Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

In 2013, photojournalist David Guttenfelder became one of the first people granted access to post images of life within North Korea to Instagram in real-time. This quantitative content analysis examines themes portrayed in Guttenfelder’s Instagram photos and whether news sources that featured Guttenfelder’s work proportionately represented the captured themes or perpetuated stereotypical views of North Korean totalitarianism. Results indicate significant differences in some sources’ depictions of totalitarianism. The study discussed potential media and societal implications.

Keywords

agenda-setting exemplification Instagram North Korea photojournalism visual framing

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Ali

(2012) 9/11 in British and Pakistani press: A comparative study with regards to myths and realities of hegemony and propaganda. Global Media: Pakistan Edition 4(2): 59–79.

Alper

(2014) War on Instagram: Framing conflict photojournalism with mobile photography apps. New Media & Society 16(8): 1233–1248.

Angela

I.O.

Stella

E.E.

(2011) A comparative analysis of Channels TV and CNN’s coverage of World News. Journal of Public Affairs 11(1): 4–24. DOI: 10.1002/pa.372

Bardzell

(2009) Interaction criticism and aesthetics. CHI 2009–Informed Design.

Baudrillard

(1981) Simulacra and Simulation. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Bercovici

(2012) Instagram and product placement: Is there a filter for transparency? Forbes. Available at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffbercovici/2012/05/30/instagram-and-product-placement-a-blurry-line-gets-blurrier/ (accessed 19 October 2017).

Berkowitz

(1990) Refining the gatekeeping metaphor for local television news. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 34(1): 55–68.

Bicker

(2012) David Guttenfelder: A new look at North Korea, 25 April. Time. Available at: http://time.com/3506317/david-guttenfelder-north-korea-photos/ (accessed 19 October 2017).

Borah

(2009) Comparing visual framing in newspapers: Hurricane Katrina versus tsunami. Newspaper Research Journal 30(1): 50–57.

10.

Brewer

M.B.

(1999) The psychology of prejudice: Ingroup love and outgroup hate? Journal of Social Issues 55(3): 429–444.

11.

Carson

(2013) Uncensored Instagrams from North Korea buck brutal trend of secrecy. Wired Magazine, November. Available at: http://www.wired.com/rawfile/2013/11/nksocialmedia/?viewall=true (accessed 19 October 2017).

12.

Cashdan

(2001) Ethnocentrism and xenophobia: A cross-cultural study. Current Anthropology 42(5): 760–764.

13.

Chaudhary

A.G.

(2001) Comparative content analytical study of negative news in Western and Third World newspapers. Asian Journal of Communication 11(1): 25–50. DOI: 10.1080/01292980109364791

14.

CNN (2006) What are media challenges in covering North Korea? CNN, 9 July. Available at: http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0607/09/rs.01.html (accessed 19 October 2017).

15.

Cohen

(1963) The Press and Foreign Policy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

16.

Collard

(2012) Musicians utilizing social media to increase awareness, further promote their brand and establish brand equity. Master’s thesis, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.

17.

Corbin

Strauss

(1990) Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qualitative Sociology 13(1): 4–21.

18.

The Daily Beast (2013) A peak inside North Korea (photos), 17 September. Available at: http://www.thedailybeast.com/galleries/2013/09/17/a-peek-inside-north-korea-photos.html#viewAll (accessed 19 October 2017).

19.

Daschmann

(2001) Der einfluss von fallbeispielen auf leserurteile: Experimentelle untersuchungen zur medienwirkung (The impact of examples on readers’ judgments: Experiments in media effects research). Constance: UVK.

20.

Daschmann

(2008) Exemplification and exemplars, effects of. In: Donsbach

(ed.) The International Encyclopedia of Communication. Oxford: Blackwell.

21.

Daschmann

Brosius

H-B

(1999) Can a single incident create an issue? Exemplars in German television magazine shows. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 76: 35–51.

22.

Dauber

(2001) Image as argument: The impact of Mogadishu on U.S. military intervention. Armed Forces & Society 27(2): 205–229.

23.

Denver Post (2013) Photos: David Guttenfelder in North Korea, 12 April. Available at: http://blogs.denverpost.com/captured/2013/04/12/photos-david-guttenfelder-in-north-korea/5975/ (no longer available: last accessed 28 March 2015).

24.

Dickinson

(2006) The Pleasantville effect: Nostalgia and the visual framing of white suburbia. Western Journal of Communication 70(3): 212–233. DOI: 10.1080/10570310600843504

25.

Eaves

(2001) A synthesis technique for grounded theory data analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing 35: 654–663.

26.

Edmonds

et al (2013) Newspapers: Stabilizing, but still threatened. The Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism: The State of the News Media 2013. Available at: http://stateofthemedia.org/2013/newspapers-stabilizing-but-still-threatened/newspapers-by-the-numbers/ (no longer available: last accessed 28 March 2015).

27.

Entman

R.M.

(1993) Framing: Toward clarification of a fractures paradigm. Journal of Communication 43(3): 51–58. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460–2466.1993.tb01304.x

28.

Eschholz

(2002) Racial composition of television offenders and viewers’ fear of crime. Critical Criminology 11: 41–60.

