Abstract
This study examines residents’ perceptions of the Quanzhou World Heritage Site (WHS) in China, highlighting its importance for sustainable heritage conservation. Face-to-face surveys were conducted, and factor analysis was employed to assess how cultural identity, economic benefits, environmental concerns, and community engagement influence strategies for sustainable heritage preservation. The findings reveal that while residents exhibit a positive attitude toward participation on WHS conversation, but there are insufficient opportunities for them to be involved in the formulation of conservation plans. Additionally, the government’s efforts in promoting awareness and education about the WHS are inadequate, which residents perceive as critical. There is also limited awareness of potential environmental issues related to tourism. These insights can serve as valuable insights for newly designated WHS areas and those facing challenges in achieving sustainable development, offering guidance on enhancing resident involvement in conservation efforts.
Plain language summary
This study looks at how residents view the Quanzhou World Heritage Site (WHS) in China and its role in preserving heritage for future generations. Surveys were done in person to understand how factors like cultural identity, economic benefits, environmental issues, and community participation affect efforts to conserve the site. The results show that while residents are generally positive about helping to protect the WHS, they feel there aren’t enough chances for them to be involved in decision-making. They also believe the government’s efforts to raise awareness and educate people about the WHS are lacking, which they see as important. Additionally, many residents are not fully aware of the environmental impacts of tourism. These findings can help guide other WHS areas, especially those struggling with sustainable development, by offering ways to increase community involvement in heritage conservation.
Introduction
The significance of World Heritage Sites (WHS) extends beyond national borders, encapsulating humanity’s collective cultural and natural heritage. These sites are recognized for their outstanding universal value, reflecting the diversity of cultural expressions and the evolution of natural habitats throughout history (Chauma & Ngwira, 2022). WHS acts as a bridge between nations, fostering a sense of global community and shared responsibility for preserving our common heritage. They represent the collective memory of human achievements and the planet’s natural wonders, offering a foundation for cross-cultural understanding and international cooperation (Adler, 2019). Besides, according to Danish (2020), WHSs are critical educational resources that enrich our knowledge of the world’s heritage, promoting awareness and appreciation of different cultures and ecosystems. They serve as platforms for learning and research, enabling scholars, students, and enthusiasts to delve into the world’s cultural and ecological diversity.
Moreover, WHS contributes significantly to the socio-economic development of host communities. They are drivers of sustainable tourism, creating employment opportunities and stimulating local economies. By attracting visitors from around the globe, WHS helps to spread economic benefits and enhance the quality of life for residents in the vicinity (Niyazova, 2021). Studies have shown that WHS can increase local business revenues, particularly in hospitality, retail, and transportation (Zhuang et al., 2019). This phenomenon creates a multiplier effect, where tourism-related expenditures benefit a more comprehensive range of local services and industries (Li et al., 2020). However, this economic potential must be carefully managed to avoid compromising the heritage these sites seek to protect (Kodaş et al., 2022).
Therefore, residents’ participation in evaluating and preserving WHS emerges as a principle for ensuring long-term sustainability and development. Khai (2017) emphasizes the focal role of resident engagement in fostering a sense of ownership and pride in heritage, thus nurturing community engagement and support. Resident insights are precious in guiding decision-making processes essential to effective WHS management (Kiami et al., 2016). As holders of indigenous knowledge and active participants in heritage conservation, residents are vital to maximizing the economic benefits of WHS tourism and ensuring that the advantages are fairly distributed among all parties involved (Landorf, 2018).
In 2021designated as a WHS, Quanzhou boasts significant cultural and historical treasures, including numerous world and national-level intangible cultural heritage items. However, there is a significant gap in the literature on preserving Quanzhou’s WHS, specifically regarding the role of residents’ perceptions and community participation. While research on WHS in other regions is abundant, the unique challenges Quanzhou faces and its local communities’ involvement remain underexplored—this lack of research limits understanding of critical factors influencing resident engagement, which is essential for effective heritage management. Moreover, challenges persist in managing and funding the conservation of its 22 dispersed heritage sites, complicating efforts to create a unified conservation strategy. Strategic interventions are needed to address these issues and revitalize the tourism sector, including infrastructure improvements and sustainable tourism practices (Di Giovine, 2019). As Quanzhou deals with these intricate issues, it is necessary to balance maintaining heritage and encouraging development.
