This article focuses on curriculum in the context of international education, examining a particular example: arts education, and specifically music, in the International Baccalaureate (IB) Middle Years Programme (MYP). As one expression of, and agent for, international education, MYP Music supposedly fosters intercultural awareness.The article considers how this is done. Music education, developments within the MYP, ideas about intercultural awareness itself and curriculum design theories all inform the discussion. Several examples of innovative music programmes in non-school settings illustrate a highly contextualized approach which places strong emphasis on intercultural understanding. It is argued that, in addition to disciplinary understanding, an international curriculum should aim for intercultural understanding and international understanding.
Abbs, P. ( 1989) Aa Is for Aesthetic - Essays on Creative and Aesthetic Education. Lewes: The Falmer Press .
2.
Abril, C. ( 2006) ‘Music that represents culture: selecting music with integrity’. Music Educators Journal93(1): 38-45.
3.
Allan, M. ( 2002) ‘Cultural borderlands: cultural dissonance in the international school’. International Schools JournalXXI(2): 42-53.
4.
Allan, M. ( 2005) ‘MYP - where’s the awareness?’ . IB World February.
5.
Apple, M. ( 1997) ‘Is there a curriculum voice to reclaim?’ , in D. Flinders and S. Thornton (eds) The Curriculum Studies Reader . New York: Routledge.
6.
Apthorp, S. ( 2007) ‘The story so far’. Available at: http://www.gustavodudamel.com/artistmicrosite/DUDGU/en/sistema_story.htms (accessed 10 August 2007).
7.
Australian Capital Territory Department of Education and Training (2007) Every Chance to Learn. Curriculum for ACT schools. Available at: http://www.decs.act.gov.au/publicat/pdf/full_curriculum_ACT_schools_p-10.pdf (accessed 27 December 2007).
8.
Barrett, J. ( 2005) ‘Planning for understanding: a reconceptualized view of the music curriculum’. Music Educators Journal91(4): 21-5.
9.
Bernstein, B. ( 1975) Class, Codes and Control, Volume 3: Towards a Theory of Educational Transmissions. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
10.
Boix Mansilla, V. ( 2007) ‘Teaching for interdisciplinary understanding: the sound of music’. Presentation at The Project Zero Classroom, Harvard University, 2 August 2007.
11.
Brandist, C. ( 2006) ‘The Bakhtin Circle’. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available at: http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/bakhtin.htm (accessed 3 January 2008).
12.
Campbell, P. ( 1992) ‘Cultural consciousness in teaching general music’ . Music Educators Journal78(9): 30-6. Campbell , P. (2002) ‘Music education in a time of cultural transformation’. Music Educators Journal89(9): 27-32.
13.
Catling, S. ( 2001) ‘Developing the curriculum in international schools’ , in S. Blandford and M. Shaw (eds) Managing International Schools . London: RoutledgeFalmer.
14.
Connell, J. and Gibson, C. ( 2004) ‘World music: deterritorializing place and identity’ . Progress in Human Geography28(3): 342-61.
15.
Dawes Duraisingh, L. and Boix Mansilla, V. ( 2007) ‘Interdisciplinary forays within the history classroom: how the visual arts can enhance (or hinder) historical understanding’ . Teaching History129: 22-30.
16.
Deveney, B. ( 2007) ‘How well-prepared do international school teachers believe themselves to be for teaching in culturally diverse classrooms?’ . Journal of Research in International Education6(3): 309-32.
17.
Dunbar-Hall, P. ( 2005) ‘Colliding perspectives? Music curriculum as cultural studies’. Music Educators Journal91(4): 33-7.
18.
Eisner, E. ( 1972) Educating Artistic Vision. New York : Macmillan.
19.
Eisner, E. ( 2001) ‘Music education six months after the turn of the century’, International Journal of Music Education37: 5-12.
20.
Fennes, H. and Hapgood, K. ( 1997) Intercultural Learning in the Classroom: Crossing Borders . London: Cassell.
21.
Gallagher, S. and Zahavi, D. ( 2009, Spring edn) ‘Phenomenological approches to self-consciousness’. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, E.N. Zalta (ed.). Available at: http://plate.stanfrod.edu/archives/spr2009/entries/self-consciousness-phenomenological/ (accessed 26 November 2009).
22.
Gardner, H. ( 2006) Five Minds for the Future. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
23.
Greene, M. ( 1993) ‘The passions of pluralism: multiculturalism and the expanding community’, Educational Researcher22(1): 13-18.
24.
Greene, M. ( 1997) ‘Curriculum and consciousness’, in D. Flinders and S. Thornton (eds) The Curriculum Studies Reader. New York: Routledge.
25.
Gundara, J. ( 2000) Interculturalism, Education and Inclusion. London: Paul Chapman.
26.
