Mental State Can Influence the Degree of Postoperative Axial Neck Pain Following Cervical Laminoplasty

Abstract

Study design:

A retrospective cohort study.

Objective:

To investigate factors influencing the incidence of moderate to severe postoperative axial neck pain following cervical laminoplasty.

Methods:

We reviewed 125 patients with cervical myelopathy who underwent double-door laminoplasty. The primary outcomes were the Numerical Rating Scale score (NRS score, 0-10) for neck pain, the Short Form 36 (SF-36) Health Survey score (Physical and Mental Component Summary scores [PCS and MCS, respectively]), and satisfaction. Imaging parameters on plain radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging were also evaluated. Patients with moderate to severe postoperative neck pain (NRS ≥ 5) were compared with those with no or mild neck pain (NRS ≤ 4).

Results:

One hundred and three patients (82%) with complete data were eligible for inclusion. There were 67 men and 36 women, with a mean age of 65 years (32-89 years). Twenty-five patients (23%) had moderate to severe postoperative axial pain (NRS ≥ 5) and were compared with the other 78 patients (NRS ≤ 4), which revealed several predictive factors, including female sex, the presence of preoperative neck pain, low postoperative PCS, low preoperative and postoperative MCS, and satisfaction with the treatment. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that the postoperative MCS (P = .002) was a risk factor for postoperative neck pain, although the preoperative MCS did not reach statistical significance (P = .06).

Conclusions:

Patients with a low mental state, possibly before surgery, are at a high risk for postoperative axial neck pain. None of the imaging parameters were statistically different.

Keywords

mental component score physical component score complication cervical myelopathy satisfaction neck pain

Introduction

Cervical laminoplasty is one of the established procedures for the treatment of cervical compression myelopathy, and relatively good surgical results have been reported in terms of neurological improvement.^1,2 However, postoperative axial neck pain has been reported as a complication after cervical laminoplasty.^3

-9 Because postoperative axial pain will affect a patient’s satisfaction and health-related quality of life,^10
-12 surgeons should consider the preoperative risk factors and anticipate this surgery-related complication.

The reported incidence of axial neck pain after cervical laminoplasty ranges from 5.1% to 61.5%.^3,5,6,13
-15 Many researchers have examined factors as causes of axial pain after cervical laminoplasty and have identified the involvement of age, sex, radiological assessment, and preoperative neck pain, although some of these factors are controversial. Few reports have investigated the involvement of both physical or mental outcome scores and imaging evaluations. It is reasonable to speculate that the mental state of patients can modify the degree of pain in general. Therefore, postoperative axial pain after cervical laminoplasty can be expected to occur according to the degree of mental health of patients.

One possible problem in investigating the causes of neck pain is that the definitions of pain intensity and distribution are vague and differ among studies. We consider this as a reason for the inconsistency in results with regard to the occurrence of postoperative axial neck pain. Indeed, few previous reports involved quantitative evaluation using a visual analog scale or numerical rating scale reported by patients. Moreover, the term “neck” in the past reports was obscure with regard to the inclusion of scapular and shoulder lesions, possibly representing the involvement of radiculopathy.

The present study aimed to investigate factors influencing postoperative axial neck pain in patients with cervical myelopathy undergoing double-door laminoplasty. To eliminate confusion, we defined neck pain with the exclusion of the scapular and shoulder area using an illustration of each part of the body.

