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Abstract

Aim:

The aim of this article was to examine associations between metabolic syndrome and its individual components with cognitive function among rural elderly population in northeast China.

Methods:

Our study included 1047 residents aged older than 60 years in a northeast rural area. All were interviewed and data were obtained including sociodemographic and medical histories. Cognitive function was assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination. Metabolic syndrome was defined by NCEP-ATP III.

Results:

After adjusted for confounding factors, metabolic syndrome was inversely associated with cognitive function (odds ratio [OR] = 1.79; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06-3.01) especially in participants aged less than 70 years old (OR = 2.60; 95% CI: 1.27-5.26). In addition, participants with metabolic syndrome had worse language function, which is a part of cognitive function (OR = 2.64; 95% CI: 1.39-5.00). Individual metabolic syndrome components, especially abdominal obesity and hyperglycemia, had significant association with cognitive function (OR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.56-0.92 and OR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.12-1.78, respectively).

Conclusions:

Abdominal obesity might be a protective factor for cognitive function. However, hyperglycemia might be a risk factor.

Keywords

abdominal obesity cognitive function elderly ·metabolic syndrome MMSE

Introduction

Cognitive disorder includes mild cognitive impairment and dementia. The damage of dementia can reach the degree that affects the ability of society and daily life, and the types of dementia with the highest incidence include Alzheimer’s disease (AD), vascular dementia, and mixed dementia. It was reported that the number of people with dementia in China had increased to 9.19 million in 2010.¹ A recent research showed that the prevalence rate of dementia among people older than 60 years was 7.7% in rural area in northern China.² With the increasing aging population, China will confront with a serious problem that more elderly people may have cognitive disorder.

In recent years, some studies have found that metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its individual components (including hypertension, hyperglycemia, abdominal obesity, and other cardiovascular risk factors of the syndrome) have an inverse association with cognitive performance.^3
-5 However, several studies had not yet found the association between MetS and cognitive disorders.^6,7 Difference in sample size, lifestyle, study design may lead to some inconsistencies in conclusions .⁸ The major mechanisms of MetS, such as insulin resistance (IR) and hyperinsulinemia, affect cognitive function. In the cerebral cortex, MetS can lead to a decrease in glucose use and energy metabolism.⁹ Additionally, it also can deposit β amyloids and increase the phosphorylation of τ proteins.¹⁰ The results of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in the United States showed that the age of standardized MetS prevalence increased from 29.2% to 34.2% during 1999 to 2006.¹¹ Asian countries also have found similar growth trends.¹²

In China, about 70% of population lives in rural areas.¹³ A recent study found that the incidence of AD in rural areas was higher than that in urban areas.¹⁴ In addition, in recent decades, China is undertaking the construction of urbanization. It not only developed economy but also brought lots of healthy problems, such as diet structure change (intake of high fat, high protein diets) and less physical activity. And it has reported higher prevalence of MetS in rural China than in some cities.¹⁵ Some studies have described the relationship between MetS and cognitive function in the Chinese population.^16,17 However, most of them focused on the population in urban. Little information is available about MetS in the rural areas of northeast China, which is relatively poor and less developing compared with urban. To better understand the relationship between MetS or its individual components and cognitive function in the rural population in Northeast China. Therefore, we investigated among older adults aged 60 years and above in rural areas of Shenyang, Liaoning Province, Northeast China.

Method

Study Population

This study was performed in the Sujiatun district, a northern rural area in Shenyang, China. All volunteers who have lived at Sujiatun district at least 6 months were included from every village. With the help of the local village doctors, the villagers were informed the study protocol and were asked to participate in the study. We contacted 1390 volunteers, but 225 volunteers refused to participate in the survey. As shown in Figure 1, in our study, we recruited 1165 volunteers, and of whom, 118 volunteers were excluded due to incomplete medical records. This study was approved by the ethical standards of the Committee on Human Experimentation of China Medical University, and informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to the enrollment in this study.

Figure 1.

Flow diagram for study.

Data Collection

Each participant completed a standardized questionnaire through a face-to-face interview. The participants’ demographic characteristics (age, education years, and sex), medical histories (history of hypertension and diabetes), and lifestyles (history of smoking and drinking) were collected by self-reported. Cognitive function was assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE),¹⁸ which is the most generally used instrument for comprehensive assessment of cognitive performance through orientation (10 points), registration (3 points), attention and calculation (5 points), recall (3 points), and language (9 points).¹⁹ In this study, body weight, waist circumference (WC), and height were measured twice using standardized instruments. Blood pressure, blood glucose, and blood lipid status data were primarily extracted from the participants’ medical records.

