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Abstract

Study Design:

Case-control study.

Objective:

To determine the incidence, impact, and risk factors for wound complications within 30 days following elective adult spinal deformity surgery.

Methods:

Current Procedural Terminology and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition, diagnosis codes were used to query the database for adults who underwent spinal deformity surgery from 2010 to 2014. Patients were separated into groups of those with and without wound complications. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the influence of patient factors, operative variables, and clinical characteristics on the incidence of postoperative wound complication. This study was qualified as exempt by the Mount Sinai Hospital Institutional Review Board.

Results:

A total of 5803 patients met the criteria for this study. Wound complications occurred in 140 patients (2.4%) and were significantly associated with other adverse outcomes, including higher rates of unplanned reoperation (P < .0001) and prolonged length of stay (P < .0001). Regardless of fusion length, wound complication rates were higher with a posterior approach (short = 2.7%; long = 3.7%) than an anterior one (short = 2.2%; long = 2.7). According to the multivariate analysis, posterior fusion (odds ratio [OR] = 1.8; P = .010), obese class II (OR = 1.7; P = .046), obese class III (OR = 2.8; P < .0001), preoperative blood transfusion (OR = 6.1; P = .021), American Society of Anesthesiologists class ≥3 (OR = 1.7; P = .009), and operative time >4 hours (OR = 1.8; P = .006) were statistically significant risk factors for wound complications.

Conclusion:

The 30-day incidence of wound complication in adult spinal deformity surgery is 2.4%. The risk factors for wound complication are multifactorial. This data should provide a step toward developing quality improvement measures aimed at reducing complications in high-risk adults.

Keywords

adult spinal deformity American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP)wound complication infection spinal fusion

Introduction

Adult spinal deformity (ASD) is becoming increasingly prevalent as the percentage of elderly in the United States accelerates.^1,2 With the advancement of surgical techniques to treat ASD, there has been a concurrent rise in the number of patients opting for spinal fusion.^3,4 This subset of patients is generally felt to be at higher risk for overall complications. Despite efforts to improve patient safety, surgical site infection (SSI) remains a burdensome risk for many adults undergoing spinal fusion surgery. Rates of SSI following spine fusion surgery range from 1% to 20%, varying with the procedure, patient demographic, and instrumentation use.^5

–8 In the literature, wound infections have been associated with higher morbidity and mortality, increased risk for readmission, and greater health care costs.^9
–11 Given the increased demand for ASD surgery, identifying the underlying factors that influence complication risk in this population is a critical step toward providing higher quality care.

Prior studies have investigated the potential risk factors for clinical outcomes following spinal fusion. Among the most recent published works, high body mass index (BMI), insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, poor nutritional status, higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) status, longer hospital stay, and extended operative time were commonly found to be predictors for postoperative complications of spinal fusion.^12

–15 These studies were largely retrospective analyses, which focused on individual complications, specific subsets of spinal fusion procedures, general populations, or included wound complications in larger pooled-analysis of overall morbidity. Furthermore, many of these studies were single-center^6,12 or single-surgeon retrospective series resulting in limited generalization given their inherent selection bias.^12,14 Some studies have used the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database to assess postoperative outcomes after various spine surgeries; however, the impact of adult comorbidities on wound complications following ASD surgery remains undefined.

To our knowledge, no study has used a large-scale, multi-institutional database to describe the risk profile for wound complications in ASD patients. In this study, the American College of Surgeons (ACS) NSQIP database was used to investigate the incidence and underlying factors, which predict wound complications within 30 days of ASD surgery.

Materials and Methods

Data Source

The ACS NSQIP database is a multicenter registry, which collects more than 150 variables on patients undergoing major surgical procedures. This database is maintained by on-site surgical clinical reviewers (SCRs) at participating institutions. In order to ensure data of the highest quality and reliability, NSQIP employs a series of rigorous training programs for the SCRs and conducts an ongoing internal auditing process. Per NSQIP, the variables collected include preoperative risk factors, intraoperative variables, and 30-day postoperative mortality and morbidity outcomes. This study was qualified as exempt by the Mount Sinai Hospital Institutional Review Board.

