Risk of post-colonoscopy colorectal cancer due to incomplete adenoma resection: A nationwide,population-based cohort study

Abstract

Background

Most post-colonoscopy colorectal cancers (PC-CRCs) are thought to develop from missed or incompletely resected adenomas.

Aims

We aimed to assess the incidence rate of PC-CRC overall and per colorectal segment, as a proxy for PC-CRC due to incomplete adenoma resection, and to identify adenoma characteristics associated with these PC-CRCs.

Methods

We performed a nationwide, population-based cohort study, including all patients with a first colorectal adenoma between 2000–2010 in the Dutch Pathology Registry (PALGA). Outcomes were the incidence rate of PC-CRC overall and of PC-CRC in the same colorectal segment, occurring between six months and five years after adenoma resection. A multivariable Cox proportional hazard analysis was performed to identify factors associated with PC-CRCs in the same segment.

Results

We included 107,744 patients (mean age 63.4 years; 53.6% male). PC-CRC was detected in 1031 patients (0.96%) with an incidence rate of 1.88 per 1000 person years. PC-CRC in the same segment was found in 323 of 133,519 adenomas (0.24%) with an incidence rate of 0.56 per 1000 years of follow-up. High-grade dysplasia (hazard ratio (HR) 2.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.99–3.25) and both villous (HR 2.63, 95% CI 1.79–3.87) and tubulovillous histology (HR 1.80, 95% CI 1.43–2.27) were risk factors for PC-CRC in the same segment.

Conclusions

Approximately one-third of PC-CRCs are found in the same colorectal segment after adenoma resection and could therefore be a consequence of incomplete adenoma resection, occurring in one in 400 adenomas. The risk of PC-CRC in the same segment is increased in adenomas with high-grade dysplasia or (tubulo)villous histology.

Keywords

Post-colonoscopy colorectal cancer advanced adenoma endoscopic resection high grade dysplasia villous histology

Introduction

Resection of adenomas during colonoscopy effectively reduces the incidence of subsequent colorectal cancer (CRC),¹ but does not preclude its occurrence within the first three to five years after the procedure.^2,3 Rather than developing from rapidly growing new lesions, most post-colonoscopy CRCs (PC-CRCs) are thought to be a consequence of missed lesions, but also incompletely resected adenomas.^4–6

There is a considerable risk of colorectal adenomas being incompletely resected, especially when larger lesions are removed in piecemeal fashion.^7,8 The proportion of PC-CRCs attributed to incompletely resected adenomas has been reported to range from 9–50% in previous studies,^5,6,9 suggesting that a substantial number of PC-CRCs could have been prevented by improving the quality of endoscopic resection. Data in these studies were either derived from prevalent CRC cases, retrospectively identifying PC-CRC, or from cohorts of adenoma patients, prospectively identifying small numbers of PC-CRCs. In order to assess the absolute risk of developing PC-CRC after adenoma resection and to identify high-risk adenomas, a large cohort of adenoma patients with a substantial number of PC-CRCs is needed.

We performed a nationwide, population-based cohort study to determine the rate of PC-CRC overall and in the same colorectal segment, to estimate the incidence of PC-CRC due to incomplete adenoma resection and to identify adenoma characteristics associated with PC-CRC due to incomplete adenoma resection.

Methods

Data source and study population

We performed a population-based cohort study using data from the nationwide network and registry of histopathology and cytopathology diagnoses in the Netherlands using the Dutch Pathology Registry (PALGA). In this registry, summaries of pathology reports generated by all pathology departments in the Netherlands are centrally archived.¹⁰ The registry has accomplished nationwide coverage since 1991. Each pathology report in PALGA is linked to a diagnostic code, in line with the Systemized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED).¹¹

We conducted a search in PALGA and identified all patients with a first colorectal adenoma between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2009. We did not include patients without adenomas, as our aim was to determine the rate of PC-CRC due to incomplete resection, not to compare the rate of PC-CRC between patients with and without adenomas at baseline. Inclusion of patients was based on the combination of diagnostic codes for ‘benign tumour’ and ‘colon’ or ‘rectum’. For each patient, we retrieved all histopathology reports of specimens of colorectal origin, starting at the first report and ending on 1 September 2013. Every report comprised the date of resection, the summary text and diagnostic codes. Age and gender of the patient were available for each PALGA report.

