such as discs and/or osteophytes) might remain after posterior decompression, the ideal neurological recovery could not be achieved. Besides, the cervical disc degeneration may continue to progress, potentially leading to recurrent symptoms which requires reoperation soon. As a result, some surgeons have advocated for a combined procedure (CP) as an alternative for MDCM with CAPC.¹³

Figure 1.

An illustrated case with laminoplasty-alone who presented residual compression and further functional deterioration at 8-year follow-up. A 72-year old female patient presented with an 8-month history of numbness, weakness in left upper limbs, walking difficulty and unstable gait. The preoperative JOA score is 13/17. (A), (B): The preoperative sagittal and axial MRI showed multilevel stenosis with severe ventral compression at C3-4 (with arrow). (C): Preoperative sagittal CT. This patient underwent laminoplasty-alone. At 103 months after surgery, her postoperative JOA was 12. She had no improvement in neurological function and her numbness in left upper limbs worsened. But she still refused to accept secondary anterior decompression. (D), (E): The sagittal and axial MRI at the last follow-up revealed the residual ventral compression. F: The postoperative sagittal CT.

The CP involves performing a posterior decompression (typically laminoplasty) along with an additional anterior decompression (usually ACDF) at the level of the most severe compression, aiming to provide more appropriate decompression (Figure 2).

Figure 2.

An illustrated case with combined procedure consisting of a multilevel laminoplasty and single-level ACDF. A 48-year old male patient presented with a 24-month history of numbness, weakness, pain in upper limbs, and walking difficulty and unstable gait. The preoperative JOA score is 12/17. (A, B) The preoperative sagittal and axial MRI revealed multilevel stenosis and severe ventral compression at C5-6. (C) The preoperative sagittal CT. He had combined procedure with C3-7 laminoplasty and C5-6 ACDF. At 126 months after surgery, this patient had a normal neurological function and mild neck stiffness and has returned to routine life. The postoperative JOA was 17. (D, E) The sagittal and axial MRI at the last follow-up revealed there was no residual ventral compression. (F) The postoperative sagittal CT.

In clinical practice, the choice between CP and laminoplasty for MDCM patients with CAPC is often based on the location and extent of compressive pathology and the preferences of the surgeon. Some surgeons argue that the CP procedure may result in greater surgical trauma and multilevel LP is usually sufficient.^11,12,14,15 Others recommended performing a posterior laminoplasty initially and waiting several weeks for neurological recovery outcomes before deciding whether to proceed with additional anterior decompression (two-stage combined posteroanterior decompression procedure),^16,17 while there are also concerns that two separate admissions and operations might increase overall costs and delay neurological recovery, and one-stage combined procedure could achieve sufficient decompression in one surgery and have advantages in preserving sagittal stability and withstands further possible restenosis.^18,19 Comparison of clinical outcomes of CP and LP-alone for MDCM patients with CAPC was needed to answer this debate.

However, as previous studies focused on short-term efficacy, the long-term outcomes of CP for MDCM patients with CAPC remain unknown.^{7,11-13,20,21} Furthermore, few studies have utilized appropriate statistical methods to control for confounding factors and ensure preoperative homogeneity, resulting in significant selection bias and limiting the reliability and applicability of their findings.

Therefore, controlling for preoperative differences is required to appropriately compare the long-term clinical outcomes of one-stage CP and LP procedures for MDCM patients with CAPC. This study employed propensity score matching (PSM) to achieve preoperative comparability and investigate the long-term surgical outcomes of one-stage CP and LP-alone procedures for MDCM patients with CAPC, with an 8-year follow-up. Our hypothesis is that the one-stage CP might have better efficacy in long-term neurological recovery.

Methods and Materials

Subjects

Approved by the hospital ethics reviewing board, this study was conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (IRB00006761-2016001). Because of the retrospective nature of this study, the need for informed consent was waived. The data from consecutive patients who underwent surgery for DCM between January 2012 and December 2015 at our institute were retrospectively reviewed and the patients with confirmed MDCM and CAPC were collected and followed up. The inclusion criteria are as follows: 1. Radiographically confirmed MDCM with clinical symptoms and signs²²; 2. Confirmed with CAPC (concomitant ventral compression and multilevel stenosis, anterior compression caused by disc herniation with/without osteophyte, and posterior compression by ligamentum flavum infolding); 3. at least three surgical segments were operated with either the laminoplasty-alone (LP-alone) and one-stage combined procedure (CP). And 4. A minimum of 96 months of follow-up. The exclusion criteria were as follows: 1. Surgery involving a spinal tumor or trauma; 2. Cervical kyphosis >10° (C2-7 Cobb angle); 3. Accompanying cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament; and 4. History of previous cervical spine surgery.

