Aptamers are single-stranded synthetic oligonucleotides that bind noncovalently to targets with high affinity and selectivity. They are generated through an in vitro selection process known as Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment. Aptamers show significant promise in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics due to their specificity, versatility, and tunable biochemical properties. Aptamers can be used to target cellular biomarkers, which are detectable molecules that can indicate specific physiological states of cells, organs, and organisms, making them valuable indicators for diseases. Clinical trials on therapeutic aptamers are providing further insight into their potential use. Leukemia is a hematological malignancy characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal blood-forming cells, primarily affecting the bone marrow and peripheral blood. This review will highlight the applications of aptamers in relation to the diagnosis and treatment of leukemia. Novel research on leukemia-related aptamers will be presented along with future directions for aptamer-based diagnostic and therapeutic methods.
SoniG, YadavKS. Applications of nanoparticles in treatment and diagnosis of leukemia. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl2015;47:156–164; doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.10.043
SnyderR. Leukemia and benzene. Int J Environ Res Public Health2012;9:2875–2893; doi: 10.3390/ijerph9082875
4.
BoyleP, LevinB. World CanCer report 2008. Cancer Control2008;199:1828–1840; doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2010.02.010
5.
YangC, WangY, GeMH, et al.Rapid identification of specific DNA aptamers precisely targeting CD33 positive leukemia cells through a paired cell-based approach. Biomater Sci2019;7:938–950; doi: 10.1039/c8bm01393d
6.
HaferlachT, KohlmannA, SchnittgerS, et al.Global approach to the diagnosis of leukemia using gene expression profiling. Blood2005;106:1189–1198; doi: 10.1182/blood-2004-12-4938
7.
BrownM, WittwerC. Flow cytometry: Principles and clinical applications in hematology. Clin Chem2000;46:1221–1229; doi: 10.1093/clinchem/46.8.1221
8.
EllisonLF, WilkinsK. Canadian trends in cancer prevalence. Health Rep2012;23:7–16.
9.
Miranda-FilhoA, PiñerosM, FerlayJ, et al.Epidemiological patterns of leukaemia in 184 countries: A population-based study. Lancet Haematol2018;5:e14–e24; doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(17)30232-6
10.
DaneshNM, LavaeeP, RamezaniM, et al.Targeted and controlled release delivery of daunorubicin to T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia by aptamer-modified gold nanoparticles. Int J Pharm2015;489:311–317; doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.04.072
11.
KhanGN, OrchardK, GuinnBA. Antigenic targets for the immunotherapy of acute myeloid leukaemia. J Clin Med2019;8:134; doi: 10.3390/jcm8020134
12.
PerrottiD, JamiesonC, GoldmanJ, et al.Chronic myeloid leukemia: Mechanisms of blastic transformation. J Clin Invest2010;120:2254–2264; doi: 10.1172/JCI41246
13.
HoellenriegelJ, ZboralskiD, MaaschC, et al.The spiegelmer NOX-A12, a novel CXCL12 inhibitor, interferes with chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell motility and causes chemosensitization. Blood2014;123:1032–1039; doi: 10.1182/blood-2013-03-493924
14.
MordenteA, MeucciE, MartoranaGE, et al.Cancer biomarkers discovery and validation: State of the art, problems and future perspectives. Adv Exp Med Biol2015;867:9–26; doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-7215-0_2
15.
MicheelCM, NassSJ, OmennGS, Committee on the review of omics-based tests for predicting patient outcomes in clinical trials; Board on Health Care Services; Board on Health Sciences Policy. Evolution of Translational Omics: Lessons Learned and the Path Forward. National Academies Press (US): Washington, DC; 2012; doi: 10.17226/13297
16.
Cortés-SempereM, Ibáñez de CáceresI. microRNAs as novel epigenetic biomarkers for human cancer. Clin Transl Oncol2011;13:357–362; doi: 10.1007/s12094-011-0668-z
17.
SarhadiVK, ArmengolG. Molecular biomarkers in cancer. Biomolecules2022;12:1021; doi: 10.3390/biom12081021
18.
