Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Glucose-lowering treatment options are limited for uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with advanced stages of renal impairment (RI). This retrospective analysis evaluated glycaemic efficacy and tolerability of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin added to sulphonylurea. Three randomized phase 3 studies (n = 619) including T2DM subjects with moderate or severe RI [estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m²] were analysed; only sulphonylurea-treated subjects who received additional linagliptin (n = 58) or placebo (n = 33) were evaluated. Linagliptin provided meaningful placebo-adjusted HbA_1c reductions of −0.68% (95% confidence interval: −1.19, −0.17), −1.08% (−2.02, −0.14) and −0.62% (−1.25, 0.01) after 24, 18 and 12 weeks, respectively. There was a similar incidence of overall adverse events (linagliptin: 79.3%, placebo: 75.8%) and hypoglycaemia (linagliptin: 37.9%, placebo: 39.4%). Severe hypoglycaemia was more common with placebo (linagliptin: 1.7%, placebo: 6.1%). These data suggest that linagliptin is a safe and effective glucose-lowering treatment in T2DM patients with moderate-to-severe RI for whom sulphonylurea treatment is no longer sufficient.

Keywords

Linagliptin sulphonylurea type 2 diabetes renal impairment efficacy safety

Introduction

Moderate-to-severe renal impairment (RI), defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) below 60 mL/min/1.73 m², is a frequent complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), occurring in 20%−30% of patients.^1,2 Subjects at this advanced stage of RI comprise a difficult-to-treat population for several reasons: chronic kidney disease is frequently accompanied by additional vascular co-morbidities; it is associated with increased risk of hypoglycaemia;³ and progressive renal dysfunction reduces drug elimination and prolongs exposure to higher drug levels.⁴ The increased risk of hypoglycaemia is caused by impaired renal gluconeogenesis and decreased clearance of both insulin and non-insulin hypoglycaemic agents.⁵ The prolonged half-life of insulin (endogenous and exogenous) reduces the dose requirement and necessitates adequate monitoring of glucose control.^4,6 Furthermore, as most oral hypoglycaemic agents, including metformin, undergo renal excretion and elimination, many such agents are not recommended or are contraindicated in patients with RI.^6–8 Thus, only a few agents can be used, often at a reduced dose, and with careful evaluation of renal function. Because of these restrictions, sulphonylureas are often prescribed in those who cannot use metformin,⁹ despite the associated disadvantages (e.g. weight gain,⁹ risk of hypoglycaemia¹⁰). The low treatment cost of sulphonylureas is also likely to influence treatment selection. If glycaemic goals are not achieved or maintained, insulin may be considered the next logical treatment option. However, concerns about weight gain, hypoglycaemia and use of injections may be barriers to its prescription.^11,12 Consequently, additional oral treatment alternatives for patients with T2DM and RI are clearly needed.

Linagliptin is an oral, once-daily dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitor that, unlike other DPP-4 inhibitors, has a primarily non-renal elimination route,¹³ and does not require dose adjustment for any level of impaired renal function.¹⁴ Phase 3 studies have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of linagliptin as monotherapy and in combination with other oral anti-diabetes drugs and/or insulin,^15–23 including in patients with severe RI.²³ Comparable study designs and capture of data in the linagliptin phase 3 programme allow the pooling of all data for safety assessments, although differing treatment durations have to be taken into consideration.

The aim of this retrospective analysis was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of linagliptin as an add-on therapy to sulphonylurea in patients with uncontrolled T2DM and moderate or severe RI.

Methods

Study design

This was a post hoc analysis of data for subjects with moderate or severe RI (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m²) receiving linagliptin or placebo added to existing sulphonylurea treatment, taken from the wider study populations of three phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of linagliptin 5 mg once daily for the treatment of T2DM (ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers for Studies 1, 2 and 3: NCT01084005, NCT00819091, and NCT00800683, respectively), details of which have been published previously.^21–23 Treatment regimens were as follows: Study 1, 24 weeks of linagliptin or placebo added to current glucose-lowering medication(s) in elderly patients with T2DM;²¹ Study 2, 18 weeks of linagliptin or placebo added to current sulphonylurea therapy;²² and Study 3, 52 weeks of linagliptin or placebo added to current glucose-lowering medication(s) in patients with T2DM and severe RI.²³ These three studies were selected for analysis as these trials from the linagliptin phase 3 programme had included participants with moderate-to-severe RI and allowed a treatment regimen of linagliptin added to a stable background of sulphonylurea.