Data extraction and definitions

We excluded patients in whom no adenoma was found in the summary text or diagnostic codes. These included patients with a benign tumour that was not reported to be an adenoma or to contain dysplasia, for example hyperplastic polyps. In addition, patients with prevalent CRC, defined as patients in whom a CRC was found before, at the same time, or within six months after the first adenoma, were excluded. It was assumed that CRCs diagnosed within six months of the index procedure had already been detected or suspected during the index colonoscopy.^3,12

Pathological features consisted of tubular adenoma (TA), tubulovillous adenoma (TVA), villous adenoma (VA), sessile serrated adenoma/polyp (SSA/P), low-grade dysplasia (LGD), high-grade dysplasia (HGD; including carcinoma in situ) and CRC. Adenomas with villous histology and/or high-grade dysplasia were considered advanced adenomas.

Locations were categorized into six segments of the colon: caecum; ascending colon (including hepatic flexure); transverse colon (including splenic flexure); descending colon; sigmoid colon and rectum. We extracted locations of adenomas and carcinomas through either the reported specific colon segment or the type of surgery (for CRC). Only if the colon segment or type of surgery were not mentioned, the reported distance from the anal verge was used, according to the following definitions: rectum as 0–15 cm from the anal verge; sigmoid colon as 16–35 cm; descending colon as 36–50 cm and transverse colon as 51–70 cm. When the distance was >70 cm from the anal verge, the location was considered to be the ascending colon, unless the caecum was mentioned. Using this approach we assumed that the readily identifiable caecum would have been mentioned as such in the pathology report.

The number of adenomas and the locations of the adenomas in each pathology report were extracted from summary texts and diagnostic codes using automated searches, counting the number of terms and synonyms for adenomas and locations separately. As a consequence, cumulative numbers of adenomas did not always correspond to cumulative numbers of locations. For example, if a report mentioned ‘adenoma’ or ‘adenomas’ once and synonyms for location (i.e. ‘ascending’ and ‘transverse’) twice, a discrepancy existed between the number of adenomas and the number of locations. The discrepancy was 5% for the total number of adenomas in the entire study population. In case of metachronous CRC, all pathology reports of the patient were hand-checked to prevent false positive outcomes.

Outcome measures

Outcome measures were the incidence rate of PC-CRC, defined as a CRC occurring between six months and five years after colonoscopy with adenoma removal, and the risk of PC-CRC after removal of an adenoma from the same colorectal segment, used as a proxy for PC-CRC due to incomplete resection.

Statistical analysis

We used SAS version 9.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA) for data management and performed data analysis using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences version 22 (IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, USA).

We performed per patient and per adenoma analyses. In the per patient analysis, patients were followed from the date of their first adenoma until CRC occurred anywhere in the colon. If no CRC occurred, they were followed until five years after the last adenoma was detected, or until the end of study (1 September 2013), whichever came first.

In the per adenoma analysis, we included only adenomas with a known location, both those occurring at baseline and those occurring during follow up. Each adenoma in a unique colon segment was included separately. Adenomas occurring in a segment where an adenoma was found previously were also included separately. Follow up of the previous adenoma in that segment was stopped at the date of detection of a new adenoma. Adenomas occurring simultaneously in one segment were not included separately. The per adenoma analysis is therefore a per segment analysis, including all segments in which at least one adenoma was detected.

Segments with at least one adenoma were followed until CRC was detected anywhere in the colon or an adenoma was detected in the same segment, whichever came first. A new adenoma in the same segment was not an outcome, but rather a new start of follow up. If neither an adenoma in the same segment nor CRC were found, adenomas were followed until five years after detection or until the end of study (1 September 2013), whichever came first. Adenomas with a follow-up of less than six months were excluded.

We performed a multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression analysis to identify adenoma related risk factors for PC-CRC in the same colorectal segment. Multiple adenomas within one patient were included as separate cases. Therefore, we performed the analysis with and without adjusting for patient related factors and included the timing of detecting the adenoma, i.e. at baseline or during follow up, as a separate variable. Results were expressed as hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We considered a p-value < 0.05 to be significant.

To overcome the bias of failed biopsy detection, meaning that CRC was suspected already at baseline, but biopsy failed to confirm the histologic diagnosis, we performed the same multivariable analysis, excluding all CRCs occurring within one year after the previous adenoma.

Ethical considerations

This study was performed with the approval of, and in accordance with, the privacy and ethical guidelines of the privacy committee of PALGA. The Medical Ethical Committee of the University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands, exempted the study from informed consent according to Dutch regulations.

Results

Per patient

In total, 121,378 patients with a benign colorectal tumour were identified in PALGA, of whom 119,233 with one or more adenomas were included. After exclusion of patients with CRC diagnosed before or at the same time as the first adenoma (n = 7222) and patients with CRC within six months of the first adenoma (n = 4267), a total of 107,744 patients were included in the final analysis.

Mean age of the included patients was 63.4 years (standard deviation (SD) 12.8) and 53.6% were male (Table 1). Mean number of resected adenomas at the time of first adenoma detection was 1.23 (SD 0.57), with a total number of 132.974 adenomas at baseline. The sigmoid colon (39.7%) and rectum (27.6%) were the most frequently reported locations. Villous features, i.e. tubulovillous or villous histology, were reported at baseline in 31.4% of patients, while high-grade dysplasia was present in 13.8% of patients. The incidence of SSA/Ps was 2.4%. We observed an increase in the incidence of first adenomas in the Netherlands from 5798 in the year 2000 to 19,039 adenomas in 2009.

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics

Total number of patients	107,744 (%)
Male gender	57,784 (53.6)
Mean age at first adenoma, years (SD)	63.4 (12.8)
Mean number of adenomas per patient (SD)	1.23 (0.57)
Number of adenomas reported at baseline	132,974
1	87,742 (81.4)
2	16,327 (15.2)
≥3	3675 (3.4)
Locations of adenoma(s) reported at baseline^a	139,871
Caecum	9539 (8.9)
Ascending colon	13,049 (12.1)
Transverse colon	10,530 (9.8)
Descending colon	10,424 (9.7)
Sigmoid colon	42,812 (39.7)
Rectum	29,710 (27.6)
Colon not otherwise specified	23,807 (22.1)
Non tubular histology of first adenoma(s)
Tubulovillous	30,295 (28.1)
Villous	3527 (3.3)
Sessile serrated adenoma/polyp	2619 (2.4)
High-grade dysplasia in first adenoma(s)	14,900 (13.8)
Year of first adenoma diagnosis
2000–2003	25,621 (23.8)
2004–2006	32,251 (29.9)
2007–2009	49,872 (46.3)

SD: standard deviation.

Sum can be > 100%, as more than one adenoma can be found at index colonoscopy.

A cumulative number of 1.44 (SD 0.94) adenomas per patient was found at baseline and during follow up, adding up to a total number of 155,239 adenomas. Locations were known for 133,519 of these adenomas (86.0%), of which 89.2% were found at baseline and 10.8% during follow up. The majority of the adenomas with known locations were in the sigmoid colon or rectum (59.7%) (Table 2). Villous features were found in 32.0% and high-grade dysplasia in 13.6% of adenomas.

Table 2.

Characteristics of adenomas with known location, including first adenomas and adenomas during follow up

Number of adenomas	133,519 (%)
Number of adenomas in the same segment
1	122,802 (92.0)
2	9668 (7.2)
≥3	1049 (0.8)
Adenoma location
Caecum	11,601 (8.7)
Ascending colon	16,614 (12.4)
Transverse colon	13,308 (10.0)
Descending colon	12,294 (9.2)
Sigmoid colon	46,747 (35.0)
Rectum	32,955 (24.7)
Non-tubular adenoma histology
Tubulovillous	38,194 (28.6)
Villous	4530 (3.4)
Sessile serrated adenoma/polyp	4665 (3.5)
High-grade dysplasia	18,138 (13.6)
Year of adenoma diagnosis
2000–2003	24,546 (18.4)
2004–2007	34,395 (25.8)
2007–2009	58,157 (43.6)
2010–2013	16,421 (12.3)
Timing of adenoma within one patient
First adenoma	119,129 (89.8)
Adenoma during follow-up	14,390 (10.2)

PC-CRC, per patient analysis

In per patient analysis, the risk of developing PC-CRC anywhere in the colon was 0.96% (1031 of 107,744 patients). Mean follow-up time per patient was 5.1 years (SD 1.2) and the incidence rate of PC-CRC was 1.88 per 1000 person years (Table 3). PC-CRC was found in the same colorectal segment after adenoma resection in 323 (0.30%) patients, corresponding to an incidence rate of 0.59 per 1000 person years.

Table 3.

