This study clarified the prevalence of daytime sleepiness in fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade children and examined the association between physical activity (PA) and daytime sleepiness in children aged 9–12 years. This cross-sectional study included 314 children (mean age ± standard deviation: 10.5 ± 1.0 years; male: 52.9%) enrolled in two public elementary schools in Kobe, Japan. PA was assessed using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children. The outcome was self-reported daytime sleepiness. The prevalence of daytime sleepiness in fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade children were 10.8%, 25.2%, and 28.6%, respectively. In univariate analysis, subjects with reported daytime sleepiness had lower PA levels than those without daytime sleepiness (odds ratio (OR) = .67; 95% confidence interval (CI) = .47–.95). Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that lower PA was significantly associated with daytime sleepiness after adjusting for multiple confounders (OR = .54; 95% CI = .37–.81). The prevalence of daytime sleepiness in fifth and sixth grades was higher than fourth grade. Furthermore, this study clarified the significant association between PA and daytime sleepiness and suggested that PA could be one of the factors to prevent daytime sleepiness in children aged 9–12 years.
BeebeDWRoseDAminR (2010) Attention, learning, and arousal of experimentally sleep-restricted adolescents in a simulated classroom. Journal of Adolescent Health47: 523–525.
2.
BrambillaPGiussaniMPasinatoA, et al. (2017) Sleep habits and pattern in 1–14 years old children and relationship with video devices use and evening and night child activities. Italian Journal of Pediatrics43: 7.
3.
BuxtonOMChangAMSpilsburyJC, et al. (2015) Sleep in the modern family: protective family routines for child and adolescent sleep. Sleep Health1: 15–27.
4.
CalhounSLVgontzasANFernandez-MendozaJ, et al. (2011) Prevalence and risk factors of excessive daytime sleepiness in a community sample of young children: the role of obesity, asthma, anxiety/depression, and sleep. Sleep34: 503–507.
5.
CarterBReesPHaleL, et al. (2016) Association between portable screen-based media device access or use and sleep outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics170: 1202–1208.
6.
ChasensERSereikaSMHouzeMP, et al. (2011) Subjective and objective appraisal of activity in adults with obstructive sleep apnea. Journal of Aging Research2011: 751819.
7.
CrockerPRBaileyDAFaulknerRA, et al. (1997) Measuring general levels of physical activity: preliminary evidence for the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children. Medicine & Science in Sports Exercise29: 1344–1349.
8.
DahlRE. (2004) Adolescent brain development: a period of vulnerabilities and opportunities. Keynote address. Annals of the New York Academy of Science1021: 1–22.
9.
EkstedtMNybergGIngreM, et al. (2013) Sleep, physical activity and BMI in six to ten- year-old children measured by accelerometry: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity10: 82.
10.
FalbeJDavisonKKFranckleRL, et al. (2015) Sleep duration, restfulness, and screens in the sleep environment. Pediatrics135: e367–e375.
11.
GainaASekineMHamanishiS, et al. (2005) Weekly variation insleep-wake patterns: estimates of validity in Japanese school children. Sleep and Biological Rhythms3: 80–85.
12.
GainaASekineMHamanishiS, et al. (2007) Daytime sleepiness and associated factors in Japanese school children. Journal of Pediatrics151: 518–522, 522 e511–522 e514.
13.
GallandBCTaylorBJElderDE, et al. (2012) Normal sleep patterns in infants and children: a systematic review of observational studies. Sleep Medicine Reviews16: 213–222.
14.
GustafssonMLLaaksonenCAromaaM, et al. (2016) Association between amount of sleep, daytime sleepiness and health-related quality of life in schoolchildren. Journal of Advanced Nursing72: 1263–1272.
15.
HirshkowitzMWhitonKAlbertSM, et al. (2015) National Sleep Foundation’s updated sleep duration recommendations: Final report. Sleep Health1: 233–243.
16.
IsaTSawaRTorizawaK, et al. (2019) Reliabilityandvalidity of the Japanese version of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children. Clinical Medicine Insights Pediatrics13:1–6.
17.
IshiiKShibataAAdachiM, et al. (2017) School grade and sex differences in domain-specific sedentary behaviors among Japanese elementary school children: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health17:318.
18.
JanssenKCPhillipsonSO’ConnorJ, et al. (2017) Validation of the epworth sleepiness scale for children and adolescents using rasch analysis. Sleep Medicine33: 30–35.
19.
JarrinDCMcGrathJJQuonEC (2014) Objective and subjective socioeconomic gradients exist for sleep in children and adolescents. Journal of Health Psychology33: 301–305.
20.
JooSBaikIYiH, et al. (2009) Prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness and associated factors in the adult population of Korea. Sleep Medicine10: 182–188.
21.
KallambellaKHussainN (2015) Approach to a child with excessive daytime sleepiness. Archives of Disease in Childhood Education Practice100: 288–294; discussion 336.
22.
KhanMKChuYLKirkSF, et al. (2015) Are sleep duration and sleep quality associated with diet quality, physical activity, and body weight status? A population-based study of Canadian children. Canadian Journal of Public Health106: e277–e282.
23.
KondoYTanabeTKobayashi-MiuraM, et al. (2012) Association between feeling upon awakening and use of information technology devices in Japanese children. Journal of Epidemiology22: 12–20.
24.
KowalskiKCCrockerPRFaulknerRA (1997) Validation of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children. Pediatric Exercise Science9: 174–186.
25.
LiSArguellesLJiangF, et al. (2013) Sleep, school performance, and a school-based intervention among school-aged children: a sleep series study in China. PLoS One8: e67928.
26.
LiuXUchiyamaMOkawaM, et al. (2000) Prevalence and correlates of self-reported sleep problems among Chinese adolescents. Sleep23: 27–34.
27.
MatriccianiL (2013) Subjective reports of children’s sleep duration: does the question matter? A literature review. Sleep Medicine14: 303–311.
28.
MatthewsKAPantescoEJ (2016) Sleep characteristics and cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents: an enumerative review. Sleep Medicine18: 36–49.
29.
McClainJJLewinDSLaposkyAD, et al. (2014) Associations between physical activity, sedentary time, sleep duration and daytime sleepiness in US adults. Preventive Medicine66: 68–73.
30.
MunezawaTKaneitaYOsakiY, et al. (2011) The association between use of mobile phones after lights out and sleep disturbances among Japanese adolescents: a nationwide cross-sectional survey. Sleep34: 1013–1020.
NixonGMThompsonJMHanDY, et al. (2008) Short sleep duration in middle childhood: risk factors and consequences. Sleep31: 71–78.
33.
RiegelBRatcliffeSJSayersSL, et al. (2012) Determinants of excessive daytime sleepiness and fatigue in adults with heart failure. Clinical Nursing Research21: 271–293.
34.
Saarenpaa-HeikkilaOLaippalaPKoivikkoM (2000) Subjective daytime sleepiness in schoolchildren. Family Practice17: 129–133.
35.
SchmitzKHHarnackLFultonJE, et al. (2004) Reliability and validity of a brief questionnaire to assess television viewing and computer use by middle school children. Journal of School Health74: 370–377.
36.
SinghGKKoganMDSiahpushM, et al. (2008) Independent and joint effects of socioeconomic, behavioral, and neighborhood characteristics on physical inactivity and activity levels among US children and adolescents. Journal of Community Health33: 206–216.
37.
StoneMRStevensDFaulknerGE (2013) Maintaining recommended sleep throughout the week is associated with increased physical activity in children. Preventive Medicine56: 112–117.
38.
TsaiPSWangSYWangMY, et al. (2005) Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (CPSQI) in primary insomnia and control subjects. Quality of Life Research14: 1943–1952.
39.
UrschitzMSHeineKBrockmannPE, et al. (2013) Subjective and objective daytime sleepiness in schoolchildren and adolescents: results of a community-based study. Sleep Medicine14: 1005–1012.
