Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Energy intake can affect the metabolism. But it is not very clear that how and to what degree the metabolism can be changed by energy intake quantity and change. Here we applied four feeding patterns in male Sprague–Dawley rats—normal ad libitum diet (NFal), high-fat diet (HFal), caloric restriction (CR) after HFal (HFal-NFcr), and refeeding from CR to ad libitum (HFal-NFcr-NFal). Food intake and body weight, along with fat mass, insulin sensitivity, fasting plasma insulin, and glucose level were used to calculate the energy efficiency and compared the quantitative effects of energy intake. Energy intake changed little in NFal or HFal group; while it changed greatly and suddenly in HFal-NFcr or HFal-NFcr-NFal group. All the parameters we detected were different between these four feeding patterns. Excess of energy intake from high-fat diet induced adverse outcomes with low energy efficiency. CR reversed the impairment of high-fat diet with very high energy efficiency in a short period. However, dramatic response with high energy efficiency induced by recovery to feeding ad libitum after CR, which was possible harmful to health. In conclusion, energy intake quantity and change are key determinants of metabolism. Different energy intake quantity and change affect body weight, white adipose tissue weight, insulin sensitivity, etc. at different degrees and speeds because of different energy efficiency.

Keywords

Energy efficiency caloric restriction refeeding high-fat diet insulin sensitivity fat mass

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 2000; 894: i–xii,1–253.

Alberti

Zimmet

Shaw

. Metabolic syndrome—a new world-wide definition. A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabet Med 2006; 23: 469–80.

Duarte

Sene-Fiorese

Cheik

Maria

de Aquino

Jr Oishi

Rossi

Garcia de Oliveira Duarte

Damaso

. Food restriction and refeeding induces changes in lipid pathways and fat deposition in the adipose and hepatic tissues in rats with diet-induced obesity. Exp Physiol 2012; 97: 882–94.

Schrauwen

Westerterp

. The role of high-fat diets and physical activity in the regulation of body weight. Br J Nutr 2000; 84: 417–27.

Westerterp

. Perception, passive overfeeding and energy metabolism. Physiol Behav 2006; 89: 62–5.

Grundy

Hansen

Smith

Jr Cleeman

Kahn

. Clinical management of metabolic syndrome: report of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Diabetes Association conference on scientific issues related to management. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24: e19–24.

Stone

Saxon

. Approach to treatment of the patient with metabolic syndrome: lifestyle therapy. Am J Cardiol 2005; 96: 15E–21E.

Masoro

. Overview of caloric restriction and ageing. Mech Ageing Dev 2005; 126: 913–22.

Fontana

. Neuroendocrine factors in the regulation of inflammation: excessive adiposity and calorie restriction. Exp Gerontol 2009; 44: 41–5.

10.

Fontana

Partridge

Longo

. Extending healthy life span–from yeast to humans. Science 2010; 328: 321–6.

11.

Omodei

Fontana

. Calorie restriction and prevention of age-associated chronic disease. FEBS Lett 2011; 585: 1537–42.

12.

Colman

Anderson

Johnson

Kastman

Kosmatka

Beasley

Alison

Cruzen

Simmons

Kemnitz

Weindruch

. Caloric restriction delays disease onset and mortality in rhesus monkeys. Science 2009; 325: 201–4.

13.

Willcox

Todoriki

Fujiyoshi

Yano

Curb

Suzuki

. Caloric restriction, the traditional Okinawan diet, and healthy aging: the diet of the world’s longest-lived people and its potential impact on morbidity and life span. Ann NY Acad Sci 2007; 1114: 434–55.

14.

Meyer

Kovacs

Ehsani

Klein

Holloszy

Fontana

. Long-term caloric restriction ameliorates the decline in diastolic function in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 398–402.

15.

Fontana

Meyer

Klein

Holloszy

. Long-term calorie restriction is highly effective in reducing the risk for atherosclerosis in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 6659–63.

16.

Holloszy

Fontana

. Caloric restriction in humans. Exp Gerontol 2007; 42: 709–12.

17.

Goodrick

Foreyt

. Why treatments for obesity don't last. J Am Diet Assoc 1991; 91: 1243–7.

18.

Duarte

Sene-Fiorese

Manzoni

de Feitas

Cheik

Garcia de Oliveira Duarte

Nonak

Damaso

. Caloric restriction and refeeding promoted different metabolic effects in fat depots and impaired dyslipidemic profile in rats. Nutrition 2008; 24: 177–86.

19.