Definition of MetS

Presence of MetS was defined according to the diagnostic criteria of the American Heart Association revised project of the US National Cholesterol Education Program Guidelines–Adult Treatment Panel Criteria as having 3 or more of the following components¹²: (1) abdominal obesity (WC) ≥90 cm in man and ≥80 cm in women, (2) hypertriglyceridemia: fasting plasma triglycerides ≥1.7 mmol/L, (3) systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥130 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥85 mm Hg or have a history of hypertension, (4) fasting blood glucose (FBG) ≥5.6 mmol/L or have a history of diabetes, and (5) decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C): fasting HDL-C <1.0 mmol/L in mans and <1.3 mmol/L in women. We divided participants into 3 groups: (1) healthy participants, (2) participants with MetS, and (3) the others are no MetS.

Statistical Analysis

Analysis of variance or χ² test was used to examine correlations between sample characteristics and MMSE categories. The MMSE score was classified in tertiles as low (≤23), middle (24-27), and high (≥28) levels of cognition. Each cognitive domains score was classified into 2 groups based on the median as follows: orientation (0-9 and 10), attention and calculation (0-3 and 4-5), recall (0-2 and 3), registration (0-2 and 3), and language performance (0-7 and 8-9), respectively. Ordinal logistic regression was used to explore the association among MetS and its components with MMSE score and examine the relationship between MetS and cognitive domains. Statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS 20.0 software. P value <.05 was regarded as statistically significant.

Result

Description of the Population

The characteristics of the participants by cognitive function are summarized in Table 1. The mean age of the participants was 69.98 ± 5.58 years old, with a range from 60 to 93 years old. Participants with low level of cognitive function were older and had lower level of education, higher SBP, higher DBP, and higher FBG than participants with high level of cognitive function. In addition, they also had more participants with a habit of smoking.

Table 1.

Characteristics of the Elderly Population by Levels of Cognitive Function.

Characteristic of Elderly Population	Characteristics of Cognitive Level			Total (1047)	P
Characteristic of Elderly Population	Low (384)	Middle (316)	High (347)	Total (1047)	P
Mean (SD)
Age (years)	72.42 (6.13)	69.26 (5.01)	67.92 (4.30)	69.98 (5.58)	<.001
Weight (kg)	62.42 (9.86)	63.22 (9.89)	63.84 (9.24)	63.13 (9.68)	.139
WC	82.28 (9.95)	83.49 (9.97)	83.42 (9.17)	83.02 (9.72)	.169
SBP	139.87 (16.67)	135.73 (16.83)	135.58 (16.40)	137.20 (16.74)	<.001
DBP	86.04 (10.43)	84.79 (9.99)	83.89 (9.25)	84.95 (9.95)	.014
FBG	6.15 (1.98)	5.87 (1.29)	5.60 (1.36)	5.88 (1.61)	<.001
TG	1.88 (1.12)	1.79 (0.97)	1.81 (1.04)	1.83 (1.05)	.478
HDL-C	1.47 (0.78)	1.37 (0.26)	1.44 (0.33)	1.42 (0.50)	.471
Education years	2.93 (0.15)	2.72 (0.15)	2.42 (0.13)	5.74 (2.89)	<.001
n (%)
Male	157 (40.9%)	140 (44.3%)	158 (45.5%)	455 (43.5%)	.420
MetS	176 (45.8%)	129 (40.8%)	141 (40.6%)	446 (42.6%)	.052
Smoking	115 (29.9%)	105 (33.2%)	92 (26.5%)	312 (29.8%)	<.001
Drinking	89 (23.2%)	90 (28.5%)	91 (26.2%)	270 (25.8%)	.146

Abbreviations: DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MetS, participants with metabolic syndrome; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TG, triglycerides; WC, waist circumference.

Correlation Between MetS and Cognitive Function

The correlation between MetS and MMSE score is presented in Table 2. Compared with healthy participants, participants with MetS had lower level of cognitive function (odds ratios [ORs] = 1.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06-3.01], after adjusting for confounding factors, participants aged less than 70 years old (OR = 2.60, 95% CI: 1.27-5.26). However, participants aged more than 70 years have no significant association between MetS and MMSE (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.45-2.35).

Table 2.

Odds Radios From an Ordinal Logistic Regression Model of the Association Between MetS Status and Cognitive Function.^a

MetS Status	≤70 Years	>70 Years	All
Healthy	Reference	Reference	Reference
No MetS	1.91 (0.95-3.82)	1.25 (0.56-2.83)	1.79 (1.06-3.01)
P trend	.020	.789	.057

Abbreviation: MetS, participants with metabolic syndrome.

^aAdjusted for age, education years, sex, smoking, and drinking.

Relationship Between MetS and Cognitive Domains

Table 3 shows the relationship between MetS and cognitive domains after adjusting for age, sex, education years, and history of drinking and smoking. The result showed that participants with MetS had lower language performance than healthy participants (OR = 2.64, 95% CI: 1.39-5.00), but they had nonsignificant correlations with other domains.

Table 3.

Odds Radios From an Ordinal Logistic Regression Model of the Relationship Between MetS and Cognitive Domains.^a

MetS Status	Orientation	Registration	Attention and Calculation	Recall	Language
Healthy	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
No MetS	1.38 (0.71-2.70)	1.55 (0.87-2.78)	1.38 (0.78-2.42)	1.52 (0.87-2.68)	2.33 (1.24-4.37)
MetS	1.22 (0.62-2.41)	1.21 (0.67-2.18)	1.60 (0.90-2.83)	1.63 (0.92-2.90)	2.64 (1.39-5.00)
P trend	.943	.519	.081	.117	.014

Abbreviation: MetS, participants with metabolic syndrome.

^aAdjusted for age, sex, drinking, smoking, and education year.

Associations of Individual MetS Components With Cognitive Function

Table 4 shows after adjusting age, sex, education years, and history of drinking and smoking, abdominal obesity and hyperglycemia were significantly associated with cognitive function. Moreover, these links still existed and further adjusted the other 4 components. Hyperglycemia was associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.12-1.77). However, abdominal obesity presented decreased risk of cognitive impairment (OR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.57-0.93).

Table 4.

Odds Radios From an Ordinal Logistic Regression Model of the Association Between Individual MetS Components With Cognitive Function.

MetS Components	Model 1^a	Model 2^b	Model 3^c
Abdominal obesity
No	Reference	Reference	Reference
Yes	0.87 (0.70-1.09)	0.78 (0.62-0.99)	0.72 (0.56-0.92)
Hyperglycemia
No	Reference	Reference	Reference
Yes	1.55 (1.24-1.92)	1.41 (1.12-1.77)	1.41 (1.12-1.78)
High blood pressure
No	Reference	Reference	Reference
Yes	1.43 (1.14-1.79)	1.18 (0.94-1.49)	1.19 (0.93-1.52)
Hypertriglyceridemia
No	Reference	Reference	Reference
Yes	1.07 (0.86-1.33)	1.06 (0.85-1.35)	1.05 (0.83-1.32)
Low HDL-C
No	Reference	Reference	Reference
Yes	0.76 (0.44-1.30)	0.98 (0.56-1.72)	1.07 (0.60-1.92)

Abbreviations: HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MetS, metabolic syndrome.

^aUnadjusted.

^bAdjusted for age, sex, drinking, smoking, and education year.

^cAdjusted for age, sex, drinking, smoking education year, and the other 4 metabolic syndrome components.

Discussion

Our study illustrated that MetS was associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment, but this relationship was not significant in participants aged more than 70 years. Interestingly, we also found that obesity (abdominal obesity), MetS individual component, presented an inverse association with cognitive impairment.

The result of our study showed that MetS was associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment in rural elderly population, which was in accordance with a previous study. A cross-sectional study from the Chinese community elderly population reported that participants with MetS were more likely to have mild cognitive impairment.⁶ Further analysis also provided evidence that hyperglycemia, one of MetS components, had association with an increased risk of cognitive impairment, after adjusting the other 4 MetS components. Many studies reported that participants with hyperglycemia or diabetes had worse cognitive function.^9,20 In a population-based study in Southern Italy described a clear increased risk of cognitive decline connected to hyperglycemia, which was consistent with our result.²¹ The biological mechanism of the relationship between MetS and cognitive impairment is still unclear. But research have come up with the hypothesis of IR, which suggested that IR can lead to the frontal cortex dysfunction and then affect cognitive function.²⁰ Our study also found MetS showed a significant impact on language function. Possible biological mechanism is that reduced glycemic control and microvascular changes may influence language function.^22,23 Indeed, IR and reduced glycemic control could implicate neuronal networks underlying cognition in widely distributed fields affecting the brain. Some studies have shown that MetS was not related to attention or memory,^24,25 which is consistent with our result. However, many researches showed MetS was associated with attention or memory.^26,27 The possible reasons are that different age composition, races, gender, survey methods, and cognitive assessment methods may lead to inconsistent results.