GoossensN, NakagawaS, SunX, et al.Cancer biomarker discovery and validation. Transl Cancer Res2015;4:256–269; doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-676X.2015.06.04
19.
HassanNM, AbdellateifMS, RadwanEM, et al.Prognostic significance of CRLF2 overexpression and JAK2 mutation in Egyptian pediatric patients with B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk2022;22:e376–e385; doi: 10.1016/j.clml.2021.12.006
20.
TeuffelO, DettlingM, CarioG, et al.Gene expression profiles and risk stratification in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica2004;89:801–808.
21.
WołowiecD, MekkiY, FfrenchP, et al.Differential expression of cell proliferation regulatory proteins in B- and T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukaemias. Br J Haematol1996;95:518–523; doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1996.d01-1930.x
22.
LeeDW, GardnerR, PorterDL, et al.Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of cytokine release syndrome. Blood2014;124:188–195; doi: 10.1182/blood-2014-05-552729
23.
JiangG, ZhangM, YueB, et al.PTK7: A new biomarker for immunophenotypic characterization of maturing T cells and T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Res2012;36:1347–1353; doi: 10.1016/j.leukres.2012.07.004
24.
KiyoiH, KawashimaN, IshikawaY. FLT3 mutations in acute myeloid leukemia: Therapeutic paradigm beyond inhibitor development. Cancer Sci2020;111:312–322; doi: 10.1111/cas.14274
25.
BoisselN, RennevilleA, BiggioV, et al.Prevalence, clinical profile, and prognosis of NPM mutations in AML with normal karyotype. Blood2005;106:3618–3620; doi: 10.1182/blood-2005-05-2174
26.
FröhlingS, SchlenkRF, StolzeI, et al.CEBPA mutations in younger adults with acute myeloid leukemia and normal cytogenetics: Prognostic relevance and analysis of cooperating mutations. J Clin Oncol2004;22:624–633; doi: 10.1200/JCO.2004.06.060
27.
Menendez-GonzalezJB, VukovicM, AbdelfattahA, et al.Gata2 as a crucial regulator of stem cells in adult hematopoiesis and acute myeloid leukemia. Stem Cell Reports2019;13:291–306; doi: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.07.005
28.
EckardtJN, StasikS, RölligC, et al.Mutated IKZF1 is an independent marker of adverse risk in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia2023;37:2395–2403; doi: 10.1038/s41375-023-02061-1
29.
WangHP, ZhouYL, HuangX, et al.CDKN2A deletions are associated with poor outcomes in 101 adults with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Am J Hematol2021;96:312–319; doi: 10.1002/ajh.26069
30.
YangXY, ZhangMY, ZhouQ, et al.High expression of S100A8 gene is associated with drug resistance to etoposide and poor prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia through influencing the apoptosis pathway. Onco Targets Ther2016;9:4887–4899; doi: 10.2147/OTT.S101594
31.
BaiJ, HeA, ZhangW, et al.Potential biomarkers for adult acute myeloid leukemia minimal residual disease assessment searched by serum peptidome profiling. Proteome Sci2013;11:39; doi: 10.1186/1477-5956-11-39
32.
LeeCY, TienHF, HuCY, et al.Marrow angiogenesis-associated factors as prognostic biomarkers in patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia. Br J Cancer2007;97:877–882; doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603966
33.
MarkováJ, MichkováP, BurčkováK, et al.Prognostic impact of DNMT3A mutations in patients with intermediate cytogenetic risk profile acute myeloid leukemia. Eur J Haematol2012;88:128–135; doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2011.01716.x
34.
FalayM, CeranF, GunesAK, et al.CD38 expression and variation as a prognostic factor chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clin Lab2016;62:1287–1293; doi: 10.7754/Clin.Lab.2015.151125
35.
DamleRN, WasilT, FaisF, et al.Ig V gene mutation status and CD38 expression as novel prognostic indicators in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood1999;94:1840–1847; doi: 10.1182/blood.v94.6.1840
36.
