Amyloidosis is a disorder of protein folding in which normally soluble plasma proteins aggregate in an abnormal fibrillar form causing progressive disruption to tissue structure and organ function. This review covers systemic AA and AL amyloidosis which may arise as a consequence of chronic respiratory conditions; the manifestations of both systemic and of localised amyloid deposition within the respiratory tract and provides a summary of current approaches to diagnosis and management.
Westermark PAraki SBenson MD et al. Nomenclature of amyloid fibril proteins . Amyloid: The International Journal of Experimental and Clinical Investigation1999; 6: 63–66 .
2.
Puchtler HSweat FLevine M.On the binding of Congo red by amyloid . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry1962; 10: 355–364 .
3.
Cathcart ESCohen AS . The identification of two new components common to a variety of amyloid tissues . Journal of Clinical Investigation1966; 45: 995.995
4.
Harada MIsersky CCuatrecasas P et al. Human amyloid protein: chemical variability and homogeneity . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry1971; 19: 1–15 .
5.
Blake CCF , Serpell LC . Synchrotron X-ray studies suggest that the core of the transthyretin amyloid fibril is a continuous b-sheet helix . Structure1996; 4: 989–998 .
6.
Sunde M , Serpell LC , Bartlam M , Fraser PE , Pepys MB , Blake CCF . Common core structure of amyloid fibrils by synchrotron X-ray diffraction . Journal of Molecular Biology1997; 273: 729–739 .
7.
Pepys MB , Booth DR , Hutchinson WL , Gallimore JR , Collins PM , Hohenester E.Amyloid P component. A critical review . Amyloid: The International Journal of Experimental and Clinical Investigation1997; 4: 274–295 .
8.
Hawkins PN , Lavender JP , Pepys MB . Evaluation of systemic amyloidosis by scintigraphy with 123 I-labeled serum amyloid P component . New Engl J Med1990; 323: 508–513 .
9.
Pepys MB , Hawkins PN . Amyloidosis. In Warrell DA , Cox TM , Firth JD , Benz EJ Jr eds. Oxford textbook of medicine. Oxford University Press , 2003; 162–173.
10.
Hawkins PN . Studies with radiolabelled serum amyloid P component provide evidence for turnover and regression of amyloid deposits in vivo . Clinical Science1994; 87: 289–295 .
11.
Lowenstein J , Gallo G.Remission of the nephrotic syndrome in renal amyloidosis . New Engl J Med1970; 282: 128–132 .
12.
Paraf A , Caste T , Rautureau J.La regression de l'amylose. Disparition d'une amylose hepatique massive apres nephrectomie pour cancer . Presse Medicale1970; 78: 547–548 .
13.
Cohen HJ , Lessin LS , Hallal J , Burkholder P.Resolution of primary amyloidosis during chemotherapy . Ann Intern Med1975; 82: 466–473 .
14.
Dikman SH , Kahn T , Gribetz D , Churg J.Resolution of renal amyloidosis . American Journal of Medicine1977; 63: 430–433 .
15.
Falck HM , Törnroth T , Skrifvars B , Wegelius O.Resolution of renal amyloidosis secondary to rheumatoid arthritis . Acta Med Scand1979; 205: 651–656 .
16.
Kyle RA , Wagoner RD , Holley KE . Primary systemic amyloidosis. Resolution of the nephrotic syndrome with melphalan and prednisolone . Archives of Internal Medicine1982; 142: 1445–1447 .
17.
Gertz MA , Kyle RA . Response of primary hepatic amyloidosis to melphalan and prednisone: a case report and review of the literature . Mayo Clinic Proceedings1986; 61: 218–223 .
18.
Schattner A , Varon D , Green L , Hurwitz N , Bentwich Z.Primary amyloidosis with unusual bone involvement: reversibility with melphalan, prednisone, and colchicine . American Journal of Medicine1986; 86: 347–348 .
19.
Zemer D , Pras M , Sohar E , Modan M , Cabili S , Gafni J.Colchicine in the prevention and treatment of amyloidosis of familial Mediterranean fever . New Engl J Med1986; 314: 1001–1005 .
20.
Sezer O , Schmid P , Shweigert M et al. Rapid reversal of nephrotic syndrome due to primary systemic AL amyloidosis after VAD and subsequent high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell support . Bone Marrow Transplant1999; 23: 967–969 .
21.