This study addresses the important question: What are the perceptions of residents regarding the Quanzhou WHS? By exploring different perceptions, the article seeks to provide a clear understanding of resident’s perceptions through quantitative analysis. Gaining this insight can help Quanzhou policymakers create informed strategies to better engage the community and improve conservation efforts. Ultimately, these findings can serve as a model for heritage conservation practices in other regions, emphasizing the vital role of local perspectives in sustainable development.
Literature Review
Overview of Quanzhou
Quanzhou boasts rich historical, cultural, and economic significance in Fujian Province, China. Its strategic coastal position along the Taiwan Strait and expansive land and sea areas make it a diverse geographical region. Quanzhou’s economy has evolved and is driven by private enterprise and export-oriented industries. Economic data from the Quanzhou Municipal Bureau of Statistics underscores its resilience, with a GDP exceeding 1.2 trillion yuan in 2022 and a diverse industrial output value surpassing two trillion yuan (Quanzhou Municipal Bureau of Statistics, 2023). Quanzhou earned its WHS title due to its historical significance as a central maritime trade hub and its unique cultural heritage during the Song (960–1,279) and Yuan (1,271–1,368) dynasties. As one of the largest ports on the Maritime Silk Road, Quanzhou facilitated extensive exchanges between China and regions across Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe, playing a crucial role in the international trade of goods such as silk, ceramics, tea, and spices. The city’s cosmopolitan nature fostered a rich blend of cultural and religious diversity, with Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity, and Manichaeism coexisting peacefully. This diversity is reflected in its well-preserved monuments, including the Qingjing Mosque (one of the oldest Islamic structures in China), Kaiyuan Temple (a key Buddhist site), and other religious and cultural structures, showcasing its global connections. Beyond the port, Quanzhou’s heritage encompasses inland sites like ancient bridges, kiln sites, and shipwrecks, supporting its maritime activities. The city stands as a symbol of East-West exchanges, embodying China’s openness to the world and its participation in global networks during the medieval period. Quanzhou’s inscription as a UNESCO WHS highlights its role in bridging cultures and preserving a legacy of international trade and cultural integration.
Theories Behind Driving Perception Factors
This study examines several key theoretical perspectives, including cultural identity, economic benefits, environmental quality, and governance, which are critical factors shaping residents’ perceptions of Quanzhou’s designation as a WHS. These factors can be explored through three interrelated theories.
Derived from Place Attachment Theory, the key factors include cultural identity and heritage, economic impact, environmental concerns, and infrastructure and services, all elucidate how residents’ perceptions of Quanzhou’s WHS are formed. Cultural identity and heritage are central to this theory, as they strengthen residents’ emotional ties to their community, making the preservation of the WHS a reflection of their shared history and values. Rodella et al. (2019) emphasize that these heritage sites act as physical and symbolic anchors of identity, enhancing place attachment. Economic impact is another crucial factor, with research indicating that when a place offers economic benefits—such as improved quality of life through tourism or development—residents are more likely to form strong attachments to it (Aida et al., 2018). However, unequal distribution of these benefits may diminish attachment, as Asero and Skonieczny (2018) noted. Environmental concerns also play a significant role; residents are more likely to feel attached to well-maintained, ecologically balanced areas (Leshanych et al., 2023). Infrastructure and services further shape this attachment by contributing to a higher standard of living. Finally, education and awareness act as enablers, helping residents understand the importance of preserving their heritage, thereby reinforcing their attachment (Li et al., 2020). These factors illustrate how Place Attachment Theory provides a multifaceted lens for understanding residents’ connections to Quanzhou’s WHS.
Stakeholder Theory introduces two significant factors—government heritage management and community involvement—both essential for understanding the collaborative nature of heritage conservation. Government intervention plays a pivotal role in heritage management, as authorities are responsible for creating policies and regulatory frameworks that safeguard cultural sites. Such policies aim to protect the site’s historical significance and accommodate the diverse interests of stakeholders, including the local population, tourists, and businesses (Carlier & Treich, 2020). The government is crucial in coordinating these efforts in Quanzhou, where multiple heritage sites are dispersed and require cohesive management. Effective government policies must protect and promote cultural heritage and consider the economic and social dimensions that impact local communities. On the other hand, community involvement emphasizes the active participation of residents as critical stakeholders. As Dorough and Wiessner (2020) observe, communities engaged in heritage management tend to develop sustainable conservation practices as they understand these sites’ intrinsic and extrinsic value to their daily lives. Encouraging local engagement enhances the efficacy of conservation strategies and ensures that local voices are heard, thus preventing potential conflicts between heritage conservation and community development goals (Tokunaga et al., 2020).