Efficacy analyses were based on the primary endpoint of the three parent studies, defined as the mean change from baseline in glycated haemoglobin (HbA_1c) after the respective treatment periods (Study 1, 24 weeks; Study 2, 18 weeks; and Study 3, 12 weeks). Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was assessed as a secondary endpoint. Safety and tolerability were assessed by the incidence of recorded adverse events (AEs).

Statistical analysis

Efficacy was analysed per study, rather than pooled, due to the differences in when the primary endpoint was measured. Analysis of covariance was used, applying a last observation carried forward imputation in the full analysis set (defined as all randomized participants who received at least one dose of study drug and had baseline and at least one post-baseline HbA_1c measurement). Safety data were pooled and summarized descriptively in the treated set (defined as all randomized participants who received ≥ 1 dose of study drug).

Results

Ninety-one participants were included in this analysis: of these, 58 received linagliptin and 33 received placebo. Demographics and clinical characteristics of participants at baseline were generally comparable between the two groups (Table 1).

Table 1.

Demographics and clinical characteristics of participants at baseline.

	Total
	Linagliptin (n = 58)	Placebo (n = 33)
Age, years: mean (SD)	69.3 (10.2)	70.2 (8.3)
Males: n (%)	39 (67.2)	18 (54.5)
Race: n (%)
White	48 (82.8)	25 (75.8)
Black/African American	4 (6.9)	4 (12.1)
Asian	6 (10.3)	4 (12.1)
BMI, kg/m²: mean (SD)	31.1 (5.3)	30.3 (5.2)
HbA_1c, %: mean (SD)	8.2 (1.1)	8.1 (0.6)
HbA_1c, mmol/mol: mean (SD)	66 (12.0)	65 (6.6)
FPG, mg/dL: mean (SD)	160 (67)	149 (40)
FPG, mmol/L: mean (SD)	8.88 (3.72)	8.27 (2.22)
Time since diagnosis of diabetes: n (%)
≤1 year	1 (1.7)	0 (0.0)
>1 to ≤5 years	2 (3.4)	5 (15.2)
>5 years	55 (94.8)	28 (84.8)
Sulphonylurea background therapy: n (%)
Sulphonylurea only	24 (41.4)	17 (51.5)
Sulphonylurea + other	34 (58.6)	16 (48.5)
Background medication, in addition to sulphonylurea: n (%)
Metformin	13 (22.4)	7 (21.2)
Metformin + thiazolidinedione	0 (0.0)	1 (3.0)
Metformin + glitazone + insulin	0 (0.0)	1 (3.0)
Metformin + insulin	6 (10.3)	0 (0.0)
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor	1 (1.7)	0 (0.0)
Glitazone	2 (3.4)	1 (3.0)
Glitazone + insulin	0 (0.0)	1 (3.0)
Insulin	12 (20.7)	5 (15.2)
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m², according to MDRD: mean (SD)	37.65 (15.54)	37.09 (14.37)
Renal impairment, based on eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m², according to MDRD, n (%)
Moderate, 30 to < 60	33 (56.9)	18 (54.5)
Severe, < 30	25 (43.1)	15 (45.5)

BMI: body mass index; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; MDRD: Modification of Diet in Renal Disease; SD: standard deviation.

Linagliptin treatment resulted in significantly greater adjusted mean decreases in HbA_1c compared with placebo in Study 1 [−0.68%; 95% confidence interval (CI): −1.19, −0.17; p = 0.0102] and Study 2 (−1.08%; 95% CI: –2.02, −0.14; p = 0.0271), and a numerically greater decrease in HbA_1c in Study 3 (−0.62%; 95% CI: −1.25, 0.01; p = 0.0551) (Figure 1). FPG was numerically decreased with linagliptin compared with placebo in Study 1 [adjusted mean (standard error, SE): −20.9 (14.3) mg/dL; p = 0.1545] and Study 2 [adjusted mean (SE): −16.3 (18.9) mg/dL; p = 0.4069] and was slightly increased versus placebo in Study 3 [adjusted mean (SE): 10.6 (18.6) mg/dL; p = 0.5745].