Hammer, M., Bennett, M. and Wiseman, R. ( 2003) ’Measuring intercultural sensitivity: the intercultural development inventory’. International Journal of Intercultural Relations27(4): 421-43.
27.
Harland, J., Kinder, K., Lord, P., Stott, A., Schagen, I. and Haynes, J. ( 2000) Arts Education in Secondary Schools: Effects and Effectiveness . Slough: National Foundation for Educational Research.
28.
Hayden, M. ( 1998) ‘International education in practice’ , in M. Hayden and J. Thompson (eds) International Education: Principles and Practice. London: Kogan Page.
29.
Hayden, M. and Thompson, J. ( 1995) ‘International education: the crossing of frontiers’ . International Schools JournalXV(1): 13-20.
30.
Haywood, T. ( 2007) ‘A simple typology of international-mindedness and its implications for education’, in M. Hayden, J. Levy and J. Thompson (eds) The Sage Handbook of Research in International Education. London: SAGE.
31.
Hetland, L., Winner, E., Veenema, S. and Sheridan, K. ( 2007) Studio Thinking: The Real Benefits of Visual Arts Education . New York: Teachers College Press .
32.
Heyward, M. ( 2002) ‘From international to intercultural: redefining the international school for a globalized world’. Journal of Research in International Education1(1): 9-32.
33.
Hill, I. ( 2006) ‘Student types, school types and their combined influence on the development of intercultural understanding’. Journal of Research in International Education5(1): 5-33.
34.
Hill, I. ( 2007a) ‘International education developed by the IBO’ , in M. Hayden, J. Levy and J. Thompson (eds) The Sage Handbook of Research in International Education. London: SAGE.
35.
Hill, I. ( 2007b) ‘Multicultural and international education: never the twain shall meet?’. Review of Education53: 245-64.
36.
Hudson, R. ( 2006) ‘Regions and place: music, identity and place’ . Progress in Human Geography30(5): 626-34.
37.
Ingulsrud, J., Kai, K., Kadowaki, S., Kurobane, S. and Shiobara, M. ( 2002) ‘The assessment of cross-cultural experience: measuring awareness through critical text analysis’. International Journal of Intercultural Relations26: 473-91.
38.
International Baccalaureate Organisation (IBO) ( 2000a) Middle Years Programme: Guide to the Implementation of the Programme. Geneva: IBO.
39.
IBO (2000b) Middle Years Programme: The Arts. Geneva: IBO .
40.
IBO (2005) Programme Standards and Practices. Geneva: IBO.
41.
IBO (2007a) ‘Curriculum model for Middle Years Programme’. Available at: http://www.ibo.org (accessed 24 December 2007).
42.
IBO (2007b) ‘A basis for practice: Middle Years Programme’. Available at: http://www.ibo.org/myp/documents/basic_myp/pdf (accessed 26 December 2007).
43.
IBO (2007c) ‘A basis for practice: Diploma Programme’. Available at: http://www.ibo.org/dp/documents/basic_dp/pdf (accessed 26 December 2007).
44.
IBO (2008a) Middle Years Programme: From Principles into Practice. Geneva: IBO.
45.
IBO (2008b) Middle Years Programme: The Arts. Geneva: IBO .
46.
IBO (2009) http://www.ibo.org (accessed 9 November 2009).
47.
Jacobsen, W., Sleicher, D. and Burke, M. ( 1999) ‘Portfolio assessment of intercultural competence’ . International Journal of Intercultural Relations23(3): 467-92.
48.
James, K. ( 2005) ‘International education: the concept, and its relationship to intercultural education’. Journal of Research in International Education4(3): 313-32.
49.
Kliebard, H. ( 1997) ‘The rise of scientific curriculum making and its aftermath’, in D. Flinders and S. Thornton (eds) The Curriculum Studies Reader . New York, Routledge.
50.
Lawson, D. ( 1975) Class, Culture and the Curriculum. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
51.
Le Guen, M. ( 2004) ‘To what extent do music curricula in grades 6-10 in international schools in Europe affect the delivery and teaching of the IB Diploma Programme?’. Unpublished MA dissertation, University of Bath.
52.
Letts, R. ( 2006) ‘The promotion and protection of musical diversity’ . UNESCO/International Music Council . Available at: http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev (accessed 2 September 2007).
53.
McCutcheon, G. ( 1997) ‘Curriculum and the work of teachers’ , in D. Flinders and S. Thornton (eds) The Curriculum Studies Reader . New York, Routledge.
54.
Ministry of Education, New Zealand (2007) ‘The New Zealand Curriculum’. Available at: http://nzcurriculum.tki.org.nz/the_new_zealand_curriculum (accessed 6 November 2007).
55.
Nettl, B. ( 2005) ‘An ethnomusicological perspective’ . International Journal of Music Education23(2): 131-33.