Furthermore, Social Exchange Theory underscores the significance of residents’ perceptions in shaping their engagement with the community. Positive perceptions enhance social exchanges, encouraging individuals to contribute actively to local initiatives and conservation efforts, fostering a sense of belonging and commitment to the community. When residents view their environment favorably, they are more inclined to invest their time and resources, increasing social capital and the community’s overall well-being (Forleo et al., 2019). Conversely, negative perceptions can significantly hinder engagement; residents’ willingness to participate in local activities diminishes when they hold unfavorable views. This reluctance reduces individual investment and adversely affects community development and sustainability, illustrating the profound impact that perceptions have on the dynamics of community involvement and heritage conservation (Vidal Gimenez & Ruiz Mas, 2020).
Methodology
Questionnaire Design
The questionnaire for this study consists of two sections: demographic information and perception of the WHS. It aims to understand residents’ attitudes and behaviors toward WHS conservation. The first section collects demographic data such as gender, age, education, occupation, income, and visit frequency to the Quanzhou WHS. According to Revelli (2013), this information helps researchers understand the characteristics of the survey participants and how they might influence their preferences, values, and decision-making related to the WHS. Understanding these demographic factors is crucial for interpreting residents’ conservation attitudes, as different groups may prioritize distinct aspects of heritage preservation. For example, demographic information allows researchers to assess the sample’s representativeness and identify any potential biases in the data. Górak-Sosnowska (2022) noticed that understanding the respondents’ demographic profile helps evaluate the findings’ generalizability to the broader population of residents.
The second section of the survey is about residents’ perceptions of WHS. The objective of this section is to gather data regarding how residents perceive the designation of the historic city of Quanzhou as a WHS, their perspectives on cultural education and activities, and their views on heritage management and community involvement. This section delves into residents’ perceptions of WHS conservation, including cultural identity, economic impact, environmental concerns, infrastructure and services, education and awareness, heritage management, and community involvement. For instance, they are asked to consider how the cultural heritage is vital for preserving their cultural identity, as stated: “The cultural heritage of Quanzhou plays a vital role in preserving our cultural identity.” This question measures the depth of their emotional and cultural connection to the heritage site. Economic considerations are also addressed through queries like: “The presence of the cultural heritage site positively impacts the local economy.” This prompts respondents to contemplate the tangible benefits and economic opportunities that arise from the WHS status. The importance of environmental sustainability in heritage conservation is explored with questions such as: “The heritage site has taken effective measures to protect the natural surroundings.” This invites reflections on the balance between conservation efforts and ecological stewardship.
Furthermore, to delve deeper into these perceptions, this section employs a 5-point Likert scale, providing respondents with a spectrum from “Strongly Disagree” to “Strongly Agree” to articulate their level of concurrence with each statement. We have also included information on the validity and reliability of our instruments, ensuring that they effectively capture residents’ perceptions. Each question was developed based on established literature. By integrating these sample questions into the narrative, the section captures the multifaceted nature of residents’ perceptions. It emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive approach to understanding their attitudes toward WHS conservation.
Sample Strategy
This study utilized a strategic and focused data collection method, specifically targeting residents within Quanzhou’s Fengze and Licheng districts. These districts were selected due to their high concentration of WHS, with 12 out of Quanzhou’s 22 WHS located within these areas, as illustrated in Figure 1. Concentrating on these densely populated heritage site areas, the study aimed to gather meaningful insights from communities most directly affected by and engaged with the preservation efforts. Drawing from statistical power analysis, as Cochran (1977) recommended, a sample size of at least 385 is advised for a large population to achieve a 95% confidence level with a 5% margin of error. This study aimed to collect data from 500 residents to ensure robust statistical power and account for potential non-responses or partial responses. This number exceeds the minimum recommended, providing a more comprehensive representation of the population and enhancing the study’s ability to detect significant relationships or differences in the data.
Map of Quanzhou WHS (Adapted from UNESCO).
A convenience sampling approach was employed to engage participants efficiently. This method facilitated the collection of 500 responses from residents across the heritage site-rich areas of Quanzhou. Convenience sampling was chosen over other methods, such as random sampling, for several reasons. Firstly, it facilitated efficient data collection within the study’s timeframe and budget constraints (Etikan, 2017). The practicality of this approach was evident in its ability to leverage existing community gatherings and public spaces for participant recruitment, which would have been logistically challenging with random sampling. Secondly, the study aimed to capture the perspectives of residents most likely to be involved in or affected by WHS conservation efforts. Convenience sampling allowed the research team to target this group directly, enhancing the relevance of the data collected.