The medical records, surgical characteristics, and imaging features were systematically investigated. Based on surgical approaches, patients were divided into LP and CP groups. The design of this study is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3.

The flow chart of the study design, patient recruitment and follow-up. Abbreviation: LP: Laminoplasty, CP: combined procedure, JOA: Japanese orthopedics association score, JOARR: JOA recovery rate, MICD: minimally important clinical difference.

Surgical Management

All surgeries were performed by the three senior spine surgeons from same team. The posterior approach uses multilevel open-door laminoplasty; the one-stage combined approach consisted of an initial multilevel open-door laminoplasty in the prone position (posterior stage), and followed by a single-level ACDF at the level with most severe compression in the supine position (anterior stage).²² The choice of surgical approach was determined based on the characteristics of spinal cord compression and was decided by our spine team discussion.¹³ Generally, the CP procedure is recommended for MDCM patients with CAPC presenting with multilevel spinal canal stenosis and severe ventral compression, whereas the LP procedure is employed for MDCM patients with CAPC presenting with multilevel spinal canal stenosis with or without severe ventral compression. After surgery, patients were advised to wear a soft cervical collar for comfort during the following 4 weeks. Routine follow-up visits were scheduled at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 3 years, 5 years, and 8 years after surgery Figures 4 and 5.

Figure 4.

An illustrated case with concomitant anterior and posterior compression preoperatively who received laminoplasty-alone and presented slight residual compression and favorable functional recovery postoperatively. A 54-year old female patient presented with a 12-month history of numbness, weakness in upper limbs, weakness in lower limbs and walking difficulty and unstable gait. The preoperative JOA score is 12/17. (A, B) The preoperative sagittal and axial MRI revealed multilevel stenosis and severe ventral compression at C3-4. The patient had a C3-7 laminoplasty. At 96 months after surgery, this patient had a normal neurological function and has returned to routine life. The postoperative JOA was 17. (C, D) The postoperative sagittal and axial MRI revealed slight residual cord compression at C3-4.

Figure 5.

An illustrated case with concomitant anterior and posterior compression preoperatively who had laminoplasty-alone and presented slight residual compression and favorable functional recovery postoperatively. A 65-year old female patient presented with a 37-month history of numbness, weakness in upper limbs, walking difficulty and unstable gait. The preoperative JOA score is 12.5/17. (A) The preoperative sagittal MRI revealed multilevel stenosis and severe ventral compression at C5-6 and C6-7. The patient had a C3-7 laminoplasty. At 108 months after surgery, this patient had a normal neurological function with slight numbness in lower limbs and has returned to routine life. The postoperative JOA was 16.5/17. (B) The postoperative sagittal MRI revealed there was slight cord compression at C5-6 and C6-7.

Radiological Measurements

The preoperative radiological examinations were systematically reviewed, including the radiography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Cervical alignments (C2-7 Cobb angle) were measured using lateral radiographs at neutral position.¹⁰ The sagittal occupancy ratio of the canal was measured at the maximal cord compression on the sagittal T2-weighted magnetic resonance images (T2WI) and is calculated by the diameter of anterior compression divided by the anteroposterior diameter of the canal.²³ All measurements were performed twice by trained orthopedic residents.

