In order to reveal the structure of the polysaccharide and its contribution to the biological adhesion system of Parthenocissus heterophylla, a water-soluble polysaccharide (PT-A) was isolated from tendrils using DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-100 columns. PT-A mainly consisted of a backbone of (1→3)-linked-β-D-Galp residues and substituted at O-6 with side chains of (1→5)-linked-α-L-Araf residues and glucomannopyranosyl residues. Individual polysaccharide chains of PT-A with the approximately height of 0.75 nm were observed by AFM. The analysis of force curves indicated that PT-A was a kind of elastic polysaccharide with a maximum adhesion force of 279.98 nN, which could be applied as a potential bio-adhesive.
DarwinC. (1875) The movements and habits of climbing plants. John Murray, London
2.
JunkerS. (1976) A scanning electron microscopic study on the development of tendrils of Parthenocissus tricuspidata Sieb.&Zucc. New Phytologist, 77, 741–746
3.
HeTX, ZhangL, DengWL. (2011) Biological adhesion of Parthenocissus tricuspidata. Archives of Biological Sciences, 63, 393–398
4.
EndressAG, ThomsonWW. (1976) Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies on the developing adhesive disc of Boston ivy tendrils. Protoplasma, 88, 315–331
5.
EndressAG, ThomsonWW. (1977) Adhesion of the Boston ivy tendril. Canadian Journal of Botany, 55, 918–924
6.
BowlingAJ, VaughnKC. (2008) Structural and immunocytochemical characterization of the adhesive tendril of Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia [L.] Planch.). Protoplasma, 232, 153–163
7.
SteinbrecherT, DanningerE, HarderD, SpeckT, KraftO, SchwaigerR. (2010) Quantifying the attachment strength of climbing plants: A new approach. Acta Biomaterialia, 6, 1497–1504
8.
HeTX, ZhangL, DengWL. (2011) Designing polystyrene honeycomb-like microstructure with high water adhesion. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 131, 23–26
9.
ZhangL, DengWL. (2013) Characterization of the polysaccharide from adhesive discs of Parthenocissus tricuspidata. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 25, 874–876.
10.
HuCF, LiJH, YangDY, PanYJ, WanHT. (2010) A neuroprotective polysaccharide from Hyriopsiscumingii. Journal of Natural Products, 73, 1489–1493
11.
DingX, HouYL, HouWR. (2012) Structure feature and antitumor activity of a novel polysaccharide isolated from Lactariusdeliciosus Gray. Carbohydrate Polymers, 89, 397–402
12.
WuMB, WuYL, ZhouJ, PanYJ. (2009) Structural characterization of a water-soluble polysaccharide with high branches from the leaves of Taxus chinensis var. mairei. Food Chemistry, 113, 1020–1024
13.
WuYL, WangDN. (2008) Structure characterization and DPPH radical scavenging activity of an arabinoglucogalactan from Panax notoginseng root. Journal of Natural Products, 71, 241–245
14.
BarkerSA, BourneEJ, StaceyM, WhiffenDH. (1954) Infra-red spectra of carbohydrates. Part I. Some derivatives of D-glucopyranose. Journal of the Chemical Society, 171–176.
15.
OzakiS, OkiN, SuzukiS, KitamuraS. (2010) Structure characterization and hypoglycemic effects of arabinogalactan-protein from the tuberous cortex of the white-skinned sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.). Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 58, 11593–11599
16.
ZhangQB, LiN, LiuXG, ZhaoZQ, LiZE, XuZH. (2004) The structure of a sulfated galactan from Porphyra haitanensis and its in vivo antioxidant activity. Carbohydrate Research, 339, 105–111
17.
OmarsdottirS, PetersenBO, PaulsenBS, TogolaA, DuusJØ, OlafadottirES. (2006) Structural characterization of novel lichen heteroglycans by NMR spectroscopy and methylation analysis. Carbohydrate Research, 341, 2449–2455
18.
PieperS, UnterieserI, MannF, MischnickP. (2012) A new arabinomannan from the cell wall of the chlorococcal alga Chlorella vulgaris. Carbohydrate Research, 352, 166–176
19.
ZhangY, GuM, WangKP, ChenZX, DaiLQ, LiuJY, ZengF. (2010) Structure, chain conformation and antitumor activity of a novel polysaccharide from Lentinusedodes. Fitoterapia, 81, 1163–1170
20.
WuYL, SunCR, PanYJ. (2006) Studies on isolation and structural features of a polysaccharide from the mycelium of a Chinese edible fungus (Cordycepssinensis). Carbohydrate Polymers, 63, 251–256
21.
SmiderleFR, SassakiGL, GriensvenLJLDV, IacominiM. (2013) Isolation and chemical characterization of a glucogalactomannan of the medicinal mushroom Cordyceps militaris. Carbohydrate Polymers, 97, 74–80
22.
ChandraK, GhoshK, OjhaAK, IslamSS. (2009) Chemical analysis of a polysaccharide of unripe (green) tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Carbohydrate Research, 344, 2188–2194
23.
AguirreMJ, IsaacsM, MatsuhiroB, MendozaL, ZunigaEA. (2009) Characterization of a neutral polysaccharide with antioxidant capacity from red wine. Carbohydrate Research, 344, 1095–1101
24.
NunesFM, ReisA, SilvaAMS, DominguesMRM, CoimbraMA. (2008) Rhamnoarabinosyl and rhamnoarabinoarabinosyl side chains as structural features of coffee arabinogalactans. Phytochemistry, 69, 1573–1585
25.
ChenXH, LiuYH, BaiX, WenL, FangJB, YeM, ChenJC. (2009) Hypoglycemic polysaccharides from the tuberous root of Liriope spicata. Journal of Natural Products, 72, 1988–1992.
26.
MorrisVJ, GunningAP, KirbyAR, RoundA, WaldronK, NgA. (1997) Atomic force microscopy of plant cell walls, plant cell wall polysaccharide and gels. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 21, 61–66
27.
KirbyAR, GunningAP, MorrisVJ, RidoutMJ. (1995) Observation of the helical structure of the bacterial polysaccharide acetan by atomic force microscopy. Biophysical Journal, 68, 360–363
DingX, FengS, CaoM, LiMT, TangJ, GuoCX., ZhangJ, SunQ, YangZR, ZhaoJ. (2010). Structure characterization of polysaccharide isolation from the fruiting bodies of Tricholoma matsutake. Carbohydrate Polymers, 81, 942–947.
30.
Abu-LailNI, CamesanoTA. (2003) Polysaccharide properties probed with atomic force microscopy. Journal of Microscopy-Oxford, 212, 217–238.
31.
LeeH, LeeBP, MessersmithPB. (2007) A reversible wet/dry adhesive inspired by mussels and geckos. Nature, 448, 338–341.
32.
XiaLJ, LenaghanSC, ZhangMJ, WuY, ZhaoXP, BurrisJNJr CNS. (2011) Characterization of English ivy (Hedera helix) adhesion force and imaging using atomic force microscopy. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 13, 1029–1037.
33.
DuboisM, GillesKA, HamiltonJK, RebersPA, SmithF. (1956) Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. AnalyticalChemistry, 28, 350–356.
34.
CiucanuI, KerekF. (1984) A simple and rapid method for the permethylation of carbohydrates. Carbohydrate Research, 131, 209–217.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