Participants were approached in public spaces such as community centers, local markets, parks, and near heritage sites (Qian, 2019). The research team looked for diverse individuals, including different age groups, genders, and occupations, to ensure a well-rounded representation of the community’s views. When approaching potential participants, the research assistants introduced themselves and the purpose of the study. They provided a brief survey overview, emphasizing its importance in shaping future conservation efforts. To attract a broad range of respondents, surveys were conducted at different times, including evenings and weekends, to accommodate varying schedules. This flexibility was crucial for reaching residents who might have been unavailable during standard working hours (Dounis, 2023).
The study achieved a response rate of 89%, indicating a substantial level of community engagement. However, the potential for self-selection bias was acknowledged, as residents with a pre-existing interest in heritage conservation might be more inclined to participate. This bias could lead to overrepresenting positive views on WHS conservation (Garcia et al., 2024). Besides, convenience sampling provides a pragmatic solution for data collection. The study acknowledges its limitations in terms of representativeness and generalizability. This approach may only reflect the views of some groups, particularly those less involved in WHS issues.
Data Analysis
This research employs descriptive statistics, CFA, and PCA to analyze the questionnaire data (as shown in Table 1). These techniques help understand the respondents’ characteristics, identify trends, and determine the significance of relationships between variables.
Analysis Plan.
Descriptive Statistical Analysis
Descriptive statistics involves using numerical and graphical techniques to summarize and describe the basic features of a dataset. Its primary purpose is to provide a brief overview of the data and to uncover patterns or trends within it (Hasted, 2018). Descriptive statistics include measures such as measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), measures of variability (range, variance, standard deviation), and measures of distribution (skewness, kurtosis). These statistics help researchers understand the characteristics of the data, identify outliers or anomalies, and gain insights into the underlying structure of the dataset.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) is utilized in this study to validate the theoretical factor structure of residents’ perceptions of Quanzhou’s WHS. CFA allows us to test how well our predefined factors—such as cultural identity, economic benefits, environmental concerns, and community engagement—fit the data collected from the survey. This method is chosen for its ability to confirm the hypothesized relationships between observed variables and their underlying constructs, which is crucial for establishing the reliability of our measurement model. As Miksza and Elpus (2018) suggested, CFA is particularly effective for theory-driven research where the factor structure is expected based on prior knowledge or theory. In resident perception research, factor analysis explores and identifies the primary factors influencing perceptions. For example, a survey may cover various aspects of cultural heritage conservation, such as cultural identity, economic impact, and environmental concerns (Neuts & Nijs, 2022). Factor analysis condenses these aspects into fewer dimensions or themes, providing a clearer understanding of residents’ perceptions without considering each question. Researchers identify these factors by analyzing factor loadings, indicating the strength of the association between observed variables and underlying constructs (Lourenço-Gomes et al., 2019). Factors with high loadings reveal the primary dimensions of perception, interpreted based on observed variables with high loadings. Rotation methods simplify interpretation. Overall, factor analysis helps identify critical factors guiding targeted interventions and policies for heritage management.
Principal Component Analysis
Following CFA, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is applied to reduce the data’s dimensionality and uncover any additional underlying patterns that were not predefined (Pagès, 2014). PCA aims to identify the main components in the data and further reveal potential connections between factors (Jolliffe, 1986). PCA recognizes the main components within the data that explain the maximum amount of variance without assuming a theoretical structure beforehand. This technique is selected to explore the data for new patterns and to simplify the complexity within the data set, as highlighted in a study by Miksza and Elpus (2018). PCA aids in identifying any unexpected factors that may influence residents’ perceptions, providing a more comprehensive view of the data.
Different implementations of PCA may vary in terms of computational efficiency, applicability, and complexity (Qureshi & Bickle, 2016). This study employed the Varimax rotation method to interpret each factor. Varimax rotation is a widely used technique in factor analysis, particularly in PCA, aimed at simplifying factor structures for more straightforward interpretation. Its primary goal is to maximize the variance of loadings within each factor while minimizing the variance across factors. This involves iteratively adjusting factor loadings to redistribute them, resulting in a more straightforward pattern where variables firmly load onto one factor. Varimax rotation enhances interpretability by maximizing within-factor variance and minimizing between-factor variance, leading to more meaningful insights from the analysis (Harrington, 2018).
By integrating the results from both CFA and PCA, the study provided a comprehensive analysis of the factors influencing residents’ perceptions of WHS conservation. These findings are crucial for developing targeted interventions and policies to enhance heritage management and community engagement in Quanzhou.
