During an investigation of the Indian heterosporous fern Selaginella chrysocaulos, two novel C28 spirostene monosides, chrysocauloside A and B were identified. Chrysocauloside A (1β,3β-dihydroxy-20S,22R-spirost-5-ene-1-yl β-D-glucopyranoside) and chrysocauloside B (1β,3β-dihydroxy-20S,22R-spirost-5-ene-1-yl β-D-galactopyranoside) are O-glycosylated at C-1 and each bear a methyl group at C-24 and C-25. Spectroscopic (NMR) and MS data for the new compounds are given and the taxonomic significance of the occurrence of spirostenes in the group of Lycophyta is discussed.
DixitRD. (1992) Selaginellaceae of India. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, India;
3.
QiuY-L, LiL, WangB, ChenZ, KnoopV, Groth-MalonekM, DombrovskaO, LeeJ, KentL, RestJ, EstabrookGF, HendryTA, TaylorDW, TestaCM, AmbrosM, Crandall-StotlerB, DuffRJ, StechM, FreyW, QuandtD, DavisCC. (2006) The deepest divergences in land plants inferred from phylogenomic evidence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (USA), 42, 15511–15516.
4.
KubitzkiK, RohwerJG, BittrichV. (Eds.) (1993) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. 2, Dicotyledons: Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Acryophyllid Families. Springer, Berlin.
5.
Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China, English edn. (2000). Vol. 1, Chemical Industry Press, Beijing;
6.
WengJ-K, TanurdzicM, ChappleC. (2005) Functional analysis and comparative genomics of expressed sequence tags from the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii. BMC Genomics6, 85–98;
LiG, KöllnerTG, YinY, JiangY, ChenH, XuY, GershenzonJ, PicherskyE, ChenF. (2012) Nonseed plant Selaginella moellendorffii has both seed plant and microbial types of terpene synthases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (USA), 109, 14711–14715.
9.
WengJ-K, NoelJP. (2013) Chemodiversity in Selaginella: a reference system for parallel and convergent metabolic evolution in terrestrial plants. Frontiers in Plant Science, 4, 1–17;
10.
ZhangJ, KumarS. (1997) A new unusual natural pigment from Selaginella sinensis and its noticeable physicochemical properties. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 72, 3921–3924;
11.
Lopez-SaezJA, Perez-AlonsoMJ, VelascoNegueruela A. (1994) The biflavonoid pattern of Selaginella selaginoides. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, C: Journal of Biosciences, 49, 265–55;
SunC-M, SyuW-J, HuangC-C, ChenJ-C, OuJ-C. (1997) Selective cytotoxicity of ginkgetin from Selaginella moellendorffii. Journal of Natural Products, 60, 382–384;
15.
O'BrienK, MatlinAJ, LowelAM, MooreMJ. (2008) The biflavonoid isoginkgetin is a general inhibitor of pre-mRNA splicing. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 283, 33147–33154;
16.
KunertO, SwamyRC, KaiserM, PresserA, BuzziS, AppaRao AVN, SchühlyW. (2008) Antiplasmodial and leishmanicidal activity of biflavonoids from Indian Selaginella bryopteris. Phytochemistry Letters, 1, 171–174.
17.
GershenzonJ, DudarevaN. (2007) The function of terpene natural products in the natural world. Nature Chemistry Biology, 3, 408–414;
18.
TanGS, ChenLZ, XuKP, ZhengQC, XuZ, HuangJH, ShuJH, DengT. (2009) Study on the chemical constituents of Selaginella pulvinata Maxim. Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry, 24, 1082–1085;
19.
GaoL-L, Yin-L, LiZ-L, ShaY, PeiY-H, ShiG., JingY-K, HuaH-M. (2007) Three novel sterols isolated from Selaginella tamariscina with antiproliferative activity in leukemia cells. Planta Medica, 73, 1112–1115;
20.
YangF, XuK P, LiFS, ShenJ, ZouH, TanGS. (2010) Chemical constituents of Selaginella delicatula. Central South Pharmacy, 8, 496–499;
21.
ZhengJ, ZhengY, HziH, DaiY, WangN, WuL, FanM, FangY, ZhaoS, ZhangK. (2013) Two new steroidal saponins from Selaginella uncinata (Desv.) Spring and their protective effect against anoxia. Fitoterapia, 88, 25–30.
22.
DixitRD. (1982) Selaginella bryopteris (L.)Bak.: – An ethnobotanical study- IV. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany, 3, 309–311.
23.
YeY, QuY, TangR, CaoS, YangW, XiangL, QiJ. (2013) Three new neuritogenic steroidal saponins from Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker-Gawl. Steroids, 78, 1171–1176.
24.
LambDC, JacksonCJ, WarrilowAGS, ManningNJ, KellyDE, KellySL. (2007) Lanosterol biosynthesis in the prokaryote Methylococcus capsulatus: Insight into the evolution of sterol biosynthesis. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24, 1714–1721;
25.
TaylorDW, LiHQ, DahlJ, FagoFJ, ZinnikerD, MoldowanJM. (2006) Biogeochemical evidence for the presence of the angiosperm molecular fossil oleanane in Paleozoic and Mesozoic non-angiospermous fossils. Paleobiology, 32, 179–190.