WiestnerA. Flow cytometry for ZAP-70: New colors for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cytometry B Clin Cytom2006;70:201–203; doi: 10.1002/cyto.b.20126
QuattrocchiA, CappelliLV, De SimoneG, et al.Biomarkers in acute myeloid leukemia: From state of the art in risk classification to future challenges of RNA editing as disease predictor and therapy target. Aspects of Molecular Medicine.2023;2:100023; doi: 10.1016/j.amolm.2023.100023
39.
PrajapatiSK, KumariN, BhowmikD, et al.Recent advancements in biomarkers, therapeutics, and associated challenges in acute myeloid leukemia. Ann Hematol2024;103:4375–4400; doi: 10.1007/s00277-024-05963-x
40.
LiAJ, DhanrajJP, LopesG, et al.Clinical trial risk in leukemia: Biomarkers and trial design. Hematol Oncol2021;39:105–113; doi: 10.1002/hon.2818
41.
CoxMC, MaffeiL, BuffolinoS, et al.A comparative analysis of FISH, RT-PCR, and cytogenetics for the diagnosis of bcr-abl-positive leukemias. Am J Clin Pathol1998;109:24–31; doi: 10.1093/ajcp/109.1.24
42.
BaoF, MunkerR, LoweryC, et al.Comparison of FISH and quantitative RT-PCR for the diagnosis and follow-up of BCR-ABL-positive leukemias. Mol Diagn Ther2007;11:239–245; doi: 10.1007/BF03256245
43.
TheunissenP, MejstrikovaE, SedekL, EuroFlow Consortium. et al.Standardized flow cytometry for highly sensitive MRD measurements in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood2017;129:347–357; doi: 10.1182/blood-2016-07-726307
44.
KnappW, StroblH, MajdicO. Flow cytometric analysis of cell-surface and intracellular antigens in leukemia diagnosis. Cytometry1994;18:187–198; doi: 10.1002/cyto.990180402
45.
MatarrazS, AlmeidaJ, Flores-MonteroJ, et al.Introduction to the diagnosis and classification of monocytic-lineage leukemias by flow cytometry. Cytometry B Clin Cytom2017;92:218–227; doi: 10.1002/cyto.b.21219
46.
AmpasavateC, JutapakdeeW, PhongpradistR, et al.FLT3, a prognostic biomarker for acute myeloid leukemia (AML): Quantitative monitoring with a simple anti-FLT3 interaction and flow cytometric method. J Clin Lab Anal2019;33:e22859; doi: 10.1002/jcla.22859
47.
KeeneyM, HedleyBD, Chin-YeeIH. Flow cytometry-recognizing unusual populations in leukemia and lymphoma diagnosis. Int J Lab Hematol2017;39(Suppl 1):86–92; doi: 10.1111/ijlh.12666
48.
Winn-DeenES, HeltonB, Van AttaR, et al.Development of an integrated assay for detection of BCR-ABL RNA. Clin Chem2007;53:1593–1600; doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2007.085472
49.
YangS, LiH, XuL, et al.Oligonucleotide aptamer-mediated precision therapy of hematological malignancies. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids2018;13:164–175; doi: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.08.023
50.
HoriSI, HerreraA, RossiJJ, et al.Current advances in aptamers for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Cancers (Basel)2018;10:9; doi: 10.3390/cancers10010009
51.
TaghdisiSM, DaneshNM, RamezaniM, et al.Targeted delivery of vincristine to T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells using an aptamer-modified albumin conjugate. RSC Adv.2016;6:46366–46371; doi: 10.1039/c6ra08481h
52.
WuX, ChenJ, WuM, et al.Aptamers: Active targeting ligands for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Theranostics2015;5:322–344; doi: 10.7150/thno.10257
53.
ZhaoN, PeiSN, QiJ, et al.Oligonucleotide aptamer-drug conjugates for targeted therapy of acute myeloid leukemia. Biomaterials2015;67:42–51; doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.07.025
54.
KaurH, BrunoJG, KumarA, et al.Aptamers in the therapeutics and diagnostics pipelines. Theranostics2018;8:4016–4032; doi: 10.7150/thno.25958
55.
ParasharA. Aptamers in therapeutics. J Clin Diagn Res2016;10:BE01–BE06; doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/18712.7922
56.