Results and Discussion
Descriptive Statistical Analysis
In this study, we surveyed residents of Quanzhou’s WHS to understand their demographic characteristics, perceptions, and behaviors toward cultural heritage conservation. Table 2 shows the first part of the questionnaire, which collected demographic information such as gender, age, marital status, education level, occupation, monthly income.
Demographic Characteristics of Interviewees.
In this survey the gender distribution skewed toward females, who comprised 64.5% of participants, compared to 35.5% of males. This suggests a higher female engagement in cultural heritage surveys. The age distribution peaked in the 21 to 30 range at 35.2%, with the 31 to 40 group following at 32.8%, indicating a robust young adult presence. This demographic’s cultural identity and economic activity could significantly influence research outcomes. Respondents aged 41 to 50 constituted 16.0%, and those over 50 made up 12.9%, hinting at varied perspectives on heritage conservation.
Marital status showed 58.6% singles and 41.4% married individuals, which could reflect differing levels of engagement with cultural heritage due to family considerations and personal time flexibility. Education levels, reflecting cultural literacy, were diverse: 47.3% held a university degree, 23.5% had a college degree, 9.1% had a graduate degree or higher, and 20.1% had a high school education or less. Occupation-wise, non-government employees (48.4%) and business owners (35.9%) predominated. This reveals several critical social phenomena and trends. The high proportion of business owners indicates a close relationship between cultural heritage and local economic development (Santos, 2021). Civil servants and students accounted for 7.6% and 8.2%, respectively. As part of government agencies, civil servants represent official attitudes and policy orientations toward cultural heritage conservation. The student group reflects the cognition and interest of the younger generation in cultural heritage, and their attitudes and behaviors may indicate future trends in cultural heritage conservation (Hirsenberger et al., 2019).
Furthermore, monthly income level, as a critical demographic indicator, provided a detailed overview of respondents’ economic status. The data showed that respondents’ monthly income distribution exhibited some diversity, with 38.9% having a monthly income between 3,000 and 6,000 yuan. This group may be more concerned about cultural heritage conservation activities’ cost-effectiveness and economic capacity. Additionally, 21.1% of respondents had a monthly income between 6,001 and 10,000 yuan, suggesting that these respondents may have higher economic support for cultural heritage conservation and higher expectations for cultural consumption and leisure activities. Moreover, 27.9% of respondents had a monthly income above 10,000 yuan, indicating that some residents have strong economic capabilities and may be more willing to make enormous economic contributions to cultural heritage conservation. It is worth noting that monthly income level reflects respondents’ economic capacity and may affect their values and behavioral patterns regarding cultural heritage conservation (Lee, 2021).
CFA and Validity Assessment
In Table 3, the KMO value was found to be 0.887, and Bartlett’s test of sphericity yielded an approximate chi-square value of 3,555.716 with 120 degrees of freedom and a p-value level of .000, indicating the data’s suitability for factor analysis (Riss et al., 2022). After the premise of the KMO value of the data, this study further uses CFA to verify the factors and test the reliability of the path coefficients of each measurement item on the measurement construct (Figure 2; Yu & Foster, 2017).
KMO Value and Bartlett’s Test.
Confirmatory factor analysis chart.
CFA results revealed that all standard factor loadings were significant at the .001 confidence level, with values ranging from 0.75 to 0.95. This indicates that the measurement items contribute strongly to their respective factors. These findings collectively support the robustness and validity of the constructs used in this study.
Principal Component Analysis
According to Table 4, this study extracted factors using PCA and employed the Varimax rotation method to interpret each factor. Through the analysis, several significant factors may be identified, such as “Cultural Identity and Education,” “Economic and Environmental Impacts,” “Infrastructure and Service Quality,” and “Community Involvement and Support.”
Confirmatory Factor Analysis.
Factor 1: Cultural Identity and Cultural Education (Explained Variance: 26%)
The solid cultural attachment observed in 64% of Quanzhou’s residents is closely tied to their participation in traditional practices such as ancestor worship, temple rituals, and local festivals. Despite this, 78% of residents believe government efforts to promote heritage education and awareness are lacking. This sentiment reflects the limited focus on community-based heritage education, as most government initiatives prioritize tourism promotion over engaging residents in meaningful cultural outreach. While the government may concentrate on attracting tourists, residents maintain their cultural connection through everyday activities embedded in their religious and communal life.