Gertz MA , Kyle RA . Hepatic amyloidosis (primary [AL], immunoglobulin light chain): the natural history in 80 patients . American Journal of Medicine1988; 85: 73–80 .
22.
McPherson RA , Orstad JW , Ugoretz RJ , Wolf PL . Coagulation in amyloidosis: combined deficiency of factors IX and X . American Journal of Hematology1977; 3: 225–235 .
23.
Triplett DA , Bang NU , Harms CS , Benson MD , Miletich JP . Mechanism of acquired factor X deficiency in primary amyloidosis . Blood1977; 50(Suppl. 1): 285-285 .
24.
Griepp PR , Kyle RA , Bowie EJW . Factor X deficiency in amyloidosis: a critical review . American Journal of Hematology1981; 11: 443–450 .
25.
Mumford AD , O'Donnell J , Gillmore JD , Manning RA , Hawkins PN , Laffan M.Bleeding symptoms and coagulation abnormalities in 337 patients with AL amyloidosis . Br J Haematol2000; 110: 454–460 .
26.
Kaw YT , AR E.Solitary pleural amyloid nodules occurring as coin lesions diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy . Diagn Cytopathol1991; 7: 304–307 .
27.
Dahlgren SE , Lewenhaupt A , CO O.Fine needle biopsy diagnosis in nodular pulmonary amyloidosis . Acta Path Microbiol Scand1970; 78: 1–5 .
28.
Shah PL , Gillmore JD , Copley SJ et al. The importance of complete screening for amyloid fibril type and systemic disease in patients with amyloidosis in the respiratory tract . Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis2002; 19: 134–142 .
29.
Linke RP , Gärtner HV , Michels H.High-sensitivity diagnosis of AA amyloidosis using Congo red and immunohistochemistry detects missed amyloid deposits . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry1995; 43: 863–869 .
30.
Tan SY , Pepys MB . Amyloidosis . Histopathology1994; 25: 403–414 .
31.
Lachmann HJ , Booth DR , Booth SE et al. Misdiagnosis of hereditary amyloidosis as AL (primary) amyloidosis . New Engl J Med2002; 346: 1786–1791 .
32.
Lachmann HJ , Gallimore R , Gillmore JD et al. Outcome in systemic AL amyloidosis in relation to changes in concentration of circulating free immunoglobulin light chains following chemotherapy . Br J Haematol2003; 122: 78–84 .
33.
Miyamoto TKT , Makiyama M , Kitada S , Fujishima M , Hagari Y , Mihara M.Monoclonality of infiltrating plasma cells in primary pulmonary nodular amyloidosis: detection with polymerase chain reaction . J Clin Pathol1999; 52: 464–467 .
34.
Hind CRK , Gibson DG , Lavender JP , Pepys MB . Non-invasive demonstration of cardiac involvement in acquired forms of systemic amyloidosis . Lancet1984; i: 1417-1417 .
35.
Klein AL , Hatle LK , Burstow DJ et al. Doppler characterization of left ventricular diastolic function in cardiac amyloidosis . Journal of the American College of Cardiology1989; 13: 1017–1026 .
36.
Klein AL , Hatle LK , Burstow DJ et al. Comprehensive Doppler assessment of right ventricular diastolic function in cardiac amyloidosis . Journal of the American College of Cardiology1990; 15: 199–108 .
37.
Vigushin DM , Clesham G , Hawkins PN et al. Echocardiography in systemic AL amyloidosis. In Kisilevsky R , Benson MD , Frangione B , Gauldie J , Muckle TJ , Young ID eds. Amyloid and amyloidosis 1993. Parthenon Publishing , 1994; 268–270.
38.
de Beer FC , Mallya RK , Fagan EA , Lanham JG , Hughes GRV , Pepys MB . Serum amyloid A protein (SAA) concentration in inflammatory diseases and its relationship to the incidence of reactive systemic amyloidosis . Lancet1982; ii: 231–234 .
39.
Schnitzer TJ , Ansell BM . Amyloidosis in juvenile chronic polyarthritis . Arthritis and Rheumatism1977; 20: 245–252 .
40.
Myllykangas-Luosujärvi R , Aho K , Kautiainen H , Hakala M.Amyloidosis in a nationwide series of 1666 subjects with rheumatoid arthritis who died during 1989 in Finland . Rheumatology1999; 38: 499–503 .
41.
Pras M , Schubert M , Zucker-Franklin D , Rimon A , Franklin EC . The characterisation of soluble amyloid prepared in water . J Clin Invest1968; 47: 924–933 .