Outcome Assessments

Preoperative demographics, clinical variables, and surgical characteristics were collected from medical records. The surgical outcomes were evaluated using the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score.^24,25 and the JOA recovery rate (JOARR) a minimum follow-up period of 96 months after surgery.²⁶ The neck disability index (NDI) and visual analogue scale (VAS) were also documented. The JOARR was classified into four recovery grades based on Odom’s standard: <25% (poor), 25%–50% (fair), 50%–75% (good), and >75% (excellent).²⁷ The achievement of minimal clinically important difference (MCID) in JOA score improvement, defined as an improvement of more than 2.5, and the postoperative functional deterioration, defined as a decrease in postoperative JOA score, were documented. The patient-reported satisfactory rates of neurological recovery were also analyzed. These DCM patients were classified based on symptomatology.²⁸

Perioperative complications, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage, wound complications, hematoma, esophageal fistula, C5 palsy, and iatrogenic neurological injury, were assessed using medical records. Other complications, such as dysphagia, dysphonia, C5 palsy, and axial symptoms (including postoperative discomfort in the neck, shoulder, or periscapular region, such as pain, fatigue, stiffness, and tightness), were evaluated at the final follow-up.⁸

Statistical Analysis

The statistical analysis was performed using SAS version 9.2. Categorical and continuous variables were expressed as percentages and mean ± standard deviation, respectively. Chi-square (χ2) tests, analysis of variance, t-tests, or nonparametric analyses were used to assess differences between groups.^12,24,27 PSM was employed to address confounding biases. The propensity score of the surgical procedure was calculated using age, gender, preoperative JOA score, preoperative C2-7 Cobb angle, and sagittal occupancy ratio in a logistic regression model. The C-statistic, indicating the model’s goodness-of-fit, was 0.63, indicating fair efficacy. Patients in the LP and CP groups were matched based on the calculated propensity scores using a caliper of <0.1. Statistical significance was defined as a two-tailed P-value less than 0.05.

Results

Population Characteristics

A total of 268 MDCM patients with CAPC have underwent LP or CP during 2012 to 2015. A minimum of 8-year follow-up were obtained for 230 (85.6%) patients. The average follow-up duration was 106.3 ± 10.9 months. This preliminary cohort consists of 146 patients in LP group and 84 in CP group. Then, the patients in this cohort from the LP and CP groups were matched according to the calculated propensity scores. After PSM, 84 pairs of comparable patients from the LP and CP groups were matched.

Among the 168 matched patients, there were 102 (60.7%) males and 66 (39.3%) females, and the mean age of the matched patients was 56.1 ± 8.8 years. No significant differences were observed in the preoperative baseline demographics, neurological function, or accompanying diseases between the groups (Table 1). Additionally, there were no significant differences between the groups in terms of preoperative cervical C2-7 Cobb angle (P = 0.313) or sagittal occupancy ratio of the canal (P = 0.114). The preoperative JOA scores for the LP and CP groups were 11.79 ± 2.38 and 11.70 ± 2.40, respectively (P = 0.910). The average total follow-up periods for the LP and CP groups were 106.3 ± 9.7 and 106.4 ± 12.0 months, respectively (P = 0.827).

Table 1.

The Baseline Demographic, Clinical and Radiological Characteristics of Laminoplasty-Alone and Combine Procedure Groups Before and After Propensity Score Matching.

Variable	Before Propensity Score Matching			After Propensity Score Matching
Variable	LP Group (N = 146)	CP Group (N = 84)	P Value	LP Group (N = 84)	CP Group (N = 84)	P Value
Age (yr)	56.9 ± 9.8	56.0 ± 8.2	0.628	56.3 ± 9.5	56.0 ± 8.2	0.919
Male sex	83 (56.8%)	54 (64.3%)	0.270	48 (57.1%)	54 (64.3%)	0.345
Diabetes mellitus	13 (8.9%)	8 (9.5%)	0.875	7 (8.3%)	8 (9.5%)	0.787
Hypertension	30 (20.5%)	23 (27.4%)	0.237	20 (23.8%)	23 (27.4%)	0.597
Developmental canal stenosis	49 (33.6%)	37 (44.0%)	0.114	29 (34.5%)	37 (44.0%)	0.208
Sagittal occupancy ratio of canal	40.9% ± 13.4%	48.5% ± 11.1%	0.001	45.9% ± 12.4%	48.5% ± 11.1%	0.114
C2-7 cobb angle (°)	9.7 ± 10.5	7.8 ± 11.3	0.123	9.2 ± 11.0	7.8 ± 11.3	0.313
Follow-up Durations (months)	106.6 ± 9.4	106.4 ± 12.0	0.628	106.3 ± 9.7	106.4 ± 12.0	0.827
Preoperative NDI	5.6 ± 8.5	4.5 ± 5.9	0.705	4.2 ± 6.2	4.5 ± 5.9	0.763
Preoperative JOA	11.75 ± 2.25	11.7 ± 2.4	0.919	11.79 ± 2.38	11.70 ± 2.40	0.910

Abbreviations: JOA, Japanese orthopedics association score; ISI, increased signal intensity; NDI, Neck disability index. The results are presented as mean ± standard deviation, number (percentage), or number only.