This discrepancy in heritage education is notable when contrasted with findings from studies like those by Chen and Wan (2023), which highlight a positive correlation between robust educational programs and increased community involvement in heritage conservation. Residents typically demonstrate greater participation in preservation efforts in regions with comprehensive heritage education initiatives. However, in Quanzhou, the lack of formal programs coexists with residents’ high levels of cultural identity. This discrepancy suggests that the cultural attachment in Quanzhou is more closely related to enduring local traditions rather than any structured efforts from the government or educational institutions.
However, 69% of residents recognize the importance of formal heritage education. People may consider that more than relying on traditional rituals is needed for practical heritage preservation. While ancestor worship and temple rituals are fundamental to maintaining cultural identity, they often lack the structured approach to tackle broader heritage conservation and sustainable management issues. Research by the Board (2021) supports this notion, indicating that comprehensive heritage education correlates positively with increased community participation in conservation efforts. Their findings suggest that without robust educational frameworks, the potential for residents to engage meaningfully in heritage preservation diminishes. Iram (2018) points out that traditional practices while fostering belonging, may not sufficiently address challenges like environmental degradation and the impacts of tourism that threaten cultural sites.
Furthermore, government intervention is critical in reaching younger generations who may not actively participate in these traditional practices. Parathian et al. (2018) emphasize the importance of educational outreach in engaging youth and instilling heritage conservation values. The government can bridge the generational gap by implementing comprehensive heritage education programs, ensuring cultural values are maintained through rituals and reinforced through formal education and awareness campaigns. Such initiatives would give residents the knowledge to understand the significance of preserving their heritage and encourage active involvement in protecting their cultural traditions.
Factor 2: Economic Impact and Environmental Concerns (Explained Variance: 20%)
Quanzhou residents express a multifaceted view regarding heritage conservation’s economic and environmental impacts. 37% of residents acknowledge the potential economic benefits of heritage tourism and cultural preservation, exhibiting optimism about the sector’s future growth. This contrasts sharply with regions where heritage tourism already plays a more substantial role in economic development, as highlighted by Huang et al. (2021), who demonstrated that tourism has significantly boosted local economies in more established heritage sites.
The limited economic impact in Quanzhou may be attributed to its predominantly private economic structure and the robust development of non-tourism sectors. As cultural tourism is still in its early stages, residents may need to experience its full benefits as a critical economic driver. Research by Reissland et al. (2020) suggests that early-stage tourism often yields slower economic returns, mainly when there is an underdeveloped infrastructure. In Quanzhou, 72% of residents identified infrastructure deficiencies as a critical barrier, further delaying the economic growth that could stem from heritage tourism. This finding underscores the importance of developing adequate infrastructure to unlock the potential economic benefits associated with heritage conservation.
Concerns appear less pronounced on the environmental front, with 24% of residents expressing significant worry. This finding contrasts with other heritage sites where environmental degradation has been a prominent issue, such as those studied by Greenberg (2022), where local communities raised significant concerns about the ecological impacts of tourism. One reason for the lower environmental concern in Quanzhou is its relatively recent designation as a WHS and the early stages of its tourism development. Residents may still need to fully grasp the long-term environmental implications typically associated with large-scale tourism. This reduced concern may also reflect a lack of awareness or inadequate environmental education, as Priyanto and Andrianto (2022) noted. Addressing these gaps through proactive environmental education and planning is crucial to ensuring that economic development does not come at the expense of environmental sustainability, as Pelu et al. (2020) suggested.
Factor 3: Infrastructure and Heritage Management (Explained Variance: 15%)
This factor reflects the importance of well-developed infrastructure and effective management strategies in preserving Quanzhou’s heritage sites. Residents generally believe that infrastructure improvements, such as better transportation, signage, and visitor facilities, are critical to enhancing both the accessibility and appeal of these sites. Studies have shown that inadequate infrastructure can hinder tourism and reduce local community involvement (Jayathilake et al., 2019; Neef, 2021). In Quanzhou, 62% of residents expressed dissatisfaction with the existing infrastructure, indicating that current facilities are insufficient to support growing tourism demands. This reinforces the need for targeted investments in physical improvements to support heritage site utilization and conservation efforts.
Heritage management is another crucial aspect of this factor. As Priyanto and Andrianto (2022) noted, proper management ensures that preservation efforts are balanced with tourism and community needs while addressing long-term sustainability. In Quanzhou, 58% of residents raised concerns about the effectiveness of heritage site management, particularly in maintenance and resource allocation. Poor management can lead to misallocating funds or neglecting essential conservation tasks. The connection between infrastructure and management is crucial—without proper management, even well-developed infrastructure may fail to support sustainable conservation. Research by Santos (2021) points to the need for cohesive management plans that integrate community engagement with infrastructure development to ensure the longevity of heritage sites.