42.
Parmelee DC , Titani K , Ericsson LH , Eriksen N , Benditt EP , Walsh KA . Amino acid sequence of amyloid-related apoprotein (apoSAA1) from human high density lipoprotein . Biochemistry1982; 21: 3298–3203 .
43.
Yamada T.Serum amyloid A (SAA): a concise review of biology, assay methods and clinical usefulness . Clin Chem Lab Med1999; 37: 381–388 .
44.
Castleman B , Iverson L , Menendez P.Localized mediastinal lymphnode hyperplasia resembling thymoma . Cancer1956; 9: 822–830 .
45.
Palestro G , Turrini F , Pagano M , Chiusa L.Castleman's disease . Adv Clin Path1999; 3: 11–22 .
Parez N , Bader-Meunier B , Roy CC , Dommergues JP.Paediatric Castleman disease: report of seven cases and review of the literature . European Journal of Pediatrics1999; 158: 631–637 .
48.
Lachmann HJ , Gilbertson JA , Gillmore JD , Hawkins PN , Pepys MB . Unicentric Castleman's disease complicated by systemic AA amyloidosis: a curable disease . Quarterly Journal of Medicine2002; 95: 211–218 .
49.
Shah SPKM , Anibogu J , Miller A.Nodular amyloidosis of the lung from intravenous drug abuse: an uncommon cause of multiple pulmonary nodules . South Med J1998; 91: 402–404 .
50.
Hawkins PN . Diagnosis and monitoring of amyloidosis. In Husby G ed. Baillière's clinical rheumatology: reactive amyloidosis and the acute phase response. Baillière Tindall , 1994; 635–659.
51.
Gillmore JD , Lovat LB , Persey MR et al. Cumulative SAA production and outcome of AA amyloidosis. In Kyle RA , Gertz MA eds. Amyloid and amyloidosis 1998. Parthenon Publishing , 1999; 402–404.
52.
Osserman EF , Takatsuki K , Talal N.The pathogenesis of “amyloidosis”. Studies on the role of abnormal gammaglobulins and gammaglobulin fragments of the Bence Jones (L-polypeptide) types in the pathogenesis of “primary” and “secondary” amyloidosis associated with plasma cell myeloma . Seminars in Hematology1964; 1: 3-3 .
53.
Linder J , Silberman HR , Croher BP . Amyloidosis complicating hairy cell leukaemia . American Journal of Clinical Pathology1982; 78: 864–867 .
54.
Glenner GG , Ein D , Eaves ED , Bladen HA , Terry W , Page DL . Creation of “amyloid” fibrils from Bence Jones protein in vitro.Science1971; 174: 712–714 .
55.
Glenner GG , Terry W , Harada M , Isersky C , Page D.Amyloid fibril proteins: proof of homology with immunoglobulin light chains by sequence analyses . Science1971; 172: 1150–1151 .
56.
Glenner GG , Ein D , Terry WD . The immunoglobulin origin of amyloid . American Journal of Medicine1972; 52: 141–147 .
57.
Koss MN , Holchholzer L , Moran CA , Frizzera G.Pulmonary plasmacytomas: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of five cases . Ann Diagn Pathol1998; 2: 1–11 .
58.
Buxbaum J.Aberrant immunoglobulin synthesis in light chain amyloidosis. Free light chain and light chain fragment production by human bone marrow cells in short-term tissue culture . J Clin Invest1986; 78: 798–806 .
59.
Buxbaum J.Mechanisms of disease: monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition. Amyloidosis, light chain deposition disease, and light and heavy chain deposition disease . Hematol Oncol Clin North Am1992; 6: 323–346 .
60.
Kyle RA , Gertz MA . Primary systemic amyloidosis: clinical and laboratory features in 474 cases . Seminars in Hematology1995; 32: 45–59 .
61.
Gertz MA , Kyle RA . Primary systemic amyloidosis – a diagnostic primer . Mayo Clinic Proceedings1989; 64: 1505–1519 .
62.
Dubrey SW , Cha K , Anderson J et al. The clinical features of immunoglobulin light-chain (AL) amyloidosis with heart involvement . Quarterly Journal of Medicine1998; 91: 141–157 .
63.
Gertz MA , Kyle RA . Prognostic value of urinary protein in primary systemic amyloidosis (AL) . American Journal of Clinical Pathology1990; 94: 313–317 .
64.
