Obesity is a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular causes. Adiponectin has been identified recently as one of the adipocytokines with important metabolic effects. It can suppress atherogenesis by inhibiting the adherence of monocytes, reducing their phagocytic activity, and suppressing the accumulation of modified lipoproteins in the vascular wall. In addition, as adiponectin decrease endothelial damage and stimulates production of NO from vascular endothelial cells, hypoadiponectinemia may be partially contribute to thrombus formation.
Calle EC, Thun MJ, Petrelli JM, et al.Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med1999;341:1097-1097.
2.
Spiegelmen BM, Choy L, Hotamisligil GS, et al.Regulation of adipocyte gene expression in differentation and syndromes of obesity/diabetes. J Biol Chem1993;268:6823-6823.
3.
Matsuzawa Y, Funahashi T, Nakamura T.Molecular mechanism of metabolic syndrome X: Contribution of adipocyte-derived bioactive substances. Ann NY Acad Sci1999;892:146-146.
4.
Friedman JM.Obesity in the new millenium. Nature2000;404:632-632.
5.
Hotamisligil GS.The role of TNF-a and TNG receptors in obesity and insulin resistance. J Intern Med1999;245:621-621.
6.
Shimomura I, Funahashi T, Takahashi M, et al.Enhanced expression of PAI-1 in visceral fat. Possible contributor to vascular disease in obesity. Nat Med1996;2:800-800.
7.
White RT, Damm D, Hancock N, et al.Human adipsin is identical to complement factor D and is expressed in high levels in adipose tissue. J Biol Chem1992;267:9210-9210.
8.
Steppan CM, Bailey ST, Bhat S, et al.The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes. Nature2001;409:307-307.
9.
Maeda K, Okubo K, Shimomura I, et al.cDNA clonning and expression of novel adipose specific collogen like factor apM1 (adipose most abundant gene transcript 1). Biochem Biophys Res Commun1996;221:286-286.
10.
Scherer PE, Williams S, Fogliano M, et al.A novel serum protein similar to C1q produced exclusively in adipocytes. J Biol Chem1995;270:26746-26746.
11.
Hu E, Liang P, Spiegelman BM.Adipo Q is a novel adipose-specific gene dysregulated in obesity. J Biol Chem1996;271:10697-10697.
12.
Arita Y, Kihara S, Ouchi N, et al.Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin in obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun1999;257:79-79.
13.
Saito K, Tobe T, Minoshima S, et al.Organization of the gene for gelatin-binding protein (GBP 28). Gene1999;229:67-67.
14.
Takahashi M, Arita Y, Yamagata K, et al.Genomic structure and mutations in adipose-spesific gene, adiponectin. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord2000;24:861-861.
15.
Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Ito Y, et al.Clonning of adiponectin receptors that mediate antidiabetic metabolic effects. Nature2003;423:762-762.
16.
Berg AH, Combs TP, Scherer PE.Acrp 30/adiponectin: An adipocytokine regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab2002;13:84-84.
Halleux CM, Takahashi M, Delporte MI, et al.Secretion of adiponectin and regulation of apM1 gene expression in human visceral adipose tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun2001;288:1102-1102.
19.
Moore GB, Chapman H, Holder JG, et al.Differential regulation of adipocytokine mRNAs by risiglitazone in db/db mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun2001;286:735-735.
20.
Wang Y, Xu A, Knight C, et al.Hydroxylation and glycosylation of the four conserved ltsine residues in the collagenaus domain of adiponectin: Potential role in the modulation of its insulin-sensitizing activity. J Biol Chem2002;277:19521-19521.
21.
Sato L, Yasukawa Z, Honda N, et al.Identification and adipocyte differentiation-dependent expression of the unique disialic acid residue in an adipose tissue-specific glycoprotein adipoQ. J Biol Chem2001;276:28849-28849.
22.
Zoccali C, Mallamaci F, Tripepr G, et al.Adiponectin, metabolic risk factors, and cardiovascular events among patients with endstage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol2002;13:134-134.
23.
Chen H, Montagnani M, Funahashi T, et al.Adiponectin stimulates production of nitric oxide in vascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem2003;278(45):45021-45021.
24.
Chandran M, Ciaraldi T, Phillips SA, Henry RR.Adiponectin: More than just another fat cell hormone. Diabetes Care2003;26(8):2442-2442.
25.
Ross R.The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: A perspective for the 1990s. Nature1993;362:801-801.
26.
Arita Y, Kihara S, Ouchi N, et al.Adipocyte-derived plasma protein adiponectin acts as a platelet-derived growth factor-BB-vinding protein and regulates growth factor-induced common post receptor signal in vascular smooth muscle cell. Circulation2002;18(105):2893-2893.
27.
Ouchi N, Kihara S, Funahashi T, et al.Reciprocal association of C-reactive protein with adiponectin in blood streams and adipose tissue. Circulation2003;107:671-671.
28.
Matsuda M, Shimomura I, Sata M, et al.Role of adiponectin in preventing vascular stenosis: The missing link of adipo-vascular axis. J Biol Chem2002;277:37487-37487.
29.
Vionet N, Hani El-H, Dupont S, et al.Genome wide search for type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes in french whites: Evidence for novel susceptibility locus for early onset diabetes on chromosome 3q27-q ter and independent replication of a type 2 diabetes locus on chromosome 1q21-q27. Am J Hum Genet2000;67:1470-1470.
30.
Okamoto Y, Arita Y, Nishida M, et al.An adipocyte-derived plasma protein, adiponectin, adheres to injures vascular walls. Horm Metab Res2000;32:47-47.
31.
Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y, et al.Novel modulator for endothelial adhesion molecules: Adipocyte-derived plasma protein adiponectin. Circulation1999;100:2473-2473.
32.
Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y, et al.Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived plasma protein, inhibits endothelial NF-kappa B signalling yhrough a cAMP-dependent pathway. Circulation2000;102:1296-1296.
33.
Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Waki T, et al.The fat derived hormone adiponectin reserves insulin resistance associated with both lipoatrophy and obesity. Nat Med2001;7:941-941.
34.
Kappes A, Loffler G.Influences of ionomycin, dibutyrylcycloAMP and tumor necrosis factor alpha on intracellular amount and secretion of apM1 in differentiating primary human preadipocytes. Hormone Metab Res2000;32:548-548.
35.
Adamczak M, Wieck A, Funahashi T, et al.Decreased plasma adiponectin concentration in patients with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens2003;16:72-72.
36.
Hotta K, Funahashi T, Arita Y, et al.Plasma concentration of a novel adipose spesific protein adiponectin in type 2 diabetic patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol2000;20:1595-1595.
37.
Kumada M, Kihara S, Sumitsuji S, et al.Association of hypoadiponectinemia with coronary artery disease in men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol2003;23:85-85.
38.
Nakamuro Y, Shimada K, Fukuda D, et al.Implications of plasma concentrations of adiponectin in patients with coronary artery disease. Heart2004;90(5):528-528.
39.
Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA, et al.The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA2002;288:2709-2709.
40.
Lip GY, Edmunds E, Beevers DG.Should patients with hypertension receive antithrombotic therapy? J Intern Med2001;249:205-205.
41.
Gonzalez MA, Selwyn AP.Endothelial function, inflammation, and prognosis in cardiovascular disease. Am J Med2003;115:99-99.
42.
Schachinger V, Britten MB, Zeiher AM.Prognostic impact of coronary vasodilator dysfunction on adverse longterm outcome of coronary heart disease. Circulation2000; 101:1899-1899.
43.
Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y, et al.Adipocyte-derived plasma protein, adiponectin, suppresses lipid acumulation and class A scavenger receptor expression in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Circulation2001;103:1057-1057.
44.
Price DT, Loscalzo J.Cellular adhesion molecules and atherogenesis. Am J Med1999;107:85-85.
45.
Radomski MW, Moncada S.Regulation of vascular homeostasis by nitric oxide. Thromb Haemost1993;70:36-36.
46.
Riddell DR, Owen JS.Nitric oxide and platelet aggregation. Vitam Horm1999;57:25-25.
47.
Sogo N, Magid KS, Shaw CA, et al.Inhibition of human platelet aggregation by nitric oxide donor drugs: Relative contribution of cGMP-independent mechanism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun2000;279(2):412-412.