Data Collection

This patient population was extracted from NSQIP Participant Use Data Files from 2010 to 2014. This study retrospectively reviewed all adult patients (≥18 years) who underwent spinal fusion for deformity using the following Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes: 22800, 22802, 22804, 22808, 22810, 22812, 22818, and 22819. CPT codes 22843, 22844, 22846, and 22847 were also included to capture long, multi-level fusion constructs. Patients with CPT codes 22842 and 22845 were included if they had an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition, diagnosis for spinal deformity (including 737.1, 737.2, 737.3, 737.4, 737.8, and 737.9). Cases with missing preoperative data; wound class of 2, 3, or 4; an open wound on their body; current sepsis; current pneumonia; prior surgeries within 30 days; cases requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation prior to surgery; emergency cases; or any patient undergoing a nonelective procedure were excluded from the analysis. Additionally, patients with diagnoses relating to cervical spine, trauma or injury to spine, or neoplasm of spine were excluded in order to focus on elective spinal deformity cases.

Independent Variables

Although the NSQIP database collects 150 variables, each patient case contains nearly 300 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)–compliant data values, which include patient demographics, medical comorbidities, preoperative laboratory values, operative data, and postoperative outcomes. The additional variables relate to the computed elements of the originally collected data. Patient demographics include age, gender, race, and BMI. Other race included American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, or unknown. BMI was classified into separate classes: nonobese (BMI < 30), class I (30-34.9), class II (35-39.9), and class III (≥40). Other preoperative variables included diabetes (none, insulin dependent, non–insulin dependent), smoking status, dyspnea, functional status prior to surgery (independent, dependent), and ASA class.

Comorbidities included pulmonary (ventilator dependence during the 48 hours preceding surgery, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), renal (acute renal failure, dialysis), cardiac (congestive heart failure within 30 days before admission, hypertension requiring medication) systems. Operative variables included health care setting (inpatient, outpatient), discharge destination (eg, home, rehab, skilled care facility), operative time, total relative value units (RVU). Using the list of CPT codes described in the work by Martin et al,¹⁶ this study categorized patients according to the type of surgical procedure performed. Additional procedure subanalyses of fusion length and approach were included as well.

Outcome Variables

The outcome variable of interest was wound complication within 30 days of surgery. The definition of wound complication included superficial SSI, deep SSI, wound dehiscence, or an organ space infection. Superficial SSI involves only skin or subcutaneous tissue, whereas deep SSI was an infection that involves deep soft tissues, such as fascial and muscle layers. Infections that involve both superficial and deep incisional sites were reported as deep incisional SSI. Wound dehiscence occurrences involved partial or complete disruptions of the fascia of a surgical wound. Organ space infection is related to organs or spaces other than the incision, which were opened or manipulated during an operation.¹⁷

To assess the impact of wound complications on other 30-day clinical outcomes, the rates of mortality, unplanned reoperations, blood transfusions, and total length of stay (LOS) >5 days were assessed for those with and without wound complication.

Statistical Analysis

To determine which candidate features were significantly associated with wound complication, both univariate and multivariate analyses were performed on variables related to patient demographics, comorbidities, preoperative laboratory tests, operative conditions, and other clinical parameters. Student t tests and χ² tests were used for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. The Kendall Tau-b correlation coefficient was calculated to inspect any pattern between the incidences of wound complications versus operating years.

For the multivariate analysis, a stepwise logistic regression was fitted for the presence or absence of a wound complication. Any variable with a P value less than .2 from the univariate analysis was assessed in the multivariate analysis. Additionally, surgical procedure type was included in the model, as it has been previously described to be associated with SSI.¹⁸ Multivariate logistic regression requires a complete data set with no missing values. When preoperative laboratory data was included in the model, more than 60% of the cases were removed. For this reason, only a univariate analysis was performed on laboratory measures. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported for the final multivariate model. The regression model was assessed using the C statistic, which is the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. The quality of the model was assessed using the calibration of the Homer-Lemeshow test. A P value less than .05 was defined as significant. SAS software (Version 9.3; SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC) was used for all statistical analyses.

Results

This study identified 5803 patients who underwent ASD surgery from 2010 to 2014. During this time, wound complication rates have trended downward (Kendall Tau-b correlation = −.013) from 3.33% to 2.38% (Figure 1). A total of 140 patients encountered at least one wound complication (2.4%), and nearly half of these cases were documented as superficial site infections (N = 62, 44.3%; Table 1).