Rates of post-colonoscopy colorectal cancer (PC-CRC)

Per patient analysis
Total number of patients	107,744
PC-CRC (%)	1031 (0.96%)
PC-CRC in the same colorectal segment (%)	323 (0.30%)
Mean follow-up per patient, years (SD)	5.08 (1.19)
Incidence rate of PC-CRC	1.88 per 1000 person years
Incidence rate of PC-CRC in the same segment	0.59 per 1000 person years
Per adenoma analysis
Total number of adenomas	133,519
PC-CRC in the same segment (%)	323 (0.24%)
Mean follow-up per adenoma, years (±SD)	4.35 (1.11)
Incidence rate of PC-CRC in the same segment	0.56 per 1000 years of follow up
Distribution of occurrence of PC-CRCs in the same segment, according to time after adenoma resection
Between 6 months and one year	84 (26.0%)
Second year	65 (20.1%)
Third year	61 (18.9%)
Fourth year	58 (18.0%)
Fifth year	55 (17.0%)

SD: standard deviation.

PC-CRC in the same colorectal segment, per adenoma analysis

In per adenoma analysis, PC-CRC was detected in the same segment within five years in 323 (0.24%) of 133,519 adenomas. Mean follow-up per adenoma was 4.4 years (SD 1.1), and the incidence rate of PC-CRC due in the same colorectal segment was 0.56 per 1000 years of follow-up (Table 3). The number of PC-CRCs in the same segment decreased from 84 in the first year after resection to 55 in the fifth year after resection. PC-CRC in the same segment occurred in 123 (0.58%) of 21,257 resected advanced adenomas.

Comparison of locations of PC-CRCs overall with PC-CRCs in the same segment shows that PC-CRCs overall were more often located in the proximal colon (47.5% versus 32.5%) (Table 4). PC-CRCs in the same segment were more frequently found in the rectum and sigmoid (62.5%) compared to PC-CRCs overall (48.3%). The distribution of PC-CRCs in the same segment was highly comparable to the distribution of all adenomas found at baseline.

Table 4.

Comparison of locations of index adenomas, post-colonoscopy colorectal cancer (PC-CRC) overall and PC-CRC in the same colorectal segment

	Index adenoma (%)^a	PC-CRC overall^b (%)	PC-CRC in the same segment (%)
Location	n = 139,871	n = 826	n = 323
Caecum	9539 (8.9)	144 (17.4)	31 (9.6)
Ascending colon	13,049 (12.1)	179 (21.7)	46 (14.2)
Transverse colon	10,530 (9.8)	70 (8.5)	28 (8.7)
Descending colon	10,424 (9.7)	34 (4.1)	16 (5.0)
Sigmoid	42,812 (39.7)	168 (20.3)	108 (33.4)
Rectum	29,710 (27.6)	231 (28.0)	94 (29.1)

Only adenomas with known location.

Only PC-CRCs with known location.

In multivariable analysis, high-grade dysplasia (HR 2.57, 95% CI 2.02–3.26) and a villous adenoma (HR 2.69, 95% CI 1.85–3.91) or tubulovillous adenoma (HR 1.74, 95% CI 1.93–2.19) were independently associated with PC-CRC in the same segment (Table 5). Compared to adenomas in the rectum, adenomas in the descending colon were less likely to lead to PC-CRC in the same segment. We found no association with PC-CRC in the same segment for sessile serrated histology, year of adenoma resection or number of synchronous adenomas in the one colon segment. In addition, no difference was found in the risk of CRC in the same segment after resection of adenomas detected at baseline versus adenomas detected during follow up. The addition of patients’ age (HR per year increase 1.03, 95% CI 1.02–1.04) and gender (HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.79–1.23) to the multivariable analysis did neither affect significance nor effect size of adenoma-related risk factors.

Table 5.

Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for post-colonoscopy colorectal cancer (PC-CRC) due to incomplete adenoma resection

	Adenomas leading to PC-CRC due to incomplete resection (%)	Other adenomas (%)	Adjusted
	n = 323	n = 133,196	HR	95% CI
Number of adenomas in the same segment
1	290 (89.8)	122,512 (92.0)	Reference	Reference
2	28 (8.7)	9640 (7.2)	1.20	0.81–1.77
3 or more	5 (1.5)	1044 (0.8)	1.84	0.76–4.45
Adenoma location
Rectum	94 (29.1)	32,861 (24.7)	Reference	Reference
Sigmoid	108 (33.4)	46,639 (35.0)	0.82	0.62–1.09
Descending colon	16 (5.0)	12,278 (9.2)	0.52	0.31–0.88
Transverse colon	28 (8.7)	13,280 (10.0)	0.92	0.61–1.41
Ascending colon	46 (14.2)	16,568 (12.4)	1.18	0.83–1.70
Caecum	31 (9.6)	11,570 (8.7)	1.09	0.72–1.63
Histology
Tubulovillous adenoma	141 (43.7)	38,053 (28.6)	1.74	1.38–2.19
Villous adenoma	32 (9.9)	4498 (3.4)	2.69	1.85–3.91
SSA/P	10 (3.1)	4655 (3.5)	1.15	0.61–2.18
High-grade dysplasia	106 (32.8)	18,032 (13.5)	2.57	2.02–3.26
Year of adenoma diagnosis
2000–2003	59 (18.3)	24,487 (18.4.0)	1.21	0.45–3.24
2004–2006	105 (32.5)	34,290 (25.7)	1.57	0.60–4.14
2007–2009	147 (45.5)	58,010 (43.6)	1.40	0.53–3.65
2010–2013	12 (3.7)	16,409 (12.3)	Reference	Reference
Adenoma during follow up (vs first adenoma)	10 (3.1)	13,671 (10.3)	0.90	0.32–2.54

SSA/P: sessile serrated adenoma/polyp.

We also performed a multivariable analysis excluding the PC-CRC cases within one year, to overcome the bias of failed biopsy detection. This resulted in a reduction in effect size of histologic parameters. The HRs for tubulovillous adenomas, villous adenomas and adenomas with HGD were 1.40 (95% CI 1.07–1.84), 1.77 (95% CI 1.05–2.96) and 2.25 (95% CI 1.69–3.01), respectively. The simultaneous occurrence of 3 or more adenomas significantly increased the risk of PC-CRC in the same colorectal segment (HR 2.57, 95% CI 1.06–6.27), while the reduced risk for adenomas in the descending colon was no longer significant (HR 0.57, 95% CI 0.31–1.05). No other differences in significance or effect size were observed.

Discussion

In this nationwide, population-based cohort study, we found that the overall incidence rate of PC-CRC within five years after adenoma resection was 1.88 per 1000 person years. PC-CRC in the same colorectal segment, probably due to to incomplete adenoma resection, occurred in 0.24% of adenomas with an incidence rate of 0.56 per 1000 years of follow-up. Villous features and high-grade dysplasia were associated with an increased risk of PC-CRC in the same colorectal segment.

In recent years, accumulating evidence has shown that most PC-CRCs are not due to new, rapidly growing and biologically more aggressive tumours,^12–14 but rather to missed or incompletely resected lesions.⁶ Incidence rates of PC-CRC overall and PC-CRC attributed to incomplete adenoma resection in three previous prospective studies varied from 1.7–2.9 and 0.7–1.5 per 1000 person years, respectively.^4,5,9 The percentage of PC-CRCs due to incomplete resection was estimated to be 31–50%, which is comparable to our study. The small number of PC-CRCs in the abovementioned studies, in which the same proxy for PC-CRC due to incomplete adenoma resection was used as in our study, precludes identification of potential risk factors. The overall incidence rate of PC-CRC in the studies of Huang et al. and Pabby et al. was higher than in our study (1.88 cases per 1000 person years).^4,5 Both studies included patients with a higher risk (i.e. more previous and simultaneous adenomas with more advanced features) compared to our study. Another explanation may be that the data in our study are derived from daily clinical practice, in which follow-up has been less strict than in controlled studies. Robertson et al. also included studies with higher risk patients under close surveillance, but interventions in two of these three studies reduced the risk of PC-CRC.⁹

Le Clercq et al. performed a population-based study including all CRCs occurring in the South-Limburg region of the Netherlands from 2001–2010.⁶ The authors concluded that 2.9% of all CRCs were PC-CRCs, defined as CRCs diagnosed within five years after index colonoscopy. Nine percent of these PC-CRCs could be attributed to incomplete adenoma resection. However, identification of PC-CRCs from prevalent CRC cases precludes calculating the absolute risk of developing PC-CRC after (incomplete) adenoma resection.