Figure 1.

Adjusted mean change in HbA_1c from baseline to visit of primary endpoint (full analysis set, last observation carried forward).

The overall incidence rates of participants reporting AEs, drug-related AEs and serious AEs were similar between linagliptin and placebo (Table 2). A similar proportion of participants reported hypoglycaemia with linagliptin (37.9%) and placebo (39.4%) (Figure 2), although fewer participants reported severe hypoglycaemia (requiring assistance) with linagliptin (1.7% vs 6.1% with placebo). Mean change in body weight did not differ significantly between linagliptin and placebo at the end of each study [placebo-adjusted mean change of 1.0 (95% CI: −0.7, 2.7; p = 0.2552), −1.0 (95% CI: −3.4, 1.3; p = 0.3551) and −0.2 kg (95% CI: −4.1, 3.8; p = 0.9319) in Studies 1, 2 and 3, respectively], and no clinically relevant changes were observed.

Table 2.

Incidence of adverse events.

	Total
	Linagliptin (n = 58)	Placebo (n = 33)
Any adverse event, %	79.3	75.8
Investigator-defined drug-related adverse event, %	31.0	42.4
Adverse event leading to discontinuation of trial medication, %	6.9	9.1
Significant adverse events (pre-specified events^a), %	5.2	0
Serious adverse event, %	22.4	27.3
Fatal	1.7	3.0
Immediately life-threatening	1.7	0
Disabling	1.7	0
Requiring hospitalization	20.7	21.2
Prolonged hospitalization	3.4	3.0
Other	0	3.0

Hypersensitivity reactions, renal events and hepatic events (based on investigator-reporting, excluding severe cutaneous adverse reactions and pancreatitis).

Figure 2.

Hypoglycaemia.

Discussion

Linagliptin was well tolerated and provided clinically meaningful improvements in glycaemic control in study participants with T2DM and moderate or severe RI who were not achieving glycaemic control on a regimen including sulphonylurea therapy. Moreover, the incidence of overall hypoglycaemia and severe hypoglycaemia was not increased with linagliptin and body weight remained unchanged. This was observed although the sulphonylurea doses were kept stable in the current studies. From previous studies of DPP-4 inhibitors, it is, however, well known that the combination of this drug class with a sulphonylurea is likely to increase the risk of hypoglycaemia in general. Consequently, the US prescribing information for all available DPP-4 inhibitors indicates that dose reduction of a concomitant sulphonylurea should be considered to reduce the risk of hypoglycaemia.^24–27 One possible mechanism for the lack of increased hypoglycaemia when linagliptin is added to sulphonylurea could be due to enhanced counter-regulatory responses to hypoglycaemia with DPP-4 inhibition, that is, improved glucose sensing and responsiveness in pancreatic islet cells, as reported for vildagliptin.²⁸ This is further supported by a recent analysis of elderly patients (aged > 70 years) receiving linagliptin on top of basal-insulin-based treatment regimens, in which linagliptin was associated with fewer hypoglycaemic events despite a significant improvement in glycaemic control.²⁹ The observed lack of increase in hypoglycaemia in the elderly and renally impaired population reported here is reassuring, although the relatively small sample size needs to be taken into consideration. Other limitations of this analysis include heterogeneity between the parent studies and the fact that the analysis was carried out post hoc. Consequently, these data should be considered as exploratory only.