NimjeeSM, RusconiCP, SullengerBA. Aptamers: An emerging class of therapeutics. Annu Rev Med2005;56:555–583; doi: 10.1146/annurev.med.56.062904.144915
57.
VandghanooniS, EskandaniM, BararJ, et al.Bispecific therapeutic aptamers for targeted therapy of cancer: A review on cellular perspective. J Mol Med (Berl)2018;96:885–902; doi: 10.1007/s00109-018-1669-y
58.
RuscitoA, DeRosaMC. Small-Molecule binding aptamers: Selection strategies, characterization, and applications. Front Chem2016;4:14; doi: 10.3389/fchem.2016.00014
59.
McKeagueM, DerosaMC. Challenges and opportunities for small molecule aptamer development. J Nucleic Acids2012;2012:748913; doi: 10.1155/2012/748913
60.
JiC, WeiJ, ZhangL, et al.Aptamer-Protein Interactions: From regulation to biomolecular detection. Chem Rev2023;123:12471–12506; doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00377
61.
ZhouW, SaranR, LiuJ. Metal sensing by DNA. Chem Rev2017;117:8272–8325; doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00063
62.
StangherlinS, DingY, LiuJ. Dissociation Constant (Kd) measurement for small-molecule binding aptamers: Homogeneous assay methods and critical evaluations. Small Methods2025;9:e2401572; doi: 10.1002/smtd.202401572
63.
KellyL, MaierKE, YanA, et al.A comparative analysis of cell surface targeting aptamers. Nat Commun2021;12:6275; doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-26463-w
64.
ZouX, WuJ, GuJ, et al.Application of aptamers in virus detection and antiviral therapy. Front Microbiol2019;10:1462; doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01462
65.
KolmC, CervenkaI, AschlUJ, et al.DNA aptamers against bacterial cells can be efficiently selected by a SELEX process using state-of-the art qPCR and ultra-deep sequencing. Sci Rep2020;10:20917; doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77221-9
66.
MusumeciD, PlatellaC, RiccardiC, et al.Fluorescence sensing using DNA aptamers in cancer research and clinical diagnostics. Cancers (Basel)2017;9:174; doi: 10.3390/cancers9120174
67.
PangX, CuiC, WanS, et al.Bioapplications of Cell-SELEX-generated aptamers in cancer diagnostics, therapeutics, theranostics and biomarker discovery: A comprehensive review. Cancers (Basel)2018;10:47; doi: 10.3390/cancers10020047
68.
SunH, ZhuX, LuPY, et al.Oligonucleotide aptamers: New tools for targeted cancer therapy. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids2014;3:e182; doi: 10.1038/mtna.2014.32
69.
YoonS, RossiJJ. Targeted molecular imaging using aptamers in cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel)2018;11:71; doi: 10.3390/ph11030071
70.
BahreyniA, Yazdian-RobatiR, RamezaniM, et al.Identification and imaging of leukemia cells using dual-aptamer-functionalized graphene oxide complex. J Biomater Appl2017;32:74–81; doi: 10.1177/0885328217712111
71.
SongKM, LeeS, BanC. Aptamers and their biological applications. Sensors (Basel)2012;12:612–631; doi: 10.3390/s120100612
72.
HuangZ, QiuL, ZhangT, et al.Integrating DNA nanotechnology with aptamers for biological and biomedical applications. Matter2021;4:461–489; doi: 10.1016/j.matt.2020.11.002
PoturnayováA, BuríkováM, BízikJ, et al.DNA aptamers in the detection of leukemia cells by the thickness shear mode acoustics method. Chemphyschem2019;20:545–554; doi: 10.1002/cphc.201801126
75.
SefahK, TangZW, ShangguanDH, et al.Molecular recognition of acute myeloid leukemia using aptamers. Leukemia2009;23:235–244; doi: 10.1038/leu.2008.335
76.
ZhouZ, LiuM, JiangJ. The potential of aptamers for cancer research. Anal Biochem2018;549:91–95; doi: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.03.008
77.
KotulaJW, SunJ, LiM, et al.Targeted disruption of β-arrestin 2-mediated signaling pathways by aptamer chimeras leads to inhibition of leukemic cell growth. PLoS One2014;9:e93441; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093441
78.