It is not surprising that adenomas with villous features and high-grade dysplasia were associated with an increased risk of PC-CRC due to incomplete adenoma resection. These advanced pathological features have already previously been associated with an increased risk of adenoma recurrence and subsequent development of advanced adenomas or CRC.^15,16 Advanced adenomas are often large and resected in piecemeal fashion, which has been associated with an increased risk of local recurrence.⁷ Information regarding adenoma size was unfortunately not available in our study, precluding adjustment of the results for size. It is probable that such an adjustment would have led to a reduction in effect size of pathological risk factors.

Proximal location is repeatedly reported to be a risk factor for PC-CRC,^2,3,12 presumably because lesions in the proximal colon are more prone to be missed during colonoscopy. In our study, proximal location of the resected adenoma was not associated with PC-CRC in the same colorectal segment. We do not have data on patients with negative colonoscopies or neoplastic lesions that may have been missed during colonoscopy. Neither Pabby et al. nor Le Clercq et al. found an association between proximal adenoma location and PC-CRC due to incomplete adenoma resection.^5,6 We found a protective effect of location in the descending colon as compared to the rectum. This could be explained by the presence of more large and non-pedunculated adenomas in the rectum.

Although SSA/Ps have been reported to be more frequently incompletely resected than conventional adenomas,⁸ no association was found between SSA/Ps and PC-CRC due to incomplete resection. Knowledge about SSA/Ps and their malignant potential has largely increased in the last decade. It may therefore well be that a substantial proportion of SSA/Ps may have been missed during the early years of this study, rather than having been (incompletely) resected.

Our study is the first to estimate the absolute risk of PC-CRC due to incomplete adenoma resection in a large and unselected cohort of adenoma patients. The major strength of this study is its population-based approach, which reduces possible selection bias. Furthermore, we used a data source with national coverage and excellent accuracy, which allows a pseudo-prospective follow up of patients over time making it unlikely that incident CRC cases were missed.

Attention to quality of colonoscopy tends to focus on adenoma detection,¹⁷ but CRC prevention programs will only be fully effective in case of adequate polypectomy. Our study underlines the significance of PC-CRC due to incomplete adenoma resection, thereby increasing awareness and supporting the ongoing evolution of resection techniques to decrease recurrence risk by improving quality of polypectomy.¹⁸

The most important limitation of our study is the uncertainty that PC-CRC occurring in the same colon segment is indeed a direct consequence of incomplete adenoma resection and not the result of a missed lesion. As it is practically impossible to identify the exact polypectomy site, unless marking techniques are routinely applied, we used PC-CRC in the same colorectal segment as a proxy for PC-CRC due to incomplete adenoma resection, as previous studies did.^4–6 Localization based on depth of insertion could be inaccurate, but this method was only used if the segment itself was not mentioned in the pathology report, which was the case in less than 25% of adenomas.

In an attempt to estimate whether PC-CRC in the same segment was not mainly a consequence of missed lesions, we compared the locations of all PC-CRCs to the locations of PC-CRCs in the same colon segment. We found that 39% of all PC-CRCs were in the caecum and ascending colon vs 24% of PC-CRCs in the same segment, probably reflecting the association of proximal location with PC-CRC due to missed lesions. PC-CRCs in the same segment were more often located in the sigmoid or rectum (63%) than PC-CRCs anywhere (48%), probably reflecting the higher risk of incomplete resection for advanced lesions found more often in the sigmoid or rectum. In addition, even after exclusion of PC-CRC occurring within one year, advanced features were independently associated with PC-CRC in the same segment, which is another argument for incomplete resection rather than missed lesions causing PC-CRC in the same segment.

We had no information on endoscopic data that might have affected the risk of PC-CRC. The endoscopic morphology of the removed adenomas, i.e. size and sessile versus pedunculated morphology, resection technique, i.e. cold snaring, snare coagulation or (piecemeal) endoscopic mucosal resection, and quality indicators of the colonoscopy, such as caecal intubation and bowel preparation quality, were not available.

As approximately one-third of all PC-CRCs occurs in the same segment after adenoma resection, it is likely that incomplete adenoma resection contributes significantly to the risk of PC-CRC. PC-CRCs in the same segment occur after one in 400 adenomas (0.24%) and one in 170 advanced adenomas (0.58%). The results of our nationwide cohort study support current guidelines, recommending intensified follow-up after resection of adenomas with villous features and/or high-grade dysplasia.^19,20

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Esther van den Broek from PALGA for her help in successfully acquiring the relevant data.

Declaration of conflicting interests

None declared.

Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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