Saddle pulmonary embolism with acute cor pulmonale in contemporary practice: Epidemiological trends and reperfusion strategies

Abstract

Background:

Saddle pulmonary embolism (SPE) is defined as large emboli located at the bifurcation of the main pulmonary artery. The prevalence and optimal intervention for SPE remain unclear. Herein, we focus on contemporary epidemiology and reperfusion strategies for SPE with acute cor pulmonale (SPE-ACP).

Methods:

The National Inpatient Sample of the USA (2016–2022) was analyzed. Diagnoses and procedures were identified by International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes. Therapies were classified as conventional therapy (CT), systemic fibrinolysis (SF), catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDTL), and catheter-directed mechanical thrombectomy (CDMT). Outcomes evaluated were bleeding, transfusion, discharge to home, and in-hospital mortality. Statistical analyses included chi-squared tests, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, propensity score matching, and logistic regression.

Results:

SPE-ACP constituted 1.7% of all PEs (frequency-trend, 2016–2022, p_trend < 0.001); 49.2% of patients received CT. Among advanced reperfusion therapies (ARTs), SF was associated with higher risks of major bleeding and mortality (vs CDTL/CDMT, p < 0.05). CDTL was associated with lower transfusion risk (vs SF/CDMT, p < 0.01) and higher rates of discharge to home (vs SF, p = 0.009). Notably, CDMT showed increasing trends in utilization and discharge to home, and decreasing trends in transfusion and mortality (2016–2022, all p_trend < 0.05). Except for transfusion (p = 0.013), the outcomes became comparable between CDTL and CDMT (2020–2022, all p > 0.10). SPE-ACP with acute popliteal/femoral deep vein thrombosis (DVT) was associated with lower mortality risk (vs no femoropopliteal DVT, all p < 0.05).

Conclusion:

SPE-ACP, an uncommon condition, showed a substantially increased prevalence over time. Among ARTs, favorable outcomes were observed with CDTL during 2016–2022; CDMT may be evolving into an alternative strategy given its relatively comparable outcomes during 2020 to 2022. SPE-ACP with concomitant acute femoral/popliteal DVT may be associated with lower mortality risk.