MongelardF, BouvetP. AS-1411, a guanosine-rich oligonucleotide aptamer targeting nucleolin for the potential treatment of cancer, including acute myeloid leukemia. Curr Opin Mol Ther2010;12:107–114.
79.
MoritaY, LeslieM, KameyamaH, et al.Aptamer therapeutics in cancer: Current and future. Cancers (Basel)2018;10:80; doi: 10.3390/cancers10030080
80.
NgEW, AdamisAP. Anti-VEGF aptamer (pegaptanib) therapy for ocular vascular diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci2006;1082:151–171; doi: 10.1196/annals.1348.062
81.
DoggrellSA. Pegaptanib: The first antiangiogenic agent approved for neovascular macular degeneration. Expert Opin Pharmacother2005;6:1421–1423; doi: 10.1517/14656566.6.8.1421
82.
BegeM, Ghanem KattoubR, BorbásA. The 20th Anniversary of Pegaptanib (MacugenTM), the first approved aptamer medicine: History, recent advances and future prospects of aptamers in therapy. Pharmaceutics2025;17:394; doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics17030394
83.
La ThangueNB, KerrDJ. Predictive biomarkers: A paradigm shift towards personalized cancer medicine. Nat Rev Clin Oncol2011;8:587–596; doi: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2011.121
84.
AghdisiSM, LavaeeP, RamezaniM, et al.Reversible targeting and controlled release delivery of daunorubicin to cancer cells by aptamer-wrapped carbon nanotubes. Eur J Pharm Biopharm2011;77:200–206; doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.12.005
85.
MallikaratchyPR, RuggieroA, GardnerJR, et al.A multivalent DNA aptamer specific for the B-cell receptor on human lymphoma and leukemia. Nucleic Acids Res2011;39:2458–2469; doi: 10.1093/nar/gkq996
86.
XiangD, ZhengC, ZhouSF, et al.Superior performance of aptamer in tumor penetration over antibody: Implication of aptamer-based theranostics in solid tumors. Theranostics2015;5:1083–1097; doi: 10.7150/thno.11711
87.
DroletDW, NelsonJ, TuckerCE, et al.Pharmacokinetics and safety of an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor aptamer (NX1838) following injection into the vitreous humor of rhesus monkeys. Pharm Res2000;17:1503–1510; doi: 10.1023/a:1007657109012
88.
MathavanS, TamYJ, MustaffaKMF, et al.Aptamer based immunotherapy: A potential solid tumor therapeutic. Front Immunol2025;16:1536569; doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1536569
89.
WuH, WangM, DaiB, et al.Novel CD123-aptamer-originated targeted drug trains for selectively delivering cytotoxic agent to tumor cells in acute myeloid leukemia theranostics. Drug Deliv2017;24:1216–1229; doi: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1367976
90.
McKeagueM, McConnellEM, Cruz-ToledoJ, et al.Analysis of in vitro aptamer selection parameters. J Mol Evol.2015;81:150–161; doi: 10.1007/s00239-015-9708-6
91.
KeefeAD, PaiS, EllingtonA. Aptamers as therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discov2010;9:537–550; doi: 10.1038/nrd3141
92.
GuoKT, ZiemerG, PaulA, et al.CELL-SELEX: Novel perspectives of aptamer-based therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci2008;9:668–678; doi: 10.3390/ijms9040668
93.
MorenoA, PitocGA, GansonNJ, et al.Anti-PEG Antibodies Inhibit the Anticoagulant Activity of PEGylated Aptamers. Cell Chem Biol2019;26:634–644.e3; doi: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.02.001
94.
GaoY, JoshiM, ZhaoZ, et al.PEGylated therapeutics in the clinic. Bioeng Transl Med2024;9:e10600; doi: 10.1002/btm2.10600
95.
GansonNJ, PovsicTJ, SullengerBA, et al.Pre-existing anti-polyethylene glycol antibody linked to first-exposure allergic reactions to pegnivacogin, a PEGylated RNA aptamer. J Allergy Clin Immunol2016;137:1610–1613.e7; doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.10.034
96.