56.
Perkins, D. ( 1998) ‘What is understanding?,’ in M. Wiske (ed.) Teaching for Understanding - Linking Research with Practice. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
57.
Phenix, P. ( 1964) Realms of Meaning. New York : McGraw-Hill.
58.
Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (UK) ( 2007) ‘The National Curriculum’. Available at: http://curriculum.qca.org.uk/ (accessed 27 December 2007).
59.
Reimer, B. ( 2003) A Philosophy of Music Education: Advancing the Vision , 3rd edn. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
60.
Rideout, R. ( 2005) ‘Whose music? Music education and cultural issues’ . Music Educators Journal91(4): 39-41.
61.
Robinson Report.Department for Education and Employment. Department for Culture, Media and Sport. National Advisory Committee on Creative and Cultural Education (1999) All Our Futures: Creativity, Culture & Education. London: DfEE.
62.
Rolling, J. ( 2006) Review article: ‘The Arts and the Creation of the Mind by Elliot Eisner’. Journal of Curriculum Studies38(1): 113-25.
63.
Semple, M. ( 1993) ‘Arts education and cultural diversity’ , in A. Fyfe and P. Figueroa (eds) Education for Cultural Diversity - the Challenge for a New Era. London: Routledge.
64.
Short, K. ( 2003) ‘Framework for a curriculum that is international’ . IB World (37) November.
65.
Silk Road Project (n.d.) Available at: http://www.silkroad.org (accessed 15 September 2007).
66.
Skelton, M. ( 2007) ‘International-mindedness and the brain’ , in M. Hayden, J. Levy and J. Thompson (eds) The Sage Handbook of Research in International Education. London: SAGE.
67.
Skilbeck, M. ( 1984) School-based Curriculum Development. London: Harper and Row.
68.
Slabbert, J. and Hattingh, A. ( 2006) ‘Where is the post-modern truth we have lost in reductionist knowledge? A curriculum’s epitaph’. Journal of Curriculum Studies38(6): 701-18.
69.
Slattery, P. ( 1995) Curriculum Development in the Postmodern Era. New York: Garland.
70.
Smith, J. ( 2003) ‘Biculturalism: the relationship between education policy and art education practice in secondary schools in Aotearoa New Zealand’ . New Zealand: Auckland College of Education Papers, Issue 13.
71.
Sosniak, L. ( 1997) ‘The curriculum, taxonomy and their relations’ , in D. Flinders and S. Thornton (eds) The Curriculum Studies Reader . New York: Routledge.
72.
Southcott, J. and Joseph, D. ( 2007) ‘From Empire to filmi: a fusion of western and Indian cultural practices in Australian music education’. International Journal of Music Education25(3): 235-43.
73.
Stanford Project for Intercultural Education (n.d.) Available at: http://spice.stanford.edu (accessed 13 January 2008 ).
74.
Straffon, D. ( 2003) ‘Assessing the intercultural sensitivity of high school students attending an international high school’. International Journal of Intercultural Relations27(4): 487-501.
75.
Sylvester, B. ( 1998) ‘Through the lens of diversity: inclusive and encapsulated school missions’, in M. Hayden and J. Thompson (eds) International Education: Principles and Practice. London : Kogan Page.
76.
Tame, H. (n.d.) ‘Interview with Charlie Gillett, in relation to Radio MultiKulti; World Music Radio’. Available at: http://www.weltmusikradio.de/interview.htm (accessed 8 August 2007).
77.
Thompson, J. ( 1998) ‘Towards a model for international education’ , in M. Hayden and J. Thompson (eds) International Education: Principles and Practice. London: Kogan Page.
78.
UNESCO (2005) Convention on the Protection and Promotion of Cultural Expressions. Available at: http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php (accessed 5 September 2007).
79.
Veblen, K., Beynon, C. and Odom, S. ( 2005) ’Drawing on diversity in the arts education classroom: educating our new teachers’. International Journal of Education and the Arts6(14): 1-17.
80.
Walker, G. ( 2007) ‘Challenges from a new world’, M. Hayden, J. Levy and J. Thompson (eds) The Sage Handbook of Research in International Education. London: SAGE.
81.
West-Eastern Divan Orchestra (n.d.) Available at: http://west-easterndivan.artists.warner.de/ (accessed 2 September 2007).
82.
Westerlund, H. ( 1999) ‘Universalism against contextual thinking in multicultural music education - Western colonialism or pluralism?’ . International Journal of Music Education33: 94-103.
83.
Wiggins, G. and McTighe, J. ( 2001) Understanding by Design. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
84.
Willis, P. ( 1990) Common Culture: Symbolic Work at Play in the Everyday Cultures of the Young. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
85.
Wiske, M. ( 1998) Teaching for Understanding - Linking Research with Practice . San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass .
