Adapting to crisis: A comparative study of journalism practices and role conceptions during the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe

Abstract

This study explores how journalists describe the transformation of their role and practices during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on Italy, Spain, and Bulgaria- the first three countries to introduce severe lockdowns and restrictions in Europe. It captures the initial adaptation of various types of newsrooms (TV, radio, print, and online, both public and commercial) to pandemic challenges and their later evolution. Respondents (N = 24) described visible changes in three realms of journalistic work: 1) cognitive narrated role orientation (a shift from traditional watchdog journalism to a service dog approach); 2) performative changes and modifications in newsroom routines (emphasizing remote reporting, use of new digital tools for newsgathering, a focus on audience engagement and prioritizing transparent and accurate information dissemination over speed and access); and 3) practiced role shifts throughout the pandemic (from live and breaking news in the earlier days to more responsive and contextual coverage in the later stages). This research underscores the evolving nature of journalism in crisis, balancing factual reporting with engaging storytelling and community building.