Figure 1.

Adult deformity surgery: wound complication incidence versus year (Kendall Tau-b correlation = −.013).

Table 1.

Incidence of Wound Complications (2010-2014), N = 5803.

Type	n	%
Patients with ≥1 wound complication	140	2.4%
Superficial site infection	62	1.1%
Deep surgical site infection	49	0.8%
Wound dehiscence	28	0.5%
Organ space infection	17	0.3%

Univariate Analysis

In the univariate analysis, patients with higher race (P = .003), age (P = .021), BMI (P < .0001), diabetes (P = .034), ASA class ≥3 (P < .0001), ventilator dependence (P = .0003), hypertension (P = .019), preoperative transfusion (P = .002), preoperative albumin (P = .011), preoperative hematocrit (P = .001), discharge status (P < .0001), operative time >4 hours (P < .0001), total RVU (P < .0001), fusion approach (P < .0001), pelvic fixation (P = .0004), and osteotomy (P = .002) were significantly associated with higher risk of complication (Tables 2 and 3).

Table 2.

Preoperative Variables for Those With and Without Wound Complication.^a

	Total (N = 5802, 100%)		No Wound Complication (n = 5663, 97.6%)		Wound Complication (n = 140, 2.4%)		P Value
	n	%	n	%	n	%	P Value
Sex
Female	3423	59.0%	3338	58.9%	85	60.7%	.674
Male	2380	41.0%	2325	41.1%	55	39.3%	.674
Race
White	4709	81.1%	4598	81.2%	111	79.3%	.003
Black	442	7.6%	431	7.6%	11	7.9%
Hispanic	219	3.8%	215	3.8%	4	2.9%
Other^b	433	7.5%	419	7.4%	14	10.0%
Age (years)
<51	1254	21.6%	1235	21.8%	19	13.6%	.021
51-60	1508	26.0%	1472	26.0%	36	25.7%
61-70	1841	31.7%	1787	31.6%	54	38.6%
71-80	1017	17.5%	995	17.6%	22	15.7%
>80	183	3.2%	174	3.1%	9	6.4%
BMI class
Nonobese	3373	58.1%	3311	58.5%	62	44.3%	<.0001
Obese class I	1383	23.8%	1348	23.8%	35	25.0%
Obese class II	657	11.3%	636	11.2%	21	15.0%
Obese class III	390	6.7%	368	6.5%	22	15.7%
Diabetes
No diabetes	4955	85.4%	4844	85.5%	111	79.3%	.034
Insulin dependent	272	4.7%	266	4.7%	6	4.3%
Non–insulin dependent	576	9.9%	553	9.8%	23	16.4%
Current smoker within 1 year
Yes	1208	20.8%	1182	20.9%	26	18.6%	.508
No	4595	79.2%	4481	79.1%	114	81.4%	.508
Dyspnea
Yes	347	6.0%	337	6.0%	10	7.1%	.557
No	5456	94.0%	5326	94.0%	130	92.9%	.557
Functional status prior to surgery
Independent	5538	95.4%	5408	95.5%	130	92.9%	.051
Dependent	265	4.6%	255	4.5%	10	7.1%	.051
ASA
1 or 2	2718	46.8%	2678	47.3%	40	28.6%	<.0001
3 or 4	3085	53.2%	2985	52.7%	100	71.4%	<.0001
Comorbidities
Ventilator dependent	10	0.2%	8	0.1%	2	1.4%	.0003
History of COPD	286	4.9%	282	5.0%	4	2.9%	.216
History of CHF	24	0.4%	23	0.4%	1	0.7%	.575
Hypertension requiring medication	3162	54.5%	3072	54.2%	90	64.3%	.019
Acute renal failure	7	0.1%	7	0.1%	0	0.0%	.677
Dialysis	20	0.3%	17	0.3%	3	2.1%	.0002
Steroid use for chronic condition	219	3.8%	214	3.8%	5	3.6%	.899
>10% loss body weight in last 6 months	11	0.2%	10	0.2%	1	0.7%	.149
Bleeding disorders	70	1.2%	67	1.2%	3	2.1%	.304
Preoperative transfusion of ≥1 unit of whole/packed RBCs in 72 hours prior to surgery	13	0.2%	11	0.2%	2	1.4%	.002
Preoperative laboratory values, mean (SD)
Albumin	4.1 (0.5)		4.1 (0.5)		3.9 (0.5)		.011
Hematocrit	40.1 (4.5)		40.1 (4.5)		38.5 (5.2)		.001
Platelet	246.7 (71.6)		246.7 (71.5)		248.5 (78.1)		.778
INR	1.0 (0.2)		1.0 (0.2)		1.0 (0.4)		.118
PTT	29.3 (4.7)		29.3 (4.6)		29.2 (8.1)		.857
PT	12.0 (2.3)		11.9 (2.3)		12.5 (1.7)		.243
Operative variables
Health care setting
Inpatient	5592	96.4%	5453	96.3%	139	99.3%	.062
Outpatient	211	3.6%	210	3.7%	1	0.7%	.062
Discharge destination
Home	3453	59.5%	3,394	59.9%	59	42.1%	<.0001
Rehab	522	9.0%	506	8.9%	16	11.4%
Skilled care, not home	548	9.4%	522	9.2%	26	18.6%
Other^c	32	0.6%	32	0.6%	0	0.0%
Missing	1248
Operative time >4 hours	2,779	47.9%	2,680	47.3%	99	70.7%	<.0001
Total RVU, mean (SD)	73.4 (28.8)		73.1 (28.6)		84.7 (32.8)		<.0001

