This article explores the notion of management as an acoustic phenomenon and approaches this through examining musical performance, especially how symphony orchestra musicians develop musicianship, achieve ensemble, and work together in relationship with the conductor. We explore these ideas under the rubric of “managing musically” and offer as a comparison Captain Holly Graf being relieved of her position commanding the U.S.S. Cowpens. Managing musically implies becoming sensitized to gestural nuances within the environment and among team members.
AlbertS.BellG. G. (2002). Timing and music. Academy of Management Review, 27, 574-593.
2.
AlbertsD. S.HayesR. E. (2003). Power to the edge: Command, control in the information age. Washington, DC: Command and Control Research Program.
3.
AllmendingerJ.HackmanR. J.LehmanE. V. (1996). Life and work in symphony orchestras. Musical Quarterly, 80, 194-219.
4.
BarrettF. J. (2000). Cultivating an aesthetic unfolding: Jazz improvisation as a self-organizing system. In LinsteadS.HöpflH. (Eds.), The aesthetics of organization (pp. 228-245). London, England: Sage.
5.
BarrettF. J.PeplowskiK. (1998). Minimal structures within a song: An analysis of “All of me.”Organization Science, 9, 558-560.
6.
BathurstR. J.WilliamsL.RoddaA. (2007). Letting go the reign: Paradoxes and puzzles in leading an artistic enterprise. International Journal of Arts Management, 9, 29-38.
7.
BreslerL. (2003). The role of musicianship and music education in the twenty-first century. In LeongS. (Ed.), Musicianship in the 21st century: Issues, trends and possibilities (pp. 15-27). Sydney: Australian Music Centre.
8.
CarpenterE.McLuhanM. (1960). Acoustic space. In CarpenterE.McLuhanM. (Eds.), Explorations in communication (pp. 65-70). Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
9.
CastañerX. (1999). The tension between artistic leaders and management in arts organisations: The case of the Barcelona Symphony Orchestra. In FitzgibbonM.KellyA. (Eds.), From maestro to manager: Critical issues in arts and culture management (pp. 279-416). Dublin, Ireland: Oak Tree Press.
10.
CavellR. (1999). McLuhan and spatial communication. Western Journal of Communication, 63, 348-363.
11.
CollinsJ. C. (2001). Level 5 leadership: The triumph of humility and fierce resolve. Harvard Business Review, 79, 66-76.
12.
CookE. (Ed.). (2009). Grove music online. Oxford, UK: The New Grove Dictionary of Opera.
13.
CrossanM. M. (1998). Improvisation in action. Organization Science, 9, 593-599.
14.
DornhelmR. (Writer). (2007). Karajan: Beauty as I see it [DVD]. Germany: Unitel.
FaulknerR. R. (1973). Career concerns and mobility motivations of orchestra musicians. Sociological Quarterly, 14, 334-349.
17.
FollettM. P. (1924). Creative experience. New York, NY: Longmans, Green & Co.
18.
FollettM. P. (1987). The essentials of leadership. In UrwickL. (Ed.), Freedom and co-ordination: Lectures in business organization (pp. 47-60). New York, NY: Garland Publishing. (Original work published 1949)
19.
ForgasJ. P. (2001). Affective influences on judgments and behavior in organizations: An information processing perspective. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86, 3-34.
20.
FreudS. (1949). Group psychology and the analysis of the ego (J. Strachey, Trans.). London, England: Hogarth Press.
21.
GemmillG.OakleyJ. (1992). Leadership: An alienating social myth?Human Relations, 45, 113-129.
22.
GroutD. J. (1960). A history of Western music. London, England: J.M. Dent.
23.
GrubeT. (Writer). (2008). Trip to Asia: The quest for harmony [DVD]. Berlin, Germany: Axiom Films.
24.
HansenH. (2008). Abduction. In BarryD.HansenH. (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of new approaches in management and organisation (pp. 454-463). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
25.
HarmanG. H. (1965). The inference to the best explanation. Philosophical Review, 74, 88-95.
26.
HatchM. J. (1998a). Jazz as a metaphor for organizing in the 21st century. Organization Science, 9, 556-557.
27.
HatchM. J. (1998b). The Vancouver Academy of Management jazz symposium, jazz as a metaphor for organizing in the 21st Century. Organization Science, 9, 556-557.
28.
HatchM. J. (1999). Exploring the empty spaces of organizing: How improvisational jazz helps redescribe organizational structure. Organization Studies, 20, 75-100.
29.
HazenM. A. (1993). Towards polyphonic organization. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 6, 15-26.
30.
HuhtinenA. (2008). Strategical leading culture in military organizations: Transformation toward information age crises and wars. Baltic Security and Defence Review, 10, 237-253.
31.
IbbotsonP. (2008). The illusion of leadership: Directing creativity in business and the arts. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
32.
JaffursS. E. (2004, April). Developing musicality, Formal and informal practices. Paper presented at the Third Symposium on a Sociology of Music Education, University of North Texas, Denton.
33.
KamermanJ. B. (1983a). The rationalization of symphony orchestra conductors’ interpretive styles. In KamermanJ. B.MartorellaR. (Eds.), Performers and performances: The social organization of artistic work (pp. 169-181). South Hadley, MA: Bergin & Garvey.
34.
KamermanJ. B. (1983b). Symphony conducting as an occupation. In KamermanJ. B.MartorellaR. (Eds.), Performers and performances: The social organization of artistic work (pp. 43-56). New York, NY: Praeger.
KingI. W. (2007). Straightening our perspective: The logos of the line. Organization, 14, 225-241.
37.
KoivunenN. (2002). Organizational music: The role of listening in interaction processes. Consumption, Markets & Culture, 5, 99-106.
38.
KoivunenN.WennesG. (2011). Show us the sound! Aesthetic leadership of symphony orchestra conductors. Leadership, 7, 51-71.
39.
KüpersW. (2004). Arts and leadership. In GoethalsG. R.SorensonG.BurnsJ. M. (Eds.), Encyclopaedia of leadership (pp. 47-54). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
40.
KüpersW. (2011). Embodied inter-practice: Phenomenological and pragmatic perspectives on creative practices between habits and improvisation. Phenomenology & Practice, 5, 100-139.
LebrechtN. (1996). When the music stops . . . Managers, maestros and the corporate murder of classical music. London, England: Simon & Schuster.
43.
Levin-RozalisM. (2004). Searching for the unknowable: A process of detection—Abductive research generated by projective techniques. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 3, 1-36.
44.
LewinA. Y. (1998). Jazz improvisation as a metaphor for organization theory. Organization Science, 9, 539.
45.
MaitlisS. (1997). Decision making in British symphony orchestras: Formal structures, informal systems, and the role of players. Harmony: Forum of the Symphony Orchestra Institute, 4, 45-55.
46.
MaitlisS. (2005). The social processes of organizational sensemaking. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 21-49.
47.
MaitlisS.LawrenceT. B. (2003). Orchestral manoeuvres in the dark: Understanding failure in organizational strategizing. Journal of Management Studies, 40, 109-139.
48.
MatheopoulosH. (1982). Maestro: Encounters with conductors of today. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
49.
McLuhanM. (1960a). Classroom without walls. In CarpenterE.McLuhanM. (Eds.), Explorations in communication (pp. 1-3). Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
50.
McLuhanM. (1960b). Five sovereign fingers taxed the breath. In CarpenterE.McLuhanM. (Eds.), Explorations in communication (pp. 207-208). Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
51.
McLuhanM. (1969). The Southern quality. In McNamaraE. (Ed.), The interior landscape: The literary criticism of Marshall McLuhan 1943–1962 (pp. 185-209). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
52.
McLuhanM.McLuhanE. (1988). Laws of media: The new science. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
53.
McLuhanM.NevittB. (1972). Take today: The executive as dropout. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
54.
MeyerA.FrostP. J.WeickK. E. (1998). The organization science jazz festival: Improvisation as a metaphor for organizing. Organization Science, 9, 540-542.
NielsenR.MarroneJ. A.SlayH. S. (2009). A new look at humility: Exploring the humility concept and Its role in socialized charismatic leadership. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 17, 33-43.
57.
OsborneR. (1998). Herbert von Karajan: A life in music. Boston, MA: Northwestern University Press.
58.
PaavolaS. (2004). Abduction through grammar, critic, and methodeutic. Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society, 40, 245-270.
RortyR. (1989). Contingency, irony, and solidarity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
62.
SalleeA.FlahertyK. (2003). Enhancing salesperson trust: An examination of managerial values, empowerment, and the moderating influence of SBU strategy. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 23, 299-310.
63.
SchaferR. M. (1985). McLuhan and acoustic space. Antigonish Review, 62-63, 105-113.
Soila-WadmanM.KöpingA.-S. (2009). Aesthetic relations in place of the lone hero in arts leadership: Examples from film making and orchestral performance. International Journal of Arts Management, 12, 31-76.
69.
StephensJ.BartonJ.HaslettT. (2009). Action research: Its history and relationship to scientific methodology. Systemic Practice and Action Research, 22, 463-474.
70.
TaylorS. S. (2002). Overcoming aesthetic muteness: Researching organizational members’ aesthetic experience. Human Relations, 55, 821-840.
71.
TheallD. F. (2001). The virtual Marshall McLuhan. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
72.
ThompsonM. (2010). The sea witch. Time, 175, 20-23.
73.
TommasiniA. (2002, April28). Is tyranny a thing of the past?The New York Times, p. 33.
74.
TsoukasH. (1991). The missing link: A transformational view of metaphors in organizational science. Academy of Management Review, 16, 566-585.
75.
WhitlockC. (2010, March19). 6 Navy commanding officers fired this year. The Washington Post, p. A02.