The available options for glucose-lowering medication in RI were summarized in a review by Bailey and Day,⁶ which states that moderate RI (GFR: 30–< 60 mL/min) may require dose reduction or treatment cessation for metformin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, some sulphonylureas, and some DPP-4 inhibitors, while in severe RI (GFR: 15–< 30 mL/min), the use of a meglitinide, pioglitazone or certain sulphonylureas may be appropriate with careful consideration of dose and co-morbidities.⁶ DPP-4 inhibitors can be used at reduced dose in patients with very low GFRs;⁶ however, linagliptin can be used without dose reduction in patients with any degree of renal insufficiency.²⁴ Insulin can be used at any stage of RI but frequent blood glucose monitoring is needed to enable careful dose titration and prevention of hypoglycaemia.⁶

There appears to be very few, if any, published data on the efficacy and tolerability of a DPP-4 inhibitor added to a sulphonylurea in patients with RI. It also seems that few or no dedicated studies are currently ongoing. In general, other treatment options for renally impaired patients not achieving glycaemic control with sulphonylurea monotherapy are restricted and, potentially, further complicated by the use of multiple medications to treat the frequent presence of cardiovascular and other co-morbidities, particularly in older patients. Although the sulphonylurea dose can be up-titrated to maximal levels, there is actually little evidence of dose–response for glycaemic efficacy beyond half of the recommended dose; however, there is a significant increase in side effects, mainly hypoglycaemia, particularly in association with RI. The reduced clearance of sulphonylureas in RI and a build-up of active metabolites (e.g. with glyburide) in some patients are additional reasons for not titrating the dose upwards. Furthermore, continuous exposure to higher plasma levels of sulphonylurea impairs therapeutic efficacy, apparently by down-regulating sulphonylurea-receptor activity.³⁰

The limited range of suitable treatments in RI means that physicians often choose to prescribe sulphonylureas. However, an alternative option is to use agents that are not associated with an increased risk of hypoglycaemia or weight gain. In a 2-year comparative study in T2DM patients inadequately controlled by metformin monotherapy, linagliptin elicited similar glycaemic improvement as the sulphonylurea glimepiride, but with significantly less hypoglycaemia, significantly fewer cardiovascular events and relative weight loss.^18,31

In conclusion, the data reported here suggest that linagliptin could be considered as an additional treatment for T2DM patients with moderate-to-severe RI, whose glycaemic control is inadequate with sulphonylureas – a population in which treatment alternatives are scarce.

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interests

The authors were fully responsible for all content and editorial decisions, were involved at all stages of manuscript development and approved the final version. The authors have indicated that they have no other conflicts of interest with regard to the content of this article. S.P., D.N., M.v.E. and H.-J.W. are employees of Boehringer Ingelheim.

Funding

This work was initiated and supported by Boehringer Ingelheim, the manufacturer of linagliptin. Boehringer Ingelheim was given the opportunity to check the data used in the manuscript for factual accuracy only. J.B.M. has received consultancy and speaker fees from Boehringer Ingelheim. A.H.B. has received honoraria for lectures and advisory work from Boehringer Ingelheim. A.J.L. has received honoraria for attending meetings, consultancy fees, speaker fees and/or travel grants from Boehringer Ingelheim. Medical writing assistance, supported financially by Boehringer Ingelheim, was provided by Debra Brocksmith, MBChB, PhD, of Envision Scientific Solutions.

References

Huang

Liu

Moffet

. Glycemic control, complications, and death in older diabetic patients: the diabetes and aging study. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 1329–1336.

Koro

Lee

Bowlin

. Antidiabetic medication use and prevalence of chronic kidney disease among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the United States. Clin Ther 2009; 31: 2608–2617.

Moen

Zhan

Hsu

. Frequency of hypoglycemia and its significance in chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 4: 1121–1127.

Bakris

. Recognition, pathogenesis, and treatment of different stages of nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mayo Clin Proc 2011; 86: 444–456.

Lubowsky

Siegel

Pittas

. Management of glycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus and CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 2007; 50: 865–879.

Bailey

Day

. Diabetes therapies in renal impairment. Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis 2012; 12: 167–171.

National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI clinical practice guideline for diabetes and CKD: 2012 update. Am J Kidney Dis 2012; 60: 850–886.

Shrishrimal

Hart

Michota

. Managing diabetes in hemodialysis patients: observations and recommendations. Cleve Clin J Med 2009; 76: 649–655.

Inzucchi

Bergenstal

Buse

. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach: position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care 2012; 35: 1364–1379.

10.

Amiel

Dixon

Mann

. Hypoglycaemia in type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2008; 25: 245–254.

11.