The interrelationship between infrastructure and heritage management highlights the potential for mutual reinforcement. For instance, effective management can prioritize infrastructure upgrades that enhance preservation efforts, while robust infrastructure can relieve pressure on management resources by reducing operational inefficiencies (Simanihuruk, 2019). In Quanzhou, however, this balance appears to be lacking, with 65% of residents noting that inadequate infrastructure hinders effective site management. This creates a feedback loop where management struggles to maintain sites due to logistical and physical limitations. Addressing this disconnect requires a more integrated approach where infrastructure development and management practices align with conservation goals and community expectations, ensuring long-term sustainability.
Factor 4: Community Involvement and Conservation Support (Explained Variance: 13%)
This factor delves into variables associated with community involvement and backing for heritage and tourism initiatives. Quanzhou’s residents understand that participating in heritage conservation helps create a sense of ownership and responsibility toward local heritage sites. This is similar to the findings by Hoare et al. (2022), who noted that communities involved in conservation efforts build stronger emotional and cultural ties to their heritage. In Quanzhou, 49% of residents are willing to help preserve their cultural heritage, showing the potential for greater community involvement.
However, turning this interest into tangible support for WHS protection remains difficult. Most residents feel disconnected from formal conservation efforts due to a lack of communication and engagement from local authorities. This gap limits their ability to contribute effectively. The difference in participation rates could stem from a top-down approach to decision-making, where policies are made without enough input from the community. Abdalhafez et al. (2024) stress that grassroots involvement is essential for successful conservation. The gap between residents’ willingness to get involved and the government’s approach means missed opportunities to use local knowledge and enthusiasm. In contrast, areas where communities are actively involved in decisions, as described by Neef (2021), show much better results in conservation, with community-driven efforts playing a pivotal role. In Quanzhou, limited outreach and poor communication from the government about conservation efforts are preventing greater resident participation, which may harm the long-term success of WHS protection.
Moreover, while community involvement is important, it depends heavily on the support provided by local governments. The findings show that government backing for community projects is lacking, with too few resources and opportunities for residents to contribute meaningfully to WHS conservation. Bostrom et al. (2021) point out that cooperation between authorities and communities is critical to creating effective conservation strategies. To increase community involvement, the Quanzhou government needs to improve its support by providing more resources and platforms for residents to engage in WHS preservation.
Conclusion and Recommendation
Conclusion
This study has provided a comprehensive examination of residents’ perceptions and participation in the conservation of the Quanzhou WHS, revealing key insights crucial to its sustainable preservation. A strong sense of cultural identity is evident among the residents, forming a robust foundation for conservation efforts. This collective pride and heritage ownership should be a cornerstone for fostering deeper community involvement. However, the absence of effective educational initiatives targeting heritage conservation remains a significant shortcoming. Many residents, while culturally connected to the site, lack a formal understanding of its preservation needs. This highlights the necessity for educational programs that resonate with local customs and values, bridging the gap between informal cultural pride and formal conservation efforts.
While some recognize the potential economic advantages of heritage tourism, the area’s underdeveloped infrastructure and focus on non-tourism sectors hinder significant growth. Environmental concerns are less pronounced, likely due to the recent status as a WHS and a need for more awareness about potential ecological impacts. This situation underscores the need for enhanced infrastructure and community education to balance economic development with environmental sustainability, ensuring that future tourism growth does not compromise the region’s ecological integrity.
Infrastructure remains a barrier to the successful preservation of the heritage site. Poor transportation access and weak information dissemination systems hinder not only tourism development but also community engagement with heritage initiatives. The failure to address these shortcomings reflects deeper governance issues, where local authorities have not fully integrated infrastructure development into the overall management strategy. Effective conservation requires investment in infrastructure and a governance model that actively incorporates residents’ input and addresses their concerns.
This research highlights a significant governance gap, as many residents feel excluded from essential decision-making processes. Despite their willingness to engage more actively in conserving their heritage, they need more platforms and opportunities to participate meaningfully. Addressing this gap necessitates transforming governance models to prioritize grassroots participation, ensuring that local communities are included in the formulation of policies impacting their cultural sites.