DeRosaMC, LinA, MallikaratchyP, et al.In vitro selection of aptamers and their applications. Nat Rev Methods Primers2023;3:55; doi: 10.1038/s43586-023-00247-6
97.
GopinathSC. Methods developed for SELEX. Anal Bioanal Chem2007;387:171–182; doi: 10.1007/s00216-006-0826-2
98.
BerezovskiM, DrabovichA, KrylovaSM, et al.Nonequilibrium capillary electrophoresis of equilibrium mixtures: A universal tool for development of aptamers. J Am Chem Soc2005;127:3165–3171; doi: 10.1021/ja042394q
99.
TolleF, MayerG. Preparation of SELEX Samples for Next-Generation Sequencing. Methods Mol Biol2016;1380:77–84; doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3197-2_6
100.
MayerG. The chemical biology of aptamers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl2009;48:2672–2689; doi: 10.1002/anie.200804643
101.
HeS, DuY, TaoH, et al.Advances in aptamer-mediated targeted delivery system for cancer treatment. Int J Biol Macromol2023;238:124173; doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124173
102.
MiJ, LiuY, RabbaniZN, et al.In vivo selection of tumor-targeting RNA motifs. Nat Chem Biol2010;6:22–24; doi: 10.1038/nchembio.277
103.
EarnestKG, McConnellEM, HassanEM, et al.Development and characterization of a DNA aptamer for MLL-AF9 expressing acute myeloid leukemia cells using whole cell-SELEX. Sci Rep2021;11:19174; doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-98676-4
104.
AmanoR, TakadaK, TanakaY, et al.Kinetic and Thermodynamic analyses of interaction between a high-affinity RNA aptamer and its target protein. Biochemistry2016;55:6221–6229; doi: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00748
105.
ShangguanD, LiY, TangZ, et al.Aptamers evolved from live cells as effective molecular probes for cancer study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2006;103:11838–11843; doi: 10.1073/pnas.0602615103
106.
ShangguanD, CaoZ, MengL, et al.Cell-specific aptamer probes for membrane protein elucidation in cancer cells. J Proteome Res2008;7:2133–2139; doi: 10.1021/pr700894d
107.
YuT, ZhangH, HuangZ, et al.A simple electrochemical aptamer cytosensor for direct detection of chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells. Electroanalysis2017;29:828–834; doi: 10.1002/elan.201600505
108.
Costa RamaE, Costa-GarcíaA. Screen-printed electrochemical immunosensors for the detection of cancer and cardiovascular biomarkers. Electroanalysis2016;28:1700–1715; doi: 10.1002/elan.201600126
109.
YangM, JiangG, LiW, et al.Developing aptamer probes for acute myelogenous leukemia detection and surface protein biomarker discovery. J Hematol Oncol2014;7:5; doi: 10.1186/1756-8722-7-5
110.
TanJ, YangN, HuZ, et al.Aptamer-functionalized fluorescent silica nanoparticles for highly sensitive detection of leukemia cells. Nanoscale Res Lett2016;11:298; doi: 10.1186/s11671-016-1512-8
111.
MallikaratchyP, TangZ, KwameS, et al.Aptamer directly evolved from live cells recognizes membrane bound immunoglobin heavy mu chain in Burkitt’s lymphoma cells. Mol Cell Proteomics2007;6:2230–2238; doi: 10.1074/mcp.M700026-MCP200
112.
BamrungsapS, ChenT, ShukoorMI, et al.Pattern recognition of cancer cells using aptamer-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles. ACS Nano2012;6:3974–3981; doi: 10.1021/nn3002328
113.
KhoshfetratSM, MehrgardiMA. Amplified detection of leukemia cancer cells using an aptamer-conjugated gold-coated magnetic nanoparticles on a nitrogen-doped graphene modified electrode. Bioelectrochemistry2017;114:24–32; doi: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2016.12.001
114.
BatesPJ, ChoiEW, NayakLV. G-rich oligonucleotides for cancer treatment. Methods Mol Biol2009;542:379–392; doi: 10.1007/978-1-59745-561-9_21
115.
