Bone Health: How to Maximize Bone Mineral Density

Beattie, J.H. , & Peace, H.S. ( 1993). The influence of a low-boron diet and boron supplementation on bone, major mineral and sex steroid metabolism in postmenopausal women . British Journal of Nutrition, 69, 871-884.

Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A. , Willett, W.C. , Wong, J.B. , Giovannucci, E. , Dietrich, T. , & Dawson-Hughes, B. (2005). Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials . Journal of the American Medical Association, 293, 2257-2264.

Cadogan, J. , Blumsohn, A. , Barker, M.E. , & Eastell, R. ( 1998). A longitudinal study of bone gain in pubertal girls: Anthropometric and biochemical correlates. Journal of Bone Mineral Research, 13, 1602-1612.

Cromer, B.A. ( 2003). Bone mineral density in adolescent and young adult women on injectable or oral contraception. Current Opinions in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 15, 353-357.

Dhonukshe-Rutten, R.A. , Lips, M. , de Jong, N. , Marijke, J.M. , Hiddink, G.J. , Van Dusseldorp, M. , et al. (2003). Vitamin B-12 status is associated with bone mineral content and bone mineral density in frail elderly women but not in men. Journal of Nutrition, 133, 801-807.

Fatemi, S. , Ryzen, E. , Flores, J. , Endres, D.B. , & Rude, R.K. ( 1991). Effect of experimental human magnesium depletion on parathyroid hormone secretion and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D metabolism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 73, 1067-1072.

Feskanich, D. , Willett, W.C. , Stampfer, M.J. , & Colditz, G.A. ( 1996). Protein consumption and bone fractures in women. American Journal of Epidemiology, 143, 472-479.

Gueguen, L. , & Pointillart, A. (2000). The bioavailability of dietary calcium. Journal of the American College of Nutrition , 19, 119S-136S.

Gunnes, M. , & Lehmann, E.H. ( 1995). Dietary calcium, saturated fat, fiber and vitamin C as predictors of forearm cortical and trabecular bone mineral density in healthy children and adolescents. Acta Paediatrica, 84, 388-392.

Hall, S.L. , & Greendale, G.A. (1998). The relation of dietary vitamin C intake to bone mineral density: Results from the PEPI study. Calcified Tissue International, 63, 183-189.

Heaney, R.P. , Weaver, C.M. , Hinders, S.M. , Martin, B. , & Packard, P.T. ( 1993). Absorbability of calcium from Brassica vegetables: Broccoli, bok choy and kale. Journal of Food Science, 58, 1378-1380.

Jackson, R.D. , Bassford, T. , & Cauley, J. ( 2002). The impact of magnesium intake on fractures: Results from the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study. Paper presented at the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research , Minneapolis, MN.

Johnston, C.C., Jr. , Miller, J.Z. , Slemenda, C.W. , Reister, T.K. , Hui, S. , Christian, J.C. , et al. (1992). Calcium supplementation and increases in bone mineral density in children. New England Journal of Medicine, 327, 82-87.

Lanham-New, S.A. ( 2008). Symposium on diet and bone health: Importance of calcium, vitamin D and vitamin K for osteoporosis prevention and treatment. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 67, 163-176.

Lloyd, T. , Andon, M.B. , Rollings, N. , Martel, J.K. , Landis, J.R. , Demers, L.M. , et al. (1993). Calcium supplementation and bone mineral density in adolescent girls. Journal of the American Medical Association, 270, 841-844.

Marcus, R. , Feldman, D. , & Kelsey, J. (Eds.). (1996). Osteoporosis. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

McCane, R.A. , & Widdowson, E.M. (1962). Nutrition and growth. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 156, 326-337.

Morton, D.J. , Barrett-Connor, E.L. , & Schneider, D.L. (2001). Vitamin C supplement use and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Journal of Bone Mineral Research, 16, 135-140.

Munger, R.G. , Cerhan, J.R. , & Chiu, B.C. ( 1999). Prospective study of dietary protein intake and risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69, 147-152.

National Institutes of Health Consensus Panel. ( 1994). Optimal calcium intake. Journal of the American Medical Association, 272, 1942-1948.

National Osteoporosis Foundation. (2002). American’s bone health: The state of osteoporosis and low bone mass in our nation. Washington, DC: Author.

National Osteoporosis Foundation. (2008, October). National Osteoporosis Foundation’s updated recommendation for calcium and vitamin D. Retrieved August 27, 2009, from http://www.nof.org/prevention/calcium_and_VitaminD.htm

New, S.A. , Bolton-Smith, C. , Grubb, D.A. , & Reid, D.M. ( 1997). Nutritional influences on bone mineral density: A cross-sectional study in premenopausal women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 65, 1831-1839.

Pupilllo, J. ( 2008, October 10). Bone up on new vitamin D recommendation: All infants, children and adolescents should get at least 400 IU a day. AAP News. Retrieved August 27, 2009, from http://aapnews.aappublications.org/cgi/content/citation/29/10/1

Schurch, M.A. , Rizzoli, R. , Slosman, D. , Vadas, L. , Vergnaud, P. , & Bonjour, J.P. ( 1998). Protein supplementations increase serum insulin-like growth factor-1 levels and attenuate proximal femur bone loss in patients with recent hip fracture. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 128, 801-808.

Seeman, E. , Tsalamandris, C. , Bass, S. , & Pearce, G. ( 1995). Present and future of osteoporosis therapy. Bone, 17, 23s-29s.

Specker, B.L. , Namgung, R. , & Tsang, R.C. ( 2001). Bone mineral acquisition in utero, during infancy, and throughout childhood. In R. Marcus , D. Feldman , & J. Kelsey (Eds.). Osteoporosis (Vol. 1, 2nd ed., pp. 599-620). New York: Academic Press.

Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes. (1997). Dietary reference intakes: Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

Stendig-Lindberg, G. , Tepper, R. , & Leichter, I. ( 1993). Trabecular bone density in a two year controlled trial of peroral magnesium in osteoporosis. Magnesium Research, 6, 155-163.

Tucker, K.L. , Hannan, M.T. , Chen, H. , Cupples, L.A. , Wilson, P.W. , & Kiel, D.P. ( 1999). Potassium, magnesium, and fruit and vegetable intakes are associated with greater bone mineral density in elderly men and women . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69, 727-736.

Underwood, J.L. , & DeLuca, H.F. (1984). Vitamin D is not directly necessary for bone growth and bone mineralization. American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, 246, E492-E498.

World Health Organization. (2007). Assessment of osteoporosis at the primary health care level (Report of a WHO Scientific Group). Geneva, Switzerland: Author.