Policy Recommendations
Building on the conclusions drawn from this study, several policy recommendations emerge as critical for enhancing the conservation and sustainable management of the Quanzhou WHS. To improve educational initiatives, programs focused on heritage conservation should be tailored to the local culture and customs. This could involve organizing workshops where residents actively participate in hands-on tasks like maintaining traditional buildings or caring for cultural artifacts, helping them feel more connected to the preservation efforts. A Heritage Ambassadors Program could train local experts, such as cultural historians and artisans, to lead educational tours and community events, enhancing the community’s understanding of the WHS. Collaborating with local schools to include heritage conservation topics in their classes would encourage students to explore and appreciate Quanzhou’s cultural significance. Additionally, creating digital learning tools, like mobile apps or websites with virtual tours and engaging content, could attract younger audiences. Lastly, an annual cultural heritage festival could celebrate the Quanzhou WHS with traditional performances, exhibitions, and fun competitions focused on conservation, further raising awareness and appreciation among residents and visitors alike.
Improving infrastructure is also essential for preserving heritage sites. To make these sites more accessible, we should enhance public transportation. This can involve adding more bus routes and increasing service frequency, especially during busy tourist seasons. Creating bike lanes and safe walking paths will also help tourists navigate the area comfortably. Besides, we must also focus on cleanliness and waste management. This includes providing more public restrooms and trash bins and ensuring they are regularly cleaned. Clear signs around the heritage sites can help visitors understand the area better and encourage responsible behavior.
Furthermore, involving the local community in maintaining these facilities can create a sense of pride and ownership, making preservation efforts more effective. Additionally, adding green spaces and resting areas around heritage sites will improve the visitor experience while promoting environmental care.
To bridge the governance gap and ensure meaningful community involvement, local authorities should enhance community engagement in decision-making processes related to heritage conservation. This can be achieved by creating formal platforms for residents to participate in discussions, such as town hall meetings and advisory councils. Training local officials in effective community engagement practices will equip them to facilitate inclusive decision-making processes. Supporting the establishment of community-led conservation groups will empower residents to take an active role in preserving their cultural heritage. Finally, creating incentives for participation, such as volunteer opportunities and recognition awards for local projects, can further encourage community involvement in heritage initiatives. These recommendations seek to address the primary concerns and opportunities highlighted by residents, guiding stakeholders toward more effective heritage conservation strategies.
Broader Implications
The findings from Quanzhou provide critical insights for heritage conservation on a global scale. Local community involvement is not only desirable but vital in regions where economic development and cultural preservation are often in conflict, especially in historic or indigenous sites. This research underscores the need for global policy frameworks, such as UNESCO’s guidelines, to prioritize governance models that ensure active community engagement. Adopting participatory approaches at the international level can lead to more inclusive, responsive heritage management strategies that resonate with the cultural identity and needs of local populations. Such strategies could be integrated into global heritage conservation policies, strengthening international frameworks for sustainable site management.
Beyond governance, this study emphasizes the importance of linking heritage conservation with broader economic models. Globally, many regions have untapped potential for heritage tourism, and Quanzhou serves as an example of how sustainable tourism can be a driver of local economic growth while safeguarding cultural resources. This approach offers a blueprint for developing economies that aim to balance conservation with development, making heritage tourism a tool for both preservation and economic prosperity. By integrating conservation into local economic strategies, global policy initiatives could promote sustainable tourism that benefits communities while ensuring long-term conservation.
Furthermore, in terms of comparative insights, Quanzhou’s challenges are reflective of many other WHS facing similar cultural or economic contexts. The study’s findings can offer valuable lessons for other regions where community participation and infrastructure development are key issues. By drawing parallels with similar sites, these findings can guide global conservation practices, particularly in areas with a shared need for balancing economic development with heritage preservation.
Finally, the lessons learned in Quanzhou could significantly benefit global conservation networks, such as the World Heritage Cities Programme. By aligning community participation with heritage preservation goals, international efforts can leverage these insights to improve conservation outcomes. This research contributes to a growing body of knowledge on how local voices, sustainable infrastructure, and educational initiatives can collectively ensure the long-term viability of heritage sites for future generations.
Footnotes
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to all those who have contributed to the success of this research. Our research would not have been possible without the support and resources provided by the Centre of Sustainable and Inclusive Development at the Faculty of Economics and Management, University Kebangsaan Malaysia. We extend our thanks to all individuals who have directly or indirectly supported us in the completion of this work.
Ethical Considerations
The authors would like to thank the National University of Malaysia Ethics Committee for Research involving Human Subjects (RECUKM; reference number: JEP-2023–915) for the approval to conduct the study in this area.
Funding
The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Data Availability Statement
Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.