29.

Esser

Umbricht

(2013) Competing models of journalism? Political affairs coverage in US, British, German, Swiss, French and Italian newspapers. Journalism 14(8): 989–1007. DOI: 10.1177/1464884913482551

30.

Galander

M.M.

(2012) News values, cultural proximity and cross-cultural media framing: How western and Muslim media covered Darfur. Journal of Arab & Muslim Media Research 5(2): 113–128. DOI: 10.1386/jammr.5.2.113_1

31.

Gayle

(2013) Carnivals, cranes and a merry-go-round built to look like a ballistic missile: New pictures show eerily empty streets of North Korea. Mail Online, September. Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2424516/New-pictures-daily-life-North-Korea-worlds-isolated-country.html (accessed 19 October 2017).

32.

Gitlin

(1980) The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media in the Making & Unmaking of the New Left. Berkeley: University of California Press.

33.

Goffman

(1974) Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

34.

Gronbeck

B.E.

(2008) Visual rhetoric studies: Traces through time and space. In: Olson

L.C.

et al (eds) Visual Rhetoric: A Reader in Communication and American Culture. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, xxi–xxvi.

35.

Guttenfelder

(2012) North Korea photos give rare look inside Hermit Kingdom. Huffington Post, 21 December. Available at: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/12/21/north-korea-photos_n_2344125.html (no longer available: last accessed 28 March 2015).

36.

Holiday

Lewis

LaBaugh

(2015) Are you talking to me? The socio-political visual rhetoric of the Syrian presidency’s Instagram account. Southwestern Mass Communication Journal 30(2).

37.

Instagram blog (2013) Instagramming from North Korea with @dguttenfelder. Instagram. Available at: http://blog.instagram.com/post/44145192967/dprk (accessed 19 October 2017).

38.

Iyengar

Kinder

D.R.

(1987) News that Matters: Television and American Opinion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

39.

Johnson

(2007) Martin Luther King Jr.’s 1963 Birmingham campaign as image event. Rhetoric & Public Affairs 10(1): 1–26.

40.

Kang

H.D.

Lee

K.S.

(1991) International news flow: Testing the distance hypothesis. In: Kang

(ed.) Media Culture in Korea. Seoul: Seoul National University Press, 95–107.

41.

Kim

H.S.

(2002) Gatekeeping international news: An attitudinal profile of U.S. television journalists. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 46(3): 431–453.

42.

Kim

S.H.

et al (2004) Talking on ‘Sunshine in North Korea’: A test of the spiral of silence as a theory of powerful mass media. International Journal of Public Opinion Research 16(1): 39–62.

43.

Kirk

Choe

(2006) Korea Witness: 135 Years of War, Crisis and News in the Land of the Morning Calm. Seoul: Eunhaeng Namu.

44.

Kunad

(2013) Top 10 most read newspapers in the world. ClickTop10.com , 7 July. Available at: http://www.readingtree.org/top-10-most-read-newspapers-in-the-world/ (accessed 19 October 2017).

45.

Landau

(2011) Women will get cancer: Visual and verbal presence (and absence) in a pharmaceutical advertising campaign about HPV. Argumentation and Advocacy 48: 39–54.

46.

Lang

G.E.

(1966) The mass media and voting. In: Berelson

Janowitz

(eds) Reader in Public Opinion and Communication, 2nd edn. New York: Free Press, 455–472.

47.

Lewandowski

A.D.

(2013) Obama™: Political branding and participation in the U.S. Presidential election. Master’s thesis, Georgetown University, Washington, DC.

48.

Lim

Seo

(2009) Frame flow between government and the news media and its effects on the public: Framing of North Korea. International Journal of Public Opinion Research 21(2): 204–223.

49.

Lippmann

(1922) Public Opinion. New York: Macmillan.

50.

Martin

B.K.

(2006) Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader: North Korea and the Kim Dynasty. New York: St. Martin’s.

51.

McCombs

Funk

(2011) Shaping the agenda of local daily newspapers: A methodology merging the agenda setting and community structure perspectives. Mass Communication and Society 14(6): 905–919.

52.

McCombs

M.E.

Danielian

Wanta

(1995) Issues in the news and the public agenda: The agenda-setting tradition. In: Glasser

T.L.

Salmon

C.T.

(eds) Public Opinion and the Communication of Consent. New York: Guilford Press, 281–300.

53.

McCune

(2011) Consumer production in social media networks: A case study of the ‘Instagram’ iPhone app. PhD thesis. University of Cambridge.

54.

McHendry

G.F.

(2012) Whale wars and the maximization of image events on the public screen. Environmental Communication 6(2): 139–155. DOI: 10.1080/17524032.2012.662163

55.

McLuhan

Fiore

Agel

(1968) War and Peace in the Global Village. New York: Bantam Books.

56.

McQuail

(2010) McQuail’s Mass Communication Theory, 6th edn. London: Sage.

57.

Messaris

Abraham

(2003) The role of images in framing news stories. In: Reese

S.D.

et al (eds) Framing Public Life: Perspective on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 215–226.

58.