Based on the symptom classifications of these patients (Table 2), 88 (60.3%) and 58 (69.0%) patients, respectively, had transverse symptom in the LP group and CP group before the PSM. After PSM, there were 53 (63.1%) and 58 (69.0%) patients with transverse symptom. These two groups did not did not present significant difference in symptomatology classification (P = 0.644).

Table 2.

The Symptomatology Classification of Patients in Laminoplasty-Alone and Combine Procedure Groups Before and After Propensity Score Matching.

	Type	Anterior(I)	Central (II)	Posterior (III)	Hemilateral (IV)	Transverse(V)	In Total	P Value
Before PSM	LP	15 (10.3%)	14 (9.6%)	19 (13.0%)	10 (6.8%)	88 (60.3%)	146	0.596
Before PSM	CP	6 (7.1%)	6 (7.1%)	7 (8.3%)	7 (8.3%)	58 (69.0%)	84	0.596
After PSM	LP	8 (9.5%)	8 (9.5%)	11 (13.1%)	4 (4.8%)	53 (63.1%)	84	0.644
After PSM	CP	6 (7.1%)	6 (7.1%)	7 (8.3%)	7 (8.3%)	58 (69.0%)	84	0.644

Operation

The average number of segments operated on in the LP and CP groups was 4.9 ± 0.5 and 5.0 ± 0.3, respectively (P = 0.297). The CP group had a longer surgery duration (223.0 ± 53.7 min and 142.0 ± 43.5 min, respectively, P < 0.001) and greater blood loss compared to the LP group (340.1 ± 216.2 mL and 297.4 ± 233.5 mL, respectively, P = 0.007) (Table 2).

The overall complication rate did not differ significantly between the groups. No severe perioperative complications such as paralysis, esophageal fistula, iatrogenic neurological injury, or hematoma were observed in either group. In the CP group, two cases of CSF leakage, one case of C5 palsy, and one wound complication were reported. In the LP group, three cases of C5 palsy were reported. At the final follow-up, four patients (4.8%) in the CP group and one patient in the LP group reported dysphagia (P = 0.174). Additionally, 11 patients (13.1%) in the LP group and 10 patients (11.9%) in the CP group reported axial symptoms (P = 0.317). Three patients (3.6%) in the LP group underwent reoperation due to recurrent symptoms, while no reoperations were performed in the CP group (P = 0.081).

Surgical Outcome

At the final follow-up, both the LP and CP groups showed significant improvement in postoperative JOA scores (14.51 ± 1.79 and 15.47 ± 1.81, respectively, P < 0.001) (Table 3). The improvement in JOA scores was 2.72 ± 2.71 for the LP group and 3.76 ± 2.67 for the CP group (P = 0.026). The CP group had a significantly higher JOARR than the LP group, and the JOARRs for the LP-alone and CP groups were 42.47% ± 53.25% and 68.52% ± 35.35%, respectively (P < 0.001).

Table 3.

The Surgery and Complication Characteristics in LP and CP Groups.

Variable	LP Group (N = 84)	CP Group (N = 84)	P Value
Segments operated on	4.9 ± 0.5	5.0 ± 0.3	0.297
Surgery Duration (mins)	142.0 ± 43.5	223 ± 53.7	<0.001
Blood Loss (ml)	297.4 ± 233.5	340.1 ± 216.2	0.007
Axial symptoms	11 (13.1%)	10 (11.9%)	0.816
Reoperation	3 (3.6%)	0.00	0.081
Dysphagia	1 (1.2%)	4 (4.8%)	0.174
Wound complications	2 (2.4%)	1 (1.2%)	0.561
CSF leakage	0.00	2 (2.4%)	0.156
C5 palsy	3 (3.6%)	1 (1.2%)	0.313

Abbreviations: CSF, cerebral spinal fluid. The results are presented as mean ± standard deviation, number (percentage), or number only.