Materials and Methods

The study protocols were approved by the institutional review board of our institution. This is a retrospective cohort study of 125 patients with cervical compression myelopathy who underwent double-door laminoplasty between 2004 and 2011 and replied to a questionnaire on patient-reported outcomes preoperatively. The primary outcomes were the Numerical Rating Scale score (NRS score, 0-10) for neck pain (Figure 1) and the Short Form 36 (SF-36) Health Survey score (Physical and Mental Component Summary scores [PCS and MCS, respectively]). Postoperative axial pain was defined as an NRS score ≥5, as we aimed to select patients with moderate to severe neck pain.¹⁶ Satisfaction was evaluated based on a 7-point scale as follows: very satisfied, satisfied, slightly satisfied, neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, slightly dissatisfied, dissatisfied, and very dissatisfied. Patients were divided into 2 groups: satisfied (very satisfied, satisfied, slightly satisfied) and dissatisfied (neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, slightly dissatisfied, dissatisfied, very dissatisfied). Radiological parameters included the Cobb angle between the C2 and C7 vertebras in cervical lateral radiographs (C2-C7 Cobb angle), range of motion between C2 and C7, C7 slope, and the presence of spondylolisthesis (>3.5 mm). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation included the presence or absence of intramedullary signal changes and the maximum spinal cord compression (MSCC). The degree of cervical spinal cord compression was evaluated using midsagittal T2-weighted MRI, as described previously, by comparing the sagittal diameter of the spinal cord at the maximum compression level with that of C1 and C7 (MSCC).¹⁷ A higher MSCC indicates that the patient has severe cervical spinal cord compression.

Figure 1.

Each area was defined as the diagram. “Neck” was defined as the area labeled No. 1.

Statistical Analysis

The Mann-Whitney U test was used for nonparametric data, and the χ² test was used for categorical variables. Propensity score adjustment was performed, and it preserved statistical power by reducing covariates into a single variable. For example, when the adjusted effect of postoperative axial pain was evaluated, the propensity score was obtained through a binary logistic regression that provided the predicted probability of having postoperative axial pain as a function of the other candidate risk factors. For continuous variables, a proportional odds logistic regression model was used to derive the propensity score. The propensity score was separately computed for each candidate risk factor and was then used as a covariate in the model evaluating the adjusted effect of each factor. Locally weighted scatterplot smoothing was used to assess the association between fluoroquinolone exposure and fluoroquinolone-resistant tuberculosis. The statistical package SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute, Inc, Cary, NC) was used for all analyses. All P values were 2-sided, and a P value of <.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

One hundred and three patients (82%) with complete data were eligible for inclusion. There were 67 men and 36 women, and the mean patient age was 65 years (range = 32-89 years). The mean follow-up period was 24 months (range = 12-60 months; Table 1). Twenty-five patients (23%) had moderate to severe axial neck pain (NRS score ≥5), whereas 78 patients did not (NRS score ≤4). These groups of patients were compared (Table 2). The proportion of female patients and the average score of preoperative neck pain were significantly higher among patients with postoperative axial neck pain than among those without postoperative axial pain. Furthermore, both the preoperative and postoperative PCS and MCS of SF-36 were worse among patients with postoperative axial neck pain than among those without postoperative axial neck pain, although only the preoperative PCS did not reach statistical significance. The surgical levels included C7 in 89% of the patients, and this did not affect the incidence of postoperative neck pain. Only 11 patients (44%) were satisfied with the surgical treatment in those with postoperative neck pain, whereas 57 patients (73%) were satisfied in those without postoperative neck pain (P = .001). None of the imaging parameters was statistically different between the 2 groups. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that the postoperative MCS (odds ratio = 1.11) was a risk factor associated with postoperative neck pain (Table 3).

Table 1.

Demographic Data of Patients (N = 103).

Age (year)	65 (range = 32-89)
Sex (male/female)	67/36
Follow-up (months)	24 (range = 12-60)
CSM/OPLL	59/44

Abbreviations: CSM, cervical spondylotic myelopathy; OPLL, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament.

Table 2.

Comparison Between Patients With (NRS ≥5) and Without (NRS ≤4) Postoperative Axial Pain Groups.

			No Pain (N = 78)		Axial Pain (N = 25)
			Average	SD	Average	SD	P ^a
Age			63.9	11.8	65.8	10.7	.48
Sex^b	Male/female		55/23		12/13		.04
Follow-up			24.1	8.7	25	11.9	.72
CSM/OPLL^b			41/37		18/7		.11
Involvement of C7^b			70/8		21/4		.83
Neck pain		Pre	1.4	2.4	3.6	2.5	<.0001
		Post	1.0	1.4	6.3	1.3	<.0001
SF-36	PCS	Pre	23.4	19.3	16.0	15.4	.09
		Post	35.2	17.5	20.5	16.4	.001
	MCS	Pre	50.9	11.5	42.7	8.5	.003
		Post	52.8	9.6	43.3	9.1	<.0001
Radiographic measurements
	C2/7 Cobb	Pre	9.3	9.8	9.8	7.9	.81
		Post	9.5	11.8	7.6	11.3	.48
	ROM	Pre	39.7	15.2	37.1	16.0	.60
		Post	25.7	12.3	23.7	12.1	.47
	C7 slope	Pre	26.2	8.9	26.6	8.7	.81
		Post	26.4	9.6	24.8	9.3	.46
	Slip (yes/no)^b	Pre	66/10		22/3		1.00
MRI measurements
	MSCC	Pre	45.8	18.0	40.9	12.8	.26
	T2 high (yes/no)^b	Pre	68/10		20/5		.51

Abbreviations: NRS, Numerical Rating Scale; CSM, cervical spondylotic myelopathy; OPLL, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament; PCS, Physical Component Summary; MCS, Mental Component Summary; ROM, range of motion; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; MSCC, maximum spinal cord compression; Pre, preoperative; Post, postoperative.

^a Significant values (P < .05) are shown in boldface.

^b Number of patients.

Table 3.

Risk Factors for Postoperative Axial Neck Pain (≥5): Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis.

	OR	95% CI	P
Sex (female)	1.02	0.25-3.73	.97
Pre neck pain (≥5)	2.04	0.50-8.12	.24
Pre MCS	1.06	1.00-1.13	.06
Post PCS	1.01	0.96-1.05	.77
Post MCS	1.11	1.04-1.20	.002

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; MCS, Mental Component Summary; PCS, Physical Component Summary; Pre, preoperative; Post, postoperative.

Discussion

We sought to clarify the factors influencing postoperative axial neck pain and found several predictive factors, including female sex, preoperative neck pain, and low MCS and PCS scores of SF-36. In particular, multivariable analysis revealed that mental factors may increase the risk of postoperative axial neck pain, although the preoperative MCS did not reach statistical significance. On the other hand, none of the radiographic parameters significantly affected the degree of postoperative axial neck pain.

Patients with postoperative neck pain could have 2 patterns. These involve one with preoperative neck pain and the other without preoperative neck pain. Our results showed that the mean preoperative pain intensity scores were higher in patients with postoperative axial neck pain. The causes of neck pain may involve several factors,¹⁸ such as discs,^19,20 facet joints or posterior rami,^21,22 muscles,^14,23 posture,²⁴ and radiculopathy.²⁵ Of the various factors, spondylotic changes in the cervical spine may be the main cause of preoperative and postoperative neck pain. It is reasonable to speculate that some of these factors will influence the degree of postoperative neck pain, irrespective of newly developed, laminoplasty-related neck pain. Patients with postoperative neck pain may complain of preexisting neck pain before surgery. Indeed, in our series, no patients with cervical myelopathy underwent anterior or posterior fixation surgery even if preoperative neck pain was noted. It would be reasonable to speculate that some of these patients would have had less neck pain postoperatively if they had undergone fixation surgery. However, the existence of preoperative neck pain was insignificant after adjustment in multivariable analysis, indicating that this factor was not critical. Nevertheless, surgeons should be aware that patients with preoperative neck pain are more likely to complain of postoperative neck pain, regardless of the actual cause of neck pain. In patients with cervical myelopathy who have severe neck pain fixation surgery may be beneficial and may help reduce the pain.