Meyer

(2002) Precision Journalism: A Reporter’s Introduction to Social Science Methods, 4th edn. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.

59.

Miller

G.R.

(1980) On being persuaded: Some basic distinctions. In: Roloff

Miller

G.R.

(eds) Persuasion: New Directions in Theory and Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

60.

Miller

G.R.

Burgoon

(1973) New Techniques of Persuasion. New York: Harper & Row.

61.

Moore

R.J.

(2011). Instagram now adding 130,000 users per week: An analysis. Tech Crunch, 10 March. Available at http://techcrunch.com/2011/03/10/instagram-adding-130000-users-per-week/ (accessed 19 October 2017).

62.

National Geographic (2013) The real North Korea, October. Available at: http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/10/north-korea/guttenfelder-photography#/01-traffic-guard-pyongyang-670.jpg (accessed 19 October 2017).

63.

Nelson

(2012) Revealing more of North Korea. Boston.com , 26 September. Available at http://archive.boston.com/bigpicture/2012/09/revealing_more_of_north_korea.html (accessed 19 October 2017).

64.

O’Neill

(2013) Live from North Korea, an Instagram feed. NPR, 5 March. Available at: http://www.npr.org/blogs/pictureshow/2013/03/05/173499169/live-from-north-korea-an-instagram-feed (accessed 19 October 2017).

65.

Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting (2012) Borderland: In the shadow of North Korea. Pulitzercenter.org , 16 April. Available at: http://pulitzercenter.org/projects/borderland-shadow-north-korea-tomas-van-houtryve (accessed 19 October 2017).

66.

Ravi

(2005) Looking beyond flawed journalism: How national interests, patriotism, and cultural values shaped the coverage of the Iraq War. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 10(1): 45–62.

67.

Riffe

et al (1986) Gatekeeping and the network news mix. Journalism Quarterly 63(2): 315–321.

68.

Rodriguez

Dimitrova

D.V.

(2011) Levels of visual framing. Journal of Visual Literacy 30(1): 48–65.

69.

Sang-Hun

(2013) North Korea execution hints at instability. National New York Times, 14–15 December: 1.

70.

Scheufele

(2004) Framing-effects approach: A theoretical and methodological critique. Communications: The European Journal of Communication Research 29: 401–428.

71.

Schneider

T.R.

et al (2001) Visual and auditory message framing effects on tobacco smoking. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 31(4): 667–682. DOI: 10.1111/j.1559–1816.2001.tb01407.x

72.

Seo

(2009) International media coverage of North Korea: Study of journalists and news reports on the six-party nuclear talks. Asian Journal of Communication 19(1): 1–17.

73.

Sherman

J.W.

(1996) Development and mental representation of stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70(6): 1126–1142.

74.

Shoemaker

P.J.

et al (2001) Individual and routine forces in gatekeeping. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 78(2): 233–246.

75.

Stempel

G.H.

III (1985) Gatekeeping: The mix of topics and the selection of stories. Journalism Quarterly 62(4): 791–796, 815.

76.

Strauss

(1987) Qualitative Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press.

77.

Swaffield

B.C.

(2009) The world’s most isolated country. Quill 97(4): 35.

78.

Tarin

(2009) The Virunga gorilla murders: Identification, image events, and eco-rhetoric. Paper presented at the meeting of the National Communication Association.

79.

Tharoor

(2013) David Guttenfelder is Time’s pick for Instagram photographer of the year. Time, 18 December. Available at: http://world.time.com/2013/12/18/david-guttenfelder-is-times-pick-for-instagram-photographer-of-the-year/ (accessed 19 October 2017).

80.

Turan

A.H.

Colakoglu

B.E.

(2009) Perceptional differences of international news: Western media influences on non-Western media. China Media Research 5(2): 55–63.

81.

Valenzuela

McCombs

(2009) The agenda-setting role of the news media. In: Stacks

D.W.

Salwen

M.B.

(eds) An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research, 2nd edn. New York: Routledge, 90–105.

82.

Van Houtryve

T.V.

(nd) Secret North Korea. PoYi Archive. Available at: http://archive.poyi.org/items/show/41570 (accessed 19 October 2017).

83.

Vanderbush

Klak

(1996) Covering Latin America: The exclusive discourse of the summit of Americas (as viewed through the New York Times). Third Word Quarterly 17(3): 537–556.

84.

Wischmann

(1987) Dying on the front page: Kent State and the Pulitzer Prize. Journal of Mass Media Ethics 2(2): 67–74.

85.

Worrell

T.R.

Tamborini

(2009) The TV made me do it: The impact of exemplars and base- rates on behavioral intentions. In: Proceedings of 95th meeting of the National Communication Association, Chicago.

86.

Yin

(2007) The narrative function of news: A comparative study of media representation and audience interpretation of China–U.S. trade relationship. China Media Research 3(3): 33–42.

87.

Zillmann

(1999) Exemplification theory: Judging the whole by some of its parts. Media Psychology 1: 69–94.

88.

Zillmann

Brosius

H-B

(2000) Exemplification Theory. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

“You are what you are in this world”: visual framing and exemplification in media coverage of the Guttenfelder Instagram photographs from North Korea

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References