Reyes-ReyesEM, TengY, BatesPJ. A new paradigm for aptamer therapeutic AS1411 action: Uptake by macropinocytosis and its stimulation by a nucleolin-dependent mechanism. Cancer Res2010;70:8617–8629; doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-0920
116.
ChenW, SridharanV, SoundararajanS, et al.Activity and mechanism of action of AS1411 in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Blood.2007;110:1604; doi: 10.1182/blood.V110.11.1604.1604
117.
SoundararajanS, WangL, SridharanV, et al.Plasma membrane nucleolin is a receptor for the anticancer aptamer AS1411 in MV4-11 leukemia cells. Mol Pharmacol2009;76:984–991; doi: 10.1124/mol.109.055947
118.
ShangguanD, TangZ, MallikaratchyP, et al.Optimization and modifications of aptamers selected from live cancer cell lines. Chembiochem2007;8:603–606; doi: 10.1002/cbic.200600532
119.
KimM, KimDM, KimKS, et al.Applications of cancer cell-specific aptamers in targeted delivery of anticancer therapeutic agents. Molecules2018;23:830; doi: 10.3390/molecules23040830
120.
ZhangZ, AliMM, EckertMA, et al.A polyvalent aptamer system for targeted drug delivery. Biomaterials2013;34:9728–9735; doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.08.079
121.
HuangYF, ShangguanD, LiuH, et al.Molecular assembly of an aptamer-drug conjugate for targeted drug delivery to tumor cells. Chembiochem2009;10:862–868; doi: 10.1002/cbic.200800805
122.
WildaM, FuchsU, WössmannW, et al.Killing of leukemic cells with a BCR/ABL fusion gene by RNA interference (RNAi). Oncogene2002;21:5716–5724; doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205653
123.
HoTC, KimHS, ChenY, et al.Scaffold-mediated CRISPR-Cas9 delivery system for acute myeloid leukemia therapy. Sci Adv2021;7:eabg3217; doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abg3217
124.
MeiL, ZhuG, QiuL, et al.Self-assembled multifunctional DNA Nanoflowers for the circumvention of multidrug resistance in targeted anticancer drug delivery. Nano Res2015;8:3447–3460; doi: 10.1007/s12274-015-0841-8
125.
DouglasSM, BacheletI, ChurchGM. A logic-gated nanorobot for targeted transport of molecular payloads. Science2012;335:831–834; doi: 10.1126/science.1214081
126.
WuC, HanD, ChenT, et al.Building a multifunctional aptamer-based DNA nanoassembly for targeted cancer therapy. J Am Chem Soc2013;135:18644–18650; doi: 10.1021/ja4094617
127.
PorterDL, LevineBL, KalosM, et al.Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells in chronic lymphoid leukemia. N Engl J Med2011;365:725–733; doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1103849
128.
NagorsenD, KuferP, BaeuerlePA, et al.Blinatumomab: A historical perspective. Pharmacol Ther2012;136:334–342; doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.07.013
129.
NiuW, ChenX, TanW, et al.N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Gold(I) complexes conjugated to a leukemia-specific DNA aptamer for targeted drug delivery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl2016;55:8889–8893; doi: 10.1002/anie.201602702
130.
MedleyCD, SmithJE, TangZ, et al.Gold nanoparticle-based colorimetric assay for the direct detection of cancerous cells. Anal Chem2008;80:1067–1072; doi: 10.1021/ac702037y
LiF, EmmertonKK, JonasM, et al.Intracellular released payload influences potency and bystander-killing effects of antibody-drug conjugates in preclinical models. Cancer Res2016;76:2710–2719; doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-1795
133.
KratschmerC, LevyM. Targeted delivery of auristatin-modified toxins to pancreatic cancer using aptamers. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids2018;10:227–236; doi: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.11.013
134.
NicolasE, RamusC, BerthierS, et al.Expression of S100A8 in leukemic cells predicts poor survival in de novo AML patients. Leukemia2011;25:57–65; doi: 10.1038/leu.2010.251
135.
TeacheyDT, LaceySF, ShawPA, et al.Identification of predictive biomarkers for cytokine release syndrome after chimeric antigen receptor t-cell therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Discov2016;6:664–679; doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-16-0040