This study showed the possible involvement of mental factors in the occurrence of postoperative axial neck pain even after adjustment for the presence of preoperative neck pain. It is reasonable to consider that patients with low mental scores have a lower threshold for pain. Indeed, it is well known that lower back pain is closely related to psychological problems.²⁶ Previous reports have indicated the possible involvement of mental factors in the occurrence of neck pain,²⁷ although they may not be as common in neck pain as in lower back pain. A relationship between a victim’s feeling and long-lasting neck pain after a traffic accident has been reported.²⁸ Therefore, we speculate that patients who complained of postoperative axial neck pain in this study were susceptible to pain. On the other hand, we cannot exclude the possibility that postoperative pain affected MCS because only postoperative MCS significantly affected the incidence of postoperative axial neck pain in multivariable analysis. However, as preoperative MCS tended to be associated with the incidence of postoperative axial neck pain (P = .06), even after multivariable analysis, we believe that patients with a low mental state before surgery are at a high risk for postoperative axial neck pain. Detailed tools for detecting mental problems, such as Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale,²⁹ may be more effective in investigating the relationship between mental state and postoperative axial neck pain.In this study, we did not find any relationship between imaging parameters and postoperative axial neck pain. This finding is consistent with the findings of previous reports. Although the range of motion significantly decreased after surgery, the degree of postoperative neck pain was not influenced. On the other hand, several studies have shown that posterior muscle atrophy may be related to postoperative axial neck pain.³⁰ The influence of the posterior paravertebral muscles is further supported by the fact that several less-invasive techniques have succeeded in reducing the incidence of postoperative axial pain, suggesting the importance of maintaining supporting structures.^{9,15,31

-37} Because our procedure was not a muscle-preserving approach, the intensity of postoperative neck pain may have been high. We speculate that the incidence of postoperative axial neck pain can be reduced by utilizing a less-invasive, muscle-preserving method. A further study will be necessary to clarify this speculation.

The present study has several limitations. First, the design was retrospective and the follow-up period was not consistent, ranging from 12 to 60 months. Second, the number of patients was limited and therefore the results could be biased. Third, there are other confounding factors that were not investigated in this study, such as the degree of muscle dissection or duration of surgery, the intensity of postoperative physiotherapy, medications used for analgesia, and the duration of preoperative neck pain and neurological symptoms. Finally, the results may differ according to the cutoff value of the neck pain, although we believe that our definition of postoperative axial pain was adequate because patients’ satisfaction was significantly influenced. The limitations may impair the capacity of broad generalization of this study, and a future prospective study will be necessary to solve these problems.

Nevertheless, we believe that mental problems are related to postoperative complaints of axial neck pain, and patients with a low mental state, possibly before surgery, are at a high risk for postoperative axial neck pain. We believe that our findings will help surgeons predict and deal with postoperative neck pain following cervical laminoplasty.

Footnotes

Authors’ Note

The article does not contain information about medical device(s)/drug(s). The study approval was given by the institutional review board of the Clinical Research Support Center of the University of Tokyo Hospital. Portions of this work were presented in poster form in the Cervical Spine Research Society (CSRS) meeting in 2016.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Dr Riew reports personal fees from Biomet, Medtronic; other support from Nexgen, Amedica, Vertiflex, Benvenue, Spinal Kinetics, Spineology, Expanding Orthopedics, Osprey, Paradigm Spine, PSD; other support from Biomet, Medtronic; personal fees from Zeiss Teaching Webinar; other support from AO Spine; personal fees from AO Spine; other support from Advanced Medical, outside the submitted work. Dr Tanaka has received honoraria from Amgen Inc, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Amgen Astellas BioPharma K.K., Kyocera Medical Corporation, Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited, Teijin Pharma Limited, Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Pfizer Japan Inc; endowments from Astellas Pharma Inc, Ayumi Pharmaceutical Corporation, BristolMyers Squibb, Pfizer Japan Inc, Daiichi Sankyo Company Limited, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd; and grants from The Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A), and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)/Grant-in-Aid for Exploratory Research. Dr Oshima, Dr Matsubayashi, Dr Taniguchi, Dr Hayakawa, Dr Fukushima, Dr Oichi, and Dr Oka have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

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