Chen

Zheng

Kong

Zhang

Yang

Zhu

Zeng

Zhang

Deng

. Lipid overaccumulation and drastic insulin resistance in adult catch-up growth rats induced by nutrition promotion after undernutrition. Metabolism 2011; 60: 569–78.

20.

Jiang

Koike

Wang

Kawata

Oshida

. Combined effects of short-term calorie restriction and exercise on insulin action in normal rats. Horm Metab Res 2010; 42: 950–4.

21.

Koike

Qin

Kubota

Kawata

Jia

Oshida

. A high-fructose diet impairs Akt and PKCzeta phosphorylation and GLUT4 translocation in rat skeletal muscle. Horm Metab Res 2008; 40: 528–32.

22.

Ayala

Bracy

McGuinness

Wasserman

. Considerations in the design of hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps in the conscious mouse. Diabetes 2006; 55: 390–7.

23.

Handayani

Chen

Meyer

Huang

. Dietary shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) prevents fat deposition and lowers triglyceride in rats fed a high-fat diet. J Obes 2011; 2011: 258051–258051.

24.

Gaidhu

Maghdoori

Ceddia

. Analysis of time-dependent adaptations in whole-body energy balance in obesity induced by high-fat diet in rats. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10: 99–99.

25.

Shin

. The effect of seamustard on blood lipid profiles and glucose level of rats fed diet with different energy composition. Nutr Res Pract 2009; 3: 31–7.

26.

Bjorntorp

Yang

. Refeeding after fasting in the rat: effects on body composition and food efficiency. Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 36: 444–9.

27.

Liang

Kume

Koya

. SIRT1 and insulin resistance. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2009; 5: 367–73.

28.

Schenk

Saberi

Olefsky

. Insulin sensitivity: modulation by nutrients and inflammation. J Clin Invest 2008; 118: 2992–3002.

29.

Yamauchi

Kamon

Waki

Terauchi

Kubota

Hara

Mori

Ide

Murakami

Tsuboyama-Kasaoka

Ezaki

Akanuma

Gavrilova

Vinson

Reitman

Kagechika

Shudo

Yoda

Nakano

Tobe

Nagai

Kimura

Tomita

Froguel

Kadowaki

. The fat-derived hormone adiponectin reverses insulin resistance associated with both lipoatrophy and obesity. Nat Med 2001; 7: 941–6.

30.

Zhu

Miura

Bernier

DeCabo

Lane

Roth

Ingram

. Circulating adiponectin levels increase in rats on caloric restriction: the potential for insulin sensitization. Exp Gerontol 2004; 39: 1049–59.

31.

Boily

Seifert

Bevilacqua

Sabourin

Estey

Moffat

Crawford

Saliba

Jardine

Xuan

Evans

Harper

McBurney

. SirT1 regulates energy metabolism and response to caloric restriction in mice. PLoS One 2008; 3: e1759.–e1759..

32.

Fang

Sweeney

. Mechanisms regulating energy metabolism by adiponectin in obesity and diabetes. Biochem Soc Trans 2006; 34: 798–801.

33.

Chalkiadaki

Guarente

. High-fat diet triggers inflammation-induced cleavage of SIRT1 in adipose tissue to promote metabolic dysfunction. Cell Metab 2012; 16: 180–8.

34.

Pang

Gong

Fan

Dai

Zhang

. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 is involved in glucose toxicity through SIRT1 modulation in HepG2 hepatocytes. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112: 299–306.

35.

Dai

Pang

Gong

Fan

Zhang

. Roles and tissue source of adiponectin involved in lifestyle modifications. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013; 68: 117–28.

36.

Speakman

Mitchell

. Caloric restriction. Mol Aspects Med 2011; 32: 159–221.

37.

Tchkonia

Thomou

Zhu

Karagiannids

Pothoulakis

Jensen

Kirkland

. Mechanisms and metabolic implications of regional differences among fat depots. Cell Metab 2013; 17: 644–56.

38.

Chaston

Dixon

. Factors associated with percent change in visceral versus subcutaneous abdominal fat during weight loss: findings from a systematic review. Int J Obes 2008; 32: 619–28.

39.

Crescenzo

Bianco

Falcone

Tsalouhidou

Yepuri

Mougios

Dulloo

Lieverini

Iossa

. Hepatic mitochondrial energetics during catch-up fat with high-fat diets rich in lard or safflower oil. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20: 1763–72.

40.

Rossmeislova

Malisova

Kracmerova

Stich

. Adaptation of human adipose tissue to hypocaloric diet. Int J Obes 2013; 37: 640–50.

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.03 MB

The effects of energy intake of four different feeding patterns in rats

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References

Supplementary Material