Wallace

Matthews

. Poor glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes: a conspiracy of disease, suboptimal therapy and attitude. QJM 2000; 93: 369–374.

12.

Korytkowski

. When oral agents fail: practical barriers to starting insulin. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002; 26: S18–S24.

13.

Heise

Graefe-Mody

Huttner

. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and tolerability of multiple oral doses of linagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor in male type 2 diabetes patients. Diabetes Obes Metab 2009; 11: 786–794.

14.

Graefe-Mody

Friedrich

Port

. Effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin. Diabetes Obes Metab 2011; 13: 939–946.

15.

Del Prato

Barnett

Huisman

. Effect of linagliptin monotherapy on glycaemic control and markers of beta-cell function in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2011; 13: 258–267.

16.

Taskinen

Rosenstock

Tamminen

. Safety and efficacy of linagliptin as add-on therapy to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2011; 13: 65–74.

17.

Owens

Swallow

Dugi

. Efficacy and safety of linagliptin in persons with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by a combination of metformin and sulphonylurea: a 24-week randomized study. Diabet Med 2011; 28: 1352–1361.

18.

Gallwitz

Rosenstock

Rauch

. 2-year efficacy and safety of linagliptin compared with glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin: a randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2012; 380: 475–483.

19.

Gomis

Owens

Taskinen

. Long-term safety and efficacy of linagliptin as monotherapy or in combination with other oral glucose-lowering agents in 2121 subjects with type 2 diabetes: up to 2 years exposure in 24-week phase III trials followed by a 78-week open-label extension. Int J Clin Pract 2012; 66: 731–740.

20.

Haak

Meinicke

Jones

. Initial combination of linagliptin and metformin improves glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012; 14: 565–574.

21.

Barnett

Huisman

Jones

. Efficacy and safety of linagliptin in elderly patients (≥70 years) with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Investig 2012; 3: 102 (abstract OCS-05-3).

22.

Lewin

Arvay

Liu

. Efficacy and tolerability of linagliptin added to a sulfonylurea regimen in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 18-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Ther 2012; 34: 1909–1919.e15.

23.

McGill

Sloan

Newman

. Long-term efficacy and safety of linagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes and severe renal impairment: a 1-year, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Diabetes Care 2013; 36: 237–244.

24.

Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Tradjenta (linagliptin) 5 mg tablets, prescribing information (US), http://bidocs.boehringer-ingelheim.com/BIWebAccess/ViewServlet.ser?docBase=renetnt&folderPath=/Prescribing+Information/PIs/Tradjenta/Tradjenta.pdf (2012, accessed 21 June 2013).

25.

Merck & Co., Inc (USA). Januvia (sitagliptin) tablets prescribing information (US), http://www.januvia.com/sitagliptin/januvia/hcp/januvia/index.jsp?WT.svl=1 (accessed 21 June 2013).

26.

Takeda Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. Nesina (alogliptin) tablets, prescribing information (US), http://www.takeda.us/products/ (accessed 21 June 2013).

27.

Bristol-Myers Squibb Company. Onglyza (saxagliptin) tablets, prescribing information (US), http://packageinserts.bms.com/pi/pi_onglyza.pdf (accessed 21 June 2013).

28.

Ahrén

Schweizer

Dejager

. Vildagliptin enhances islet responsiveness to both hyper- and hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94: 1236–1243.

29.

Woerle

Neubacher

Patel

. Safety and efficacy of linagliptin plus basal insulin combination therapy in a vulnerable population of elderly patients (age ≥70 years) with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2012; 55: S350 (Abstract 848).

30.

Melander

. Kinetics-effect relations of insulin-releasing drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes: brief overview. Diabetes 2004; 53: S151–S155.

31.

Gallwitz

Rosenstock

Emser

. Linagliptin is more effective than glimepiride at achieving a composite outcome of target HbA1c < 7% with no hypoglycaemia and no weight gain over 2 years. Int J Clin Pract 2013; 67: 317–321.

Linagliptin added to sulphonylurea in uncontrolled type 2 diabetes patients with moderate-to-severe renal impairment

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

Methods

Study design

Statistical analysis

Results

Discussion

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interests

Funding

References