Sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) injuries are uncommon, but delay in diagnosis and treatment can result in significant morbidity. This review outlines the relevant clinical anatomy and biomechanics of the joint, and examines the evidence supporting specific investigation and management of such injuries.
Bicos J., Nicholson GP2003. Treatment and results of sternoclavicular joint injuries . Clin Sports Med22: 359-70.
2.
Cope R.1993. Dislocations of the sternoclavicular joint. Skeletal Radiol22: 233-38.
3.
Cope R., Riddervold HO, Shore JL, et al. 1991. Dislocations of the sternoclavicular joint: anatomic basis, etiologies and radiologic diagnosis. J Orthop Trauma5: 379.
4.
Deutsch AL, Resnick D., Mink JH1985. Computed tomography of the glenohumeral and sternoclavicular joints. Orthop Clin North Am16: 497-511.
5.
Ernberg L., Potter H.2003. Radiographic evaluation of the acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints. Clin Sports Med22: 255-75.
6.
Garretson R., Williams G.2003. Clinical evaluation of injuries to the acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints. Clin Sports Med22: 239-54.
7.
Gove N., Ebraheim NA, Glass E.2006. Posterior sternoclavicular dislocations: a review of management and complications. Am J Orthop35: 132-36.
8.
Kennedy PT, Mawhinney HJ1995. Retrosternal dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint . J R Coll Surg Edinb40: 208-09.
9.
Lemos MJ, Tolo ET2003. Complications of treatment of the acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joint injuries, including instability. Clin Sports Med22: 371-85.
10.
Lyons FA, Rockwood Jr CA1990. Migration of pins used in operations on the shoulder . J Bone Joint Surg Am72: 1262-67.
Pollock RC, Bankes MJ, Emery RJ1996. Diagnosis of retrosternal dislocation of the clavicle with ultrasound. Injury27: 670-71.
13.
Rajaratnam S., Kerins M., Apthorp L.2002. Posterior dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint: a case report and review of the clinical anatomy of the region. Clin Anat15: 108-11.
14.
Renfree KJ, Wright TVV.2003. Anatomy and biomechanics of the acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints. Clin Sports Med22: 219-37.
15.
Robinson CM, Jenkins PJ, Markham PE, et al. 2008. Disorders of the sternoclavicular joint. J Bone Joint Surg Br90: 685-96.
16.
Rudzki J., Matava M., Paletta G.2003. Complications of treatment of acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joint injuries. Clin Sports Med22: 387-405.
17.
Spencer EE, Kuhn JE, Huston LJ, et al. 2002. Ligamentous restraints to anterior and posterior translation of the sternoclavicular joint. J Shoulder Elbow Surg11: 43-7.
18.
Standring S.2009. Pectoral girdle, shoulder region and axilla. In: Gray’s Anatomy, 40th edn. Chapter46, New York: Elsevier.
19.
Thomas DP, Williams PR, Hoddinott HC2000. A ‘safe’ surgical technique for stabilization of the sternoclavicular joint: a cadaveric and clinical study. Ann R Coll Surg Engl82: 432-35.
20.
Wirth MA, Rockwood Jr CA1996. Acute and chronic traumatic injuries of the sternoclavicular joint. J Am Acad Orthop Surg5: 268-78.
21.
Yeh GL, Williams GR2000. Conservative management of sternoclavicular injuries . Orthop Clin North Am31: 189-203.