However, we didn’t find MetS was associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment in participants aged older than 70 years in our study, which was consistent with the previous study.²⁸ The reason may be that people died of cardiovascular diseases and people with severs MetS cannot survive before reaching older. In rural Northeast China, unhealthy diet consumed by many residents, such as high salt, high fat, could result in cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension. In addition, participants with lower level of education in rural area get less healthy knowledge and not aware of unhealthy lifestyles which may promote severe cardiovascular diseases. It was found that the prevalence of hypertension was still high, but the control rate of hypertension was regrettably low. It showed that less than 50% were realized their diagnosis, less than 40% were taking antihypertensive medications, and only 6.0% were controlled; in addition, obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hyperuricemia have become the risk factors for people in northeast rural China.²⁹ Cardiovascular Disease Report 2017 in China found that the mortality CVD is still on the top, and CVD mortality in rural was higher than urban.³⁰

Interestingly, we found that abdominal obesity presented decreased risk for cognitive impairment. It was demonstrated that being underweight in old age increased the risk of dementia.³¹ In addition, a Korean study suggested that obesity might be beneficial for cognition for older, which was consistent with our result.³² However, the research on middle-aged people exhibited that obesity was a risk factor in cognitive function.³³ Possible reasons for inconsistent results may include, on the one hand, leptin, which is secreted by adipose tissue and can affect the functions of the hypothalamus and hippocampus.³⁴ Recent animal experiment also showed that leptin might improve cognition.³⁵ And the elderly had higher leptin levels than midlife.³⁶ On the other hand, carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism have age-related regulatory changes, which might result in protective effect of obesity on dementia in elderly.³⁶ The effect of age on the relationship between obesity and cognitive impairment needs further research. Due to high salt, high fat diet and so on, in northeast rural area of China, the prevalence of abdominal obesity has grown and approached the rate in urban areas.³⁷ Therefore, it is necessary to have more prospective studies in this area to further explore the link between obesity and cognitive function in the elderly people.

Our finding also has limitations. Firstly, participants in our study live in rural areas for a long time, which cannot well represent the general Chinese older population. Secondly, because this is a cross-sectional study, cognitive function and MetS status were measured only at one point in time, and MetS could be greatly changed over time. So we cannot make causal inferences in our study. Thirdly, we did not adjust for all confounding factors, such as physical exercise and family history of cognitive impairment. Fourthly, the number of fully healthy participants in this study was only 63, which may affect results. In northeast China rural, the prevalence of hypertension is very high (74.4%) in elderly population,²⁸ and the number of participants with hypertension in our study accounted for 76.9% (data not shown in results). This may be the reason for the small number of participants who are fully healthy in this study. Finally, the cognition was assessed by only MMSE. Mini-Mental State Examination contains fewer cognitive domains compared to other assessments. Memory testing (only 3 words recall) and executive function (only 1 point) are relatively simple, and immediate recall and delayed recall are separated by a short time. Therefore, MMSE is less sensitive to screening for impairment of individual cognitive domain (memory, executive function) than other cognitive function evaluation scales. For participants with higher education level, the MMSE is too simple, which easily conceals the cognitive impairment of participants.

In summary, MetS as a syndrome showed the association with poor cognition in an elderly population in rural area of Shenyang, China. Younger elderly with MetS were more likely to have cognitive disorder than healthy participants. Prevention of MetS and its components might slow down cognitive impairment.

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81402644).

ORCID iD

Qian Gao

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Association Between Individual Components of Metabolic Syndrome and Cognitive Function in Northeast Rural China

Abstract

Aim:

Methods:

Results:

Conclusions:

Keywords

Introduction

Method

Study Population

Data Collection

Definition of MetS

Statistical Analysis

Result

Description of the Population

Correlation Between MetS and Cognitive Function

Relationship Between MetS and Cognitive Domains

Associations of Individual MetS Components With Cognitive Function

Discussion

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

Funding

ORCID iD

References