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; RBC, red blood cell; INR, international normalized ratio; PTT, partial thromboplastin time; PT, prothrombin time; RVU, relative value unit.

^aBoldface indicates statistically significant P = .05.

^bRace Other = American Indian or Alaskan Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, or unknown.

^cOther Discharge Status = separate acute care, unknown, unskilled facility not home, death.

Table 3.

Procedure Subanalysis for Wound Complications.^a

	Total (N = 5803, 100%)		No Wound Complication (n = 5663, 97.6%)		Wound Complication (n = 140, 2.5%)
Procedure Subanalysis	n	%	n	%	n	%	P
Length of fusion
Short	3657	63.0%	3569	63.0%	88	62.9%	.968
Long	2146	37.0%	2094	37.0%	52	37.1%
Short fusion approach
Anterior	583	10.0%	570	10.1%	13	9.3%	.559
Posterior	1664	28.7%	1619	28.6%	45	32.1%
Combined	99	1.7%	95	1.7%	4	2.9%
Long fusion approach
Anterior	1715	29.6%	1700	30.0%	15	10.7%	<.0001
Posterior	1626	28.0%	1566	27.7%	60	42.9%
Combined	116	2.0%	113	2.0%	3	2.1%
Bone graft^b
Yes	4049	69.8%	3958	69.9%	91	65.0%	.213
No	1754	30.2%	1705	30.1%	49	35.0%
Pelvic fixation
Yes	482	8.3%	459	8.1%	23	16.4%	.0004
No	5321	91.7%	5204	91.9%	117	83.6%
Osteotomy
Yes	837	14.4%	804	14.2%	33	23.6%	.002
No	4966	85.6%	4859	85.8%	107	76.4%
Intervertebral device insertion
Yes	2410	41.5%	2361	41.7%	49	35.0%	.113
No	3393	58.5%	3302	58.3%	91	65.0%

^aBoldface indicates P = .05.

^bBone graft refers to either autograft (Current Procedural Terminology [CPT] 20936, 20937, 20938), allograft (20930, 20931), or bone marrow aspirate (38220); pelvic fixation (22848); osteotomy (22206, 22207, 22208, 22210, 22212, 22214, 22216, 22220, 22222, 22224, 22226); intervertebral device insertion (22851).

The incidence of wound complications was not associated with mortality (P = .343), but significantly associated with higher rates of intra-/postoperative blood transfusions (48.6%; P < .0001), LOS >5 days (55.7%; P < .0001), and unplanned reoperations (55.6%; P < .0001; Table 4).

Table 4.

Other Postoperative Complications Associated With Wound Complications.^a

	Total (N = 5803, 100%)		No Wound Complication (n = 5663, 97.6%)		Wound Complication (n = 140, 2.5%)
	n	%	n	%	n	%	P
Transfusion (intra-/postoperative within 30 days)	1568	27.0%	1500	26.5%	68	48.6%	<.0001
Mortality	29	0.5%	27	0.5%	2	1.4%	.115
Length of stay >5 days	1667	28.7%	1589	28.1%	78	55.7%	<.0001
Unplanned reoperation (2011-2014), N = 5339	331	6.2%	147	2.8%	69	55.6%	<.0001

^aBoldface indicates P = .05.

Multivariable Analysis

The multivariate analysis showed that a posterior surgical approach (OR = 1.8; CI = 1.2-2.9; P = .010), obese class II (OR = 1.7; CI = 1.0-2.8; P = .046), obese class III (OR = 2.8; CI = 1.7-4.7; P < .0001), preoperative blood transfusion (OR = 6.1; CI = 1.3-28.7; P = .021), ASA ≥ 3 (OR = 1.7; CI = 1.1-2.4; P = .009), and operative time >4 hours (OR = 1.8; CI = 1.2-2.7; P = .006) were statistically significant risk factors of postoperative wound complication (Table 5). The model had a C statistic of .722 and a Hosmer-Lemeshow P value equal to .143.

Table 5.

Independent Risk Factors for 30-Day Wound Complications Following ASD Surgery.^a

Effect	OR	95% CI	P
Total RVU	1.01	1.00-1.01	.017
Approach (reference = Anterior)
Combined	1.7	0.7-4.2	.233
Posterior	1.8	1.2-2.9	.010
Obesity class (reference = Nonobese)
Obese I	1.4	0.9-2.2	.094
Obese II	1.7	1.0-2.8	.046
Obese III	2.8	1.7-4.7	<.0001
Blood transfusion (preoperative)	6.1	1.3-28.7	.021
ASA ≥3	1.7	1.1-2.4	.009
Operative time >4	1.8	1.2-2.7	.006

Abbreviations: ASD, adult spinal deformity; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; RVU, relative value unit; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists.

^aBoldface indicates P = .05.

Discussion

The overall rate of wound complications for adults undergoing elective ASD surgery was 2.4%, with the majority having either an isolated superficial SSI (N = 62, 1.1%) or an SSI extending deep into the fascia (N = 48, 1.0%). This value was consistent with recently published studies that assess similar infection rates in adults.^{13,14,19
–21} Additionally, this study found that wound complications were significantly associated with poor clinical outcomes, including prolonged LOS, higher rates of unplanned reoperation, and intra-/postoperative blood transfusion within 30 days of surgery. These findings emphasize the importance of studying wound complications in this defined population.

Higher ASA class as a risk factor early wound complication after spinal fusion has previously been demonstrated in prior works.^13,19 Using the Veterans Affairs’ NSQIP database, 1997 to 2006, Veeravagu et al¹³ assessed 24 774 patients who underwent a spinal decompression and fusion and found that patients with ASA class 3 were 1.45 and ASA classes 4 to 5 were 1.66 times more likely to develop a wound infection after spinal surgery. In a more recent study, Tang et al¹⁹ assessed 236 patients who had undergone spinal fusion for degenerative lumbar scoliosis and came to a similar conclusion that there was a strong association between ASA class >2 and postoperative complications. This data suggests that preoperative ASA class ≥3 should be carefully considered for patients undergoing ASD surgery.

Many studies have documented surgical time as a risk factor for wound complications.^13,19,22 According to this analysis, there was an 80% increase in the odds for postoperative wound complication in patients who experienced an operative time >4 hours. In general, procedural time is reflective of case complexity and has even been found to be directly related to the absolute number of bacteria found in a wound.²³ Future interventions to reduce infection rates will require careful preoperative planning and effective implementation to minimize operative time, and thus exposure to bacteria.

This study demonstrates that a higher obesity class is associated with an increased likelihood of wound complication following ASD surgery. This finding is consistent with several other works.^24

–27 It is likely that BMI serves as a proxy measure for the thickness of subcutaneous fat and the skin-to-lamina distance, which are 2 known risk factors for SSIs.²⁸ The increased adipose tissue may require a longer surgical time due to the need for deeper dissection. Prolonged surgical time in combination with thick adipose tissue, which is already poorly vascularized in comparison to muscular tissue, may increase the risk for the development of dead space and subsequent infection.