In terms of JOARR grade, 18 patients (21.4%) in the LP group and 5 patients (6%) in the CP group reported poor recovery, 13 patients (15.5%) in both groups reported fair recovery, 32 patients (38.1%) in the LP group and 22 patients (26.2%) in the CP group reported good recovery, and 21 patients (25%) in the LP group and 44 patients (52.4%) in the CP group reported excellent recovery.

There were 50 (59.5%) and 59 (70.2%) patients achieving MCID in JOA improvements in the LP group and CP groups, and no significant difference was found in the ratio of patients achieving MCID between groups (P = 0.147). There were 53 (63.1%) patients in the LP group and 66 (78.6%) patients in the CP group reported satisfaction with the recovery (P = 0.028). Fourteen (16.7%) and 3 (3.6%) patients in the LP-alone and CP group reported decreased JOA scores compared to their preoperative conditions (P = 0.005) Table 4.

Table 4.

The Long-Term Surgical Outcomes in LP-Alone and CP Groups.

Variable	LP Group (N = 84)	CP Group (N = 84)	P value
Postoperative NDI	2.0 ± 3.9	2.0 ± 4.3	0.926
NDI improvements	2.2 ± 7.6	2.4 ± 7.9	0.598
Postoperative JOA	14.51 ± 1.79	15.47 ± 1.81	<0.001
JOA improvement	2.72 ± 2.71	3.76 ± 2.67	0.026
JOARR	42.47% ± 53.25%	68.52% ± 35.35%	<0.001
JOARR grade
Poor recovery (JOARR<25%)	18 (21.4%)	5 (6.0%)
Fair recovery (25%≤JOARR<50%)	13 (15.5%)	13 (15.5%)
Good recovery (50%≤JOARR<75%)	32 (38.1%)	22 (26.2%)
Excellent recovery (75%≤JOARR)	21 (25%)	44 (52.4%)
Satisfaction with recovery	53 (63.1%)	66 (78.6%)	0.028
Achieving MCID in JOA improvement	50 (59.5%)	59 (70.2%)	0.147
Further functional deterioration	14 (16.7%)	3 (3.6%)	0.005

Abbreviations: JOARR, JOA score recovery rate; NDI: Neck disability index, MCID, minimally clinical important difference. The results are presented as mean ± standard deviation, number (percentage), or number only.

Discussion

Our study demonstrated that both laminoplasty-alone and one-stage combined procedure could improve the neurological function of patients with MDCM over an 8-year follow-up period. In patients with comparable preoperative conditions, the CP presented better neurological function preservation than the LP. The combined procedure might be an effective alternative in treatment for MDCM patients with CAPC.

The ideal decompression choice for MDCM patients with CAPC remains challenging. Generally, the LP procedure is the most common choice for MDCM with CAPC,⁷ especially in East Asia. The LP procedure allows for multilevel canal expansion through a single incision, facilitating posterior drifting of the spinal cord and providing adequate decompression and favorable neurological recovery in most cases. However, in patients with severe anterior compression or loss of cervical lordosis, laminoplasty-alone may not achieve sufficient decompression, leading to unsatisfactory neurological outcomes.²⁹ (Figure 1). Furthermore, some patients might experience postoperative function decline after further disc degeneration, which requires reoperation.³⁰ Faced with this difficulty, some surgeons proposed two-stage combined decompression as an alternative approach for these patients. However, there are limitations with implementing this procedure in clinical practice.^16,17 The two separate admissions and operations increases overall costs, surgical trauma, risk and pain, and the patients’ compliance with the additional surgery is restricted by many real-world difficulties. The patients who require two-stage combined decompression could not always receive the necessary surgery, leading to poor neurological recovery and impacted quality of life.

Therefore, the one-staged CP was considered as a valuable alternative for selected patients with MDCM and CAPC in clinical practice, particularly those with severe ventral compression and a higher risk of inadequate decompression with laminoplasty-alone. Some studies have compared the short-term efficacy of CP and LP-alone, however, the results were not consistent and the long-term effectiveness of this procedure remains unclear.^{7,11-13,20,21} Furthermore, previous studies have not adequately controlled for the selection bias and baseline confounders when comparing different approaches. Therefore, using PSM analysis, this study aimed to match patients with preoperative homogeneity, there for reducing potential selection bias.

After PSM, both CP and LP groups presented similar preoperative clinical and radiological characteristics, including fair cervical lordosis and severe ventral compression. Furthermore, the patients showed similar distribution in symptomatology classification with high proportion of transverse symptoms. After an over 8-year follow-up, most patients in both groups maintained MCID in postoperative JOA improvement, with no significant difference between the groups. However, the CP group showed significantly greater improvements in JOA scores and higher JOARR, and presented significant advantages in preventing further functional deterioration and improving overall satisfactory rate. Possible explanations for this superiority might be that in the CP group, the direct thorough anterior decompression eliminate the risk of insufficient decompression and further degeneration of responsible disc. Additionally, the anterior fixation in CP helps to maintain cervical alignment and prevent further kyphosis, which can lead to neurological deterioration. Further investigations incorporating radiological characteristics at the final follow-up are needed to clarify these mechanisms.

Safety, technical complexity, and the extent of surgical trauma are significant factors that impact surgical planning. Obviously, the CP has greater technical complexity and surgical trauma compared to LP-alone, which may result in increased blood loss, prolonged surgical duration, and possibly a higher risk of complications. Fehlings et al.³¹ reported that the CP had an increased incidence of complications, especially dysphagia. However, Li et al.¹¹ described the CP had a comparable perioperative and short-term complication rate as LP. In this study, the one-stage CP demonstrated a significant longer surgical duration and greater blood loss. However, there were no significant differences in the overall complication rate between the two groups. The CP presented a higher incidence of complications related to anterior fusion (such as dysphagia), but this difference was not statistically significant. Additionally, the reoperation rate was lower in the CP group compared to the LP group, and lower than the reported incidence of 2% to 3.2% for LP procedures in previous literature.^32,33

In conclusion, the CP procedure might be an effective method for MDCM patients with CAPC, especially preserved for patients who faced higher risk of insufficient decompression and re-degeneration by LP alone, but only should be performed in experienced hands after cautious consideration of its technical complexity and invasiveness. On the one hand, the CP procedure presented kind of efficacy in preventing long-term further neurological functional deterioration and lead to higher satisfactory rate. On the other hand, the CP also carries considerations of being a more invasive procedure with greater surgical trauma, prolonged surgical duration and possible anterior fusion related complications. We advocate that surgeons carefully analyze the compression characteristics and potential risk of insufficient decompression and re-degeneration of each patient, and make individualized decompression strategy for MDCM patients with CAPC. Further investigation to identify the risk factors of insufficient decompression and postoperative further functional deterioration after LP would help to determine the precise indications of CP in MDCM patients.

Our study has certain limitations. Firstly, due to its retrospective nature, this study lacked randomization, which could introduce biases and limitations in acceptability of the results. Further multicenter prospective studies with large sample sizes and continuous follow-ups will enable further investigation of neurological recovery over time. Secondly, this study lacks the analysis of long-term radiological outcome of LP and CP. Further investigations involving postoperative radiographic characteristics and radiomics would help to clarify possible mechanisms the superiority of CP in clinical function.³⁴

Conclusion

Both the LP and CP groups demonstrated considerable long-term neurological recovery in MDCM patients with CAPC. In the patients with comparable preoperative conditions, the CP group showed a significantly higher JOA improvement and JOARR, but no significant difference was observed in the ratio of achieving MCID in JOA improvement. The combined decompression might be a safe and effective alternative for experienced hands in treatment for MDCM with CAPC, while also needs cautious considerations because of its invasiveness.

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

We thank Miss Qianqian Li for her help in data analysis.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by the This study was supported by the Peking University Third Hospital Research Foundation (NO. BYSYZD2019005).

Ethical Statement

ORCID iD

Ruomu Qu

Data Availability Statement

Research data supporting this publication are available from the Peking University Third Hospital, but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly.

References

Karadimas

Erwin

Ely

Dettori

Fehlings

. Pathophysiology and natural history of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine. 2013;38(22 Suppl 1):S21-S36. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182a7f2c3.

Furlan

Kalsi-Ryan

Kailaya-Vasan

Massicotte

Fehlings

. Functional and clinical outcomes following surgical treatment in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a prospective study of 81 cases. J Neurosurg Spine. 2011;14(3):348-355. doi:10.3171/2010.10.SPINE091029.

Badhiwala

Ahuja

Akbar

, et al. Degenerative cervical myelopathy:-update and future directions. Nat Rev Neurol. 2020;16(2):108-124. doi:10.1038/s41582-019-0303-0.

Akter

Qin

, et al. The pathophysiology of degenerative cervical myelopathy and the physiology of recovery following decompression [published correction appears in front neurosci. Front Neurosci. 2020;14:138. doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00138.

Kalsi-Ryan

Karadimas

Fehlings

. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: the clinical phenomenon and the current pathobiology of an increasingly prevalent and devastating disorder. The Neuroscientist: a review journal bringing neurobiology. Neurology and Psychiatry. 2013;19(4):409-421. doi:10.1177/1073858412467377.

Kim

Tetreault

Massicotte

, et al. Differential diagnosis for cervical spondylotic myelopathy: literature review. Spine. 2013;38(22 Suppl 1):S78-S88. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182a7eb06.

Zhou

Cai

Wang

Xia

Wang

. Posterior or single-stage combined anterior and posterior approach decompression for treating complex cervical spondylotic myelopathy coincident multilevel anterior and posterior compression. Clin Spine Surg. 2017;30(10):E1343-E1351. doi:10.1097/BSD.0000000000000437.

Harry

Steven

Frank

Gordon

Richard

. Rothman-Simeone the Spine. 6th ed. London, UK: Saunders; 2011:762-790.

Ghogawala

Terrin

Dunbar

, et al. Effect of ventral vs dorsal spinal surgery on patient-reported physical functioning in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021;325(10):942-951. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.1233.

10.

Takeshita

Murakami

Kobayashi

Nakamura

. Relationship between cervical curvature index (Ishihara) and cervical spine angle (C2--7). J Orthop Sci. 2001;6(3):223-226. doi:10.1007/s007760100038.

11.

Jiang

Liu

, et al. Different approaches for treating multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a retrospective study of 153 cases from a single spinal center. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0140031. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140031.

12.

Wen

Wong

Long

, et al. Effectiveness of 3 surgical decompression strategies for treatment of multilevel cervical myelopathy in 3 spinal centers in China: a retrospective study. Spine. 2012;37(17):1463-1469. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e31824ff9bc.

13.

Shamji

Massicotte

Traynelis

Norvell

Hermsmeyer

Fehlings

. Comparison of anterior surgical options for the treatment of multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a systematic review. Spine. 2013;38(22 Suppl 1):S195-S209. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182a7eb27.

14.

Lawrence

Shamji

Traynelis

, et al. Surgical management of degenerative cervical myelopathy: a consensus statement. Spine. 2013;38(22 Suppl 1):S171-S172. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182a7f4ff.

15.

Abumi

. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: posterior decompression and pedicle screw fixation. Eur Spine J. 2015;24(Suppl 2):186-196. doi:10.1007/s00586-015-3838-9.

16.

Suda

Abumi

Ito

Shono

Kaneda

Fujiya

. Local kyphosis reduces surgical outcomes of expansive open-door laminoplasty for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine. 2003;28(12):1258-1262. doi:10.1097/01.BRS.0000065487.82469.D9.

17.

Yoon

Raich

Hashimoto

, et al. Predictive factors affecting outcome after cervical laminoplasty. Spine. 2013;38(22 Suppl 1):S232-S252. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182a7eb55.

18.

Gok

Sciubba

McLoughlin

, et al. Surgical treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy with anterior compression: a review of 67 cases. J Neurosurg Spine. 2008;9(2):152-157. doi:10.3171/SPI/2008/9/8/152.

19.

Konya

Ozgen

Gercek

Pamir

. Outcomes for combined anterior and posterior surgical approaches for patients with multisegmental cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Clin Neurosci. 2009;16(3):404-409. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2008.07.070.

20.

Aryan

Sanchez-Mejia

Ben-Haim

Ames

. Successful treatment of cervical myelopathy with minimal morbidity by circumferential decompression and fusion. Eur Spine J. 2007;16(9):1401-1409. doi:10.1007/s00586-006-0291-9.