Lovat LB , Pepys MB , Hawkins PN . Amyloid and the gut . Digestive Diseases1997; 15: 155–171 .
65.
Berk JL , O'regan A , MS. Pulmonary and tracheobronchial amyloidosis . Semin Respir Crit Care Med2002; 23155–166 .
66.
Berk JL , Keane J , Seldin DC et al. Persistent pleural effusions in primary systemic amyloidosis . Chest2003; 124: 969–977 .
67.
Comenzo RL , Gertz MA . Autologous stem cell transplantation for primary systemic amyloidosis . Blood2002; 99: 4276–4282 .
68.
Hawkins PN . The diagnosis, natural history and treatment of amyloidosis. The Goulstonian Lecture 1995 . J R Coll Physicians Lond1997; 31: 552–560 .
69.
Gertz MA , Kyle RA , Greipp PR . Response rates and survival in primary systemic amyloidosis . Blood1991; 77: 257–262 .
70.
Kyle RA , Gertz MA , Greipp PR et al. Long-term survival (10 years or more) in 30 patients with primary amyloidosis . Blood1999; 93: 1062–1066 .
71.
Kyle RA , Gertz MA , Greipp PR , Witzig TE , Lust JA , Lacy MQ . A trial of three regimens for primary amyloidosis: colchicine alone, melphalan and prednisone, and melphalan, prednisone, and colchicine . New Engl J Med1997; 336: 1202–1207 .
72.
Wardley AM , Jayson GC , Goldsmith DJ , Venning MC , Ackrill P , Scarffe JH . The treatment of nephrotic syndrome caused by primary (light chain) amyloid with vincristine, doxorubicin and dexamethasone . British Journal of Cancer1998; 78: 774–776 .
Gillmore JD , Apperley JF , Pepys MB , Hawkins PN . High dose chemotherapy for systemic AL amyloidosis . Kidney Int1999; 55: 2103-2103 .
75.
Gertz MA , Lacy MQ , Gastineau DA et al. Blood stem cell transplantation as therapy for primary systemic amyloidosis (AL) . Bone Marrow Transplant2000; 26: 963–969 .
76.
Sanchorawala V , Wright DG , Seldin DC et al. An overview of the use of high-dose melphalan with autologous stem cell transplantation for the treatment of AL amyloidosis . Bone Marrow Transplant2001; 28: 637–642 .
77.
Moreau P , Leblond V , Bourquelot P et al. Prognostic factors for survival and response after high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation in systemic AL amyloidosis: a report on 21 patients . Br J Haematol1998; 101: 766–769 .
78.
Utz JP , Swensen SJ , Gertz MA . Pulmonary amyloidosis. The Mayo Clinic experience from 1980 to 1993 . Ann Intern Med1996; 124: 407–413 .
79.
Thompson PJ , Citron K.Amyloid and the lower respiratory tract . Thorax1983; 38: 84–87 .
80.
Gillmore JD , Hawkins PN . Amyloidosis and the respiratory tract . Thorax1999; 54: 444–451 .
81.
Pasternak S , White VA , Gascoyne RD , Perry SR , L. JR , Rootman J.Monoclonal origin of localised orbital amyloidosis detected by molecular analysis . Br J Ophthalmol1996; 80: 1013–1017 .
82.
Hamidi Asl K , Liepnieks JJ , Bihrle R , Benson MD . Local synthesis of amyloid fibril precursors in AL amyloidosis of the urinary tract . Amyloid: Int J Exp Clin1998; 5: 49–54 .
83.
Hamidi Asl K , Leipnieks JJ , Nakamura A , Benson MD . Organ-specific (localized) synthesis of Ig light chain amyloid . J Immunol1999; 162: 5556–5560 .
84.
Livneh A , Shtrasburg S , Martin BM , Baniel J , Gal R , Pras M.Light chain amyloidosis of the urinary bladder. A site restricted deposition of an externally produced immunoglobulin . J Clin Pathol2001; 54: 920–923 .
85.
Westermark P , Sletten K , Pitkanen P , Natvig J , Lindholm C.Localised laryngeal amyloidosis: partial characterization of an amyloid fibril protein AL . Mol Immunol1982; 19: 447–450 .
86.
Lewis JE , Olsen KD , Kurtin PJ , Kyle RA . Laryngeal amyloidosis: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical review . Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg1992; 106: 372–377 .
87.
Murdoch IE ST , Moseley I , Hawkins PN et al. Primary localised amyloidosis of the orbit . Br J Ophthalmol1996; 80: 1083–1086 .
88.
Woollons A , Black MM . Nodular localized primary cutaneous amyloidosis: a long-term follow-up study . Br J Dermatol2001; 145: 105–109 .
89.
Thompson LD , Derringer GA , Wenig BM . Amyloidosis of the larynx: a clinicopathologic study of 11 cases . Mod Pathol2000; 13: 528–535 .
90.
Tirzaman O , Wahner-Roedler DL , Malek RS , Sebo TJ , Li CY , Kyle RA . Primary localized amyloidosis of the urinary bladder: a case series of 31 patients . Mayo Clin Proc2000; 75: 1264–1268 .
91.
Berg AM , Troxler RF , Grillone G et al. Localized amyloidosis of the larynx: evidence for light chain composition . Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol1993; 102: 884-884 .
92.
McAlpine JC , Fuller A.Localised laryngeal amyloidosis, a report of a case with a review of the literature . J Laryngol Otol1964; 78: 296–314 .
93.
New G.Amyloid tumours in the upper air passages . Laryngoscope1919; 29: 327–341 .
94.
Siddachari R , Chaukar DA , Pramesh CS , Naresh KN , de Souza CE , Douzak AK . Laryngeal Amyloielosis . J Otolaryngol2005; 34: 60–63 .
95.
Chow LT , Chow W , Shum D.Fatal massive upper respiratory tract haemorrhage: an unusual complication of localised amyloidosis of the larynx . J Laryngol Otol1993; 107: 51–53 .
96.
D'Arey F.Localised amyloidosis of the larynx . J Laryngol Otol1972; 94: 494–497 .
97.
Walker P , Courey MS , Ossoff R.Staged endoscopic treatment of laryngeal amyloidosis . Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg1996; 114: 801–805 .
98.
Finn D , Farmer J.Management of amyloidosis of the larynx and trachea . Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg1982; 108: 54–56 .
99.
McIlwain JC , Shepperd H.Laser treatment of promary amyloidosis of the larynx . J Laryngol Otol1986; 100: 1079–1080 .
100.
Piazza C , Cavaliere S , Foccoli P , Toninelli C , Bolzoni A, GP . Endoscopic management of laryngo-tracheobronchial amyloidosis: a series of 32 patients . Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol2003; 260: 349–354 .
de Sousa MM , Vital C , Ostler D et al. Apolipoprotein AI and transthyretin as components of amyloid fibrils in a kindred with apoAI Leu178His amyloidosis . American Journal of Pathology2000; 156: 1911–1917 .
103.
Hamidi Asl K , Liepnieks JJ , Nakamura M , Parker F , Benson MD . A novel apolipoprotein A-1 variant, Arg173Pro, associated with cardiac and cutaneous amyloidosis . Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications1999; 257: 584–588 .
104.
Hamidi Asl L , Liepnieks JJ , Hamidi Asl K et al. Hereditary amyloid cardiomyopathy caused by a variant apolipoprotein A1 . American Journal of Pathology1999; 154: 221–227 .
105.
Assmann G , Schmitz G , Funke H , von Eckardstein A.Apolipoprotein A-I and HDL deficiency . Current Opinion in Lipidology1990; 1: 110–115 .
106.
Westermark P , Mucchiano G , Marthin T , Johnson KH , Sletten K.Apolipoprotein A1-derived amyloid in human aortic atherosclerotic plaques . American Journal of Pathology1995; 147: 1186–1192 .
107.
Booth DR , Tan SY , Booth SE et al. Hereditary hepatic and systemic amyloidosis caused by a new deletion/insertion mutation in the apolipoprotein AI gene . J Clin Invest1996; 97: 2714–2721 .
108.
Nichols WC , Gregg RE , Brewer HBJ , Benson MD . A mutation in apolipoprotein A-I in the Iowa type of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy . Genomics1990; 8: 318–323 .
109.
Cordier JF , Loire R , Brune J.Amyloidosis of the lower respiratory tract. Clinical and pathologic features in a series of 21 patients . Chest1986; 90: 827–831 .
110.
Sakula A.Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica: its relation ship to primary tracheobronchial amyloidosis . Thorax1968; 23: 105–110 .
111.
Jones AW , Chatterji A.Primary tracheobronchial amyloidosis with tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica . Br J Dis Chest1977; 71: 268–272 .
112.
Neinhuis DM , Prakash UB , Edell ES . Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica . Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol1990; 99: 689–694 .