Patients with a preoperative blood transfusion were predisposed to a 6.1-fold increase in the odds for wound infection. It is known that hematological disorders can be associated with significant complications after spinal surgery.^29,30 Other related studies report that anemia by low preoperative hematocrit counts and perioperative blood transfusions significantly increase the incidence of SSIs.^13,31

–34 In a case report, Bolan et al demonstrated the utility of controlling bleeding through a multidisciplinary approach in a patient with significant congenital coagulopathy.²⁹ This analysis suggested that improved preoperative hematological examinations should be taken to prevent additional morbidity seen in patients with hematological disorders. Future management plans for these patients might include a more thorough laboratory evaluation and the input from multiple stakeholders with varied but complimentary experiences, such as surgeons, hematologists, anesthesiologists, as well as from the patient.

Few studies exist comparing the rate of wound complications for anterior versus posterior spinal fusion, and many of these studies offer conflicting views. In a prior study, Pradhan et al reviewed 122 patients who underwent single-level lumbar spine fusion and found that there was no statistical significance between surgical approaches to fusion.³⁵ In another study, Memtsoudis et al examined 261 356 patients from the National Inpatient Sample database who underwent thoracolumbar spinal fusion, and they found that anterior and anterior-posterior fusions were significantly associated with higher rates of complications than posterior fusions.²² The current analysis demonstrated that posterior arthrodesis was associated with a 1.8-fold increased risk for postoperative wound complications (P = .010). The advantages of an anterior approach are the increased surface area available for fusion, avoidance of damage to the posterior supporting muscles and ligaments, and direct restoration of intervertebral disc space.^35
–37 It may be that formation of a dead space due to muscle dissection following posterior spinal fusion predisposes patients to infection more so than anterior fusion.

The overall incidence of wound complications was lower than the reported 3.5% observed in a similarly structured NSQIP study on pediatric patients.¹⁶ Since increasing age has been previously reported as a predictor for postoperative complications,³⁸ a higher rate of wound infection was expected. However, it is important to consider that the incidence varied from 2.0% to 4.1% within the NSQIP database for adults, and the pediatric article reported data from a single year. This range can be attributed to the relatively low number of cases being reported prior to 2013, with fewer than 500 cases of ASD in earlier years. Additionally, the incidence has been trending downward, which may be another reason the rates were lower. Although not entirely clear, this trend may be the result of recent changes in the use of antibiotics (eg, intrawound vancomycin powder) and stricter adherence to Surgical Care Improvement Project guidelines to treat infection.^39,40

There are several limitations to this study. An important limitation to consider is that academic medical centers are overrepresented in the NSQIP database.^41,42 These hospitals are motivated to improve the quality of surgical care and thus the hospitals participating in this database are not a random sample from the United States. Another limitation of this study is that the observation period for morbidity is limited to 30 days after surgery. Therefore, this study’s estimations likely underrepresent the actual profile for complications in this population. Finally, most patients in the NSQIP database have a high percentage of missing preoperative laboratory data. These additional variables, such as albumin and hematocrit measurements, could not be included in this analysis without significantly reducing the power of this study.

Despite these limitations, this is one of the largest studies examining risk factors for postoperative wound complication after spinal deformity surgery in adults. The risks for postoperative complications after surgery for ASD are multifactorial. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, this study identified both preoperative and intraoperative risk factors for postoperative wound complication. Such information might improve surgical planning strategies to reduce postoperative complications in adults.

Footnotes

Authors’ Note

This study was qualified as exempt by the Mount Sinai Hospital Institutional Review Board. The article does not contain information about medical device(s)/drug(s).

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

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Incidence,Impact,and Risk Factors for 30-Day Wound Complications Following Elective Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery

Abstract

Study Design:

Objective:

Methods:

Results:

Conclusion:

Keywords

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Data Source

Data Collection

Independent Variables

Outcome Variables

Statistical Analysis

Results

Univariate Analysis

Multivariable Analysis

Discussion

Footnotes

Authors’ Note

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

Funding

References