Using Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes: In Need of a Renaissance?

Tattersall R . Diabetes: the biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2009.

American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes–2011. Diabetes Care. 2011; 34 Suppl 1: S11–61.

The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993; 329 (14): 977–86.

Nathan DM Buse JB Davidson MB Ferrannini E Holman RR Sherwin R Zinman B ; American Diabetes Association; European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Medical management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetologia. 2009; 52 (1): 17–30.

Nolan JJ . Consensus guidelines, algorithms and care of the individual patient with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2010; 53 (7): 1247–9.

UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998; 352 (9131): 837–53.

Yudkin JS Richter B Gale EA . Intensified glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes: time for a reappraisal. Diabetologia. 2010; 53 (10): 2079–85.

Holleman F Gale EA . Nice insulins, pity about the evidence. Diabetologia. 2007; 50 (9): 1783–90.

Waugh N Cummins E Royle P Clar C Marien M Richter B Philip S . Newer agents for blood glucose control in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2010; 14 (36): 1–248.

Nathan DM Buse JB Davidson MB Ferrannini E Holman RR Sherwin R Zinman B ; American Diabetes Association; European Association for Study of Diabetes, Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32 (1): 193–203.

Holman RR Farmer AJ Davies MJ Levy JC Darbyshire JL Keenan JF Paul SK ; 4-T Study Group, Three-year efficacy of complex insulin regimens in type 2 diabetes. N Eng J Med. 2009; 361 (18): 1736–47.

Kann PH Wascher T Zackova V Moeller J Medding J Szocs A Mokan M Mrevlje F Regulski M . Starting insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes: twice-daily biphasic insulin aspart 30 plus metformin versus once-daily insulin glargine plus glimepiride. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2006; 114 (9): 527–32.

Liebl A Prager R Binz K Kaiser M Bergenstal R Gallwitz B ; PREFER Study Group, Comparison of Insulin analogue regimens in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the PREFER Study: a randomized controlled trial. Diab Obesity Metab. 2009; 11 (1): 45–52.

Raskin P Allen E Hollander P Lewin A Gabbay RA Hu P Bode B Garber A ; INITIATE Study Group, Initiating insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes: a comparison of biphasic and basal insulin analogs. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28 (2): 260–5.

Buse JB Wolffenbuttel BH Herman WH Shemonsky NK Jiang HH Fahrbach JL Scism-Bacon JL Martin SA . DURAbility of basal versus lispro mix 75/25 insulin efficacy (DURABLE) trial 24-week results: safety and efficacy of insulin lispro mix 75/25 versus insulin glargine added to oral antihyperglycemic drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32 (6): 1007–13.

Bretzel RG Nuber U Landgraf W Owens DR Bradley C Linn T . Once-daily basal insulin glargine versus thrice-daily prandial insulin lispro in people with type 2 diabetes on oral hypoglycaemic agents (APOLLO): an open randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008; 371 (9618): 1073–84.

Malone JK Kerr LF Campaigne BN Sachson RA Holcombe JH ; Lispro Mixture-Glargine Study Group, Combined therapy with insulin lispro Mix 75/25 plus metformin or insulin glargine plus metformin: a 16-week, randomized, open-label, crossover study in patients with type 2 diabetes beginning insulin therapy. Clin Ther. 2004; 26 (12): 2034–44.

Malone JK Bai S Campaigne BN Reviriego J Augendre-Ferrante B . Twice-daily pre-mixed Insulin rather than basal Insulin therapy alone results in better overall glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2005; 22 (4): 374–81.

Kazda C Hülstrunk H Helsberg K Langer F Forst T Hanefeld M . Prandial insulin substitution with insulin lispro or insulin lispro mid mixture vs. basal therapy with insulin glargine: a randomized controlled trial in patients with type 2 diabetes beginning insulin therapy. J Diabetes Complications. 2006; 20 (3): 145–52.

Jacober SJ Scism-Bacon JL Zagar AJ . A comparison of intensive mixture therapy with basal insulin therapy in insulin-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes receiving oral antidiabetes agents. Diab Obesity Metab. 2006; 8 (4): 448–55.

Hirao K Arai K Yamauchi M Takagi H Kobayashi M ; Japan Diabetes Clinical Data Management Study Group, Six-month multi-centric, open-label, randomized trial of twice-daily injections of biphasic insulin aspart 30 versus multiple daily injections of insulin aspart in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients (JDDM 11). Diabetes Res Clin Prac. 2008; 79 (1): 171–6.

Robbins DC Beisswenger PJ Ceriello A Goldberg RB Moses RG Pagkalos EM Milicevic Z Jones CA Sarwat S Tan MH . Mealtime 50/50 basal + prandial insulin analogue mixture with a basal insulin analogue, both plus metformin, in the achievement of target HbA1c and pre- and postprandial blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: a multinational, 24-week, randomized, open-label, parallel-group comparison. Clin Ther. 2007; 29 (11): 2349–64.

Rosenstock J Ahmann AJ Colon G Scism-Bacon J Jiang H Martin S . Advancing insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes previously treated with glargine plus oral agents: prandial premixed (insulin lispro protamine suspension/lispro) versus basal/bolus (glargine/lispro) therapy. Diabetes Care. 2008; 31 (1): 20–5.

Shaywitz D ; Forbes. What Silicon Valley doesn't understand about medicine. http://blogs.forbes.com/davidshaywitz/2011/06/17/what-silicon-valley-doesnt-understand-about-medicine/. Accessed June 23, 2011.