113.
O'Regan A , Felon HM , Beamis JF , Steele MP , Skinner MD , Berk J.Tracheobronchial amyloidosis: the Boston university experience from 1984 to 1999 . Medicine (Baltimore)2000; 79: 69–79 .
114.
Farrell M , McAdams HP , Erasmus JJ . A 27-year-old woman with cough, dyspnea, and wheezing . Chest1999; 116: 557–559 .
115.
Cotton RE , Jackson JW . Localised tumours of the lung simulating neoplasm . Thorax1964; 19: 197–103 .
116.
Monroe AT , Walia R , Zlotecki RA , Jantz MA . Tracheobronchial amyloidosis: a case report of successful treatment with external beam radiation therapy . Chest2004; 125: 784–789 .
117.
Nugent AM , Elliott H , McGuigan JA , Varghese YG . Pulmonary amyloidosis: treatment with laser therapy and systemic steroids . Respir Med1996; 90: 433–435 .
118.
Breuer R , Simpson GT , Rubinow A , Skinner M , Cohen AS . Tracheobronchial amyloidosis: treatment by carbon dioxide laser photoresection. 1985; 40: 870–871 .
119.
Kurrus JA , Hayes JK , Hoidal JR , Menendez MM , Elstad MR . Radiation therapy for tracheobronchial amyloidosis . Chest1998; 114: 1489–1492 .
120.
Dahl KA , Kernstine KH , Vannatta TL , Karwal MW , Thomas KW , Schraith DS . Tracheobronchial amyloidosis: A surgical disease with long-term consequences . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg2004; 128: 789–792 .
121.
Hui AN , Koss MN , Hochholzer L , Wehunt WD . Amyloidosis presenting in the lower respiratory tract. Clinicopathologic, radiologic, immunohistochemical, and histochemical studies on 48 cases . Arch Pathol Lab Med1986; 110: 212–218 .
122.
Himmelfarb E , Wells S , Rabinowitz JG . The radiologic spectrum of cardiopulmonary amyloidosis . Chest1977; 72: 327–332 .
123.
Urban BA , Fishman EK , Goldman SM et al. CT evaluation of amyloidosis: spectrum of disease. 1993; 13: 1295–1308 .
124.
Ayuso MC , Gilabert R , Bombi JA , Salvador A.CT appearance of localized pulmonary amyloidosis . J Comput Assist Tomogr1987; 11: 197–199 .
125.
Rubinow ACB , Cohen AS , Rigden BG , Brody JS . Localized amyloidosis of the lower respiratory tract . Am Rev Respir Dis1978; 118: 603–611 .
126.
Masaki Y , Sugai S.Lymphoproliferative disorders in Sjogren's syndrome . Autoimmun Rev2004; 3: 175–182 .
127.
Jeong Y , Lee K , Chung MP et al. Amyloidosis and lymphoproliferative disease in Sjogren syndrome thin-section comuted tomography findings and histopathologic comparisions . J Comput Assist Tomogr2004; 28: 776–781 .
128.
Kambouchner M , Godmer P , Guillevin L , Raphael M , Droz D , Martin A.Low grade marginal zone B cell lymphoma of the breast associated with localised amyloidosis and corpora amylacea in a woman with long standing primary Sjogren's syndrome . J Clin Pathol2003; 56: 74–77 .
129.
Delevaux I , Andre M , Amoura Z , Kemeny JL , Piette JC , Aumaitre O.Concomitant diagnosis of primary Sjogren's syndrome and systemic AL amyloidosis . Ann Rheum Dis2001; 60: 694–695 .
130.
Celli BR , Rubinow A , Cohen AS , Brody JS . Patterns of pulmonary involvement in systemic amyloidosis . Chest1978; 74: 543–547 .
131.
Smith R , Hutchins GM , Moore GW , Humphrey RL . Type and distribution of pulmonary parenchymal and vascular amyloid. Correlation with cardiac amyloid . Am J Med1979; 66: 196–104 .
132.
Gallego F , Canelas J.Hilar enlargment in amyloidosis . N Engl J Med1974; 291: 531-513 .
133.
Zatloukal P , Bezdiek P , Schimonova M , Tesarova P , Slovakaova A.Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia with pulmonary amyloidosis . Respiration1998; 65: 414–416 .
134.
Gross B.Radiographic manifestations of lymph node involvement in amyloidosis . Radiology1981; 138: 11–114 .