21.

König

Spetzger

. Surgical management of cervical spondylotic myelopathy - indications for anterior, posterior or combined procedures for decompression and stabilisation. Acta Neurochir. 2014;156(2):253-258. doi:10.1007/s00701-013-1955-y.

22.

Kalb

Martirosyan

Perez-Orribo

Kalani

Theodore

. Analysis of demographics, risk factors, clinical presentation, and surgical treatment modalities for the ossified posterior longitudinal ligament. Neurosurg Focus. 2011;30(3):E11. doi:10.3171/2010.12.FOCUS10265.

23.

Koakutsu

Morozumi

Ishii

, et al. Anterior decompression and fusion versus laminoplasty for cervical myelopathy caused by soft disc herniation: a prospective multicenter study. J Orthop Sci. 2010;15(1):71-78. doi:10.1007/s00776-009-1429-4.

24.

Fehlings

Barry

Kopjar

, et al. Anterior versus posterior surgical approaches to treat cervical spondylotic myelopathy: outcomes of the prospective multicenter AOSpine North America CSM study in 264 patients. Spine. 2013;38(26):2247-2252. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000000047.

25.

Yonenobu

Abumi

Nagata

Taketomi

Ueyama

. Interobserver and intraobserver reliability of the Japanese orthopaedic association scoring system for evaluation of cervical compression myelopathy. Spine. 2001;26(17):1890-1895. doi:10.1097/00007632-200109010-00014.

26.

Kato

Oshima

Oka

, et al. Comparison of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score and modified JOA (mJOA) score for the assessment of cervical myelopathy: a multicenter observational study [published correction appears in PLoS One. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0123022. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123022.

27.

Tani

Ushida

Ishida

Iai

Noguchi

Yamamoto

. Relative safety of anterior microsurgical decompression versus laminoplasty for cervical myelopathy with a massive ossified posterior longitudinal ligament. Spine. 2002;27(22):2491-2498. doi:10.1097/00007632-200211150-00013.

28.

Mihara

Tatara

Niimura

,et al. Novel classification system of cervical myelopathy based on symptomatology. iMedPub. 2018;6. 10.21767/2171-6625.1000277.

29.

Taniyama

Hirai

Yamada

, et al. Modified K-line in magnetic resonance imaging predicts insufficient decompression of cervical laminoplasty. Spine. 2013;38(6):496-501. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e318273a4f7.

30.

Khan

Badhiwala

Akbar

Fehlings

. Prediction of worse functional status after surgery for degenerative cervical myelopathy: a machine learning approach. Neurosurgery. 2021;88(3):584-591. doi:10.1093/neuros/nyaa477.

31.

Fehlings

Smith

Kopjar

, et al. Perioperative and delayed complications associated with the surgical treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy based on 302 patients from the AOSpine North America Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy Study. J Neurosurg Spine. 2012;16(5):425-432. doi:10.3171/2012.1.SPINE11467.

32.

Shigematsu

Koizumi

Matsumori

, et al. Revision surgery after cervical laminoplasty: report of five cases and literature review. Spine J. 2015;15(6):e7-e13. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2013.11.048.

33.

Xiao

Bellamy

Webb

, et al. Plate-only open-door laminoplasty is associated with durable, significantly improved clinical outcomes and a very low reoperation rate for progressive spondylosis or adjacent segment disease: average 8-year follow-up. Spine J. 2024;24(3):417-423. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2023.09.033.

34.

Lee

Shin

Chang

. Deep learning algorithm to evaluate cervical spondylotic myelopathy using lateral cervical spine radiograph. BMC Neurol. 2022;22(1):147. doi:10.1186/s12883-022-02670-w.

Long-Term Outcomes of One-Stage Combined Posteroanterior Procedure and Laminoplasty-Alone for Multilevel Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy With Concomitant Anterior and Posterior Compression: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis of 8-year Follow-Up

Abstract

Study Design

Objective

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Keywords

Background

Methods and Materials

Subjects

Surgical Management

Radiological Measurements

Outcome Assessments

Statistical Analysis

Results

Population Characteristics

Operation

Surgical Outcome

Discussion

Conclusion

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

Funding

Ethical Statement

ORCID iD

Data Availability Statement

References