The authors review studies of (a) traditional psychiatric rehabilitation (including clubhouse programs and approaches offering an array of employment options) and (b) supported employment approaches for helping people with severe mental illness gain and maintain competitive employment. Based on the results of this review, the authors conclude that the effectiveness of traditional psychiatric rehabilitation in helping people gain competitive employment cannot be conclusively determined at this point. On the other hand, research on the effectiveness of supported employment was consistently positive. The authors recommend that further research be conducted on model definition, intermediate vocational options, interaction between client characteristics and program models, and long-term outcomes.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Accept. (1998). ACCEPT in action [brochure]. Belfast, Northern Ireland: ITO Information Unit.
2.
Adams-Shollenberger, G.E., & Mitchell, T.E. (1996). A comparison of janitorial workers with mental retardation and their nondisabled peers on retention and absenteeism. Journal of Rehabilitation, 62(3), 56-60.
3.
Anthony, W.A., & Jansen, M.A. (1984). Predicting the vocational capacity of the chronically mentally ill: Research and implications. American Psychologist , 39, 537-544.
4.
Anthony, W.A., & Liberman, R.P. (1992). Principles and practice of psychiatric rehabilitation. In R. P. Liberman (Ed.), Handbook of psychiatric rehabilitation (pp. 1-29). New York: Macmillan.
5.
Arns, P.G., & Linney, J.A. (1993). Work, self, and life satisfaction for persons with severe and persistent mental disorders. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 17(2), 63-79.
6.
Arns, P.G., & Linney, J.A. (1995). The relationship of service individualization to client functioning in programs for severely mentally ill persons. Community Mental Health Journal, 31, 127-137.
7.
Ax, R.K. (1983). A comparison of the efficacy of a group versus an individualized "job club" job search training format. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg.
8.
Bailey, E., Ricketts, S., Becker, D.R., Xie, H., & Drake, R.E. (1998). Conversion of day treatment to supported employment: One-year outcomes. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 22(1), 24-29.
9.
Barrett, J., & Lavin, D. (1987). The industrial work model: A guide for developing transitional and supported employment. Menomonie: University of Wisconsin-Stout, Materials Development Center.
10.
Barry, P. (1982). Correlational study of a psychosocial rehabilitation program. Vocational Evaluation and Work AdjustmentBulletin , 15, 112-117.
11.
Barton, R. (1997). Memo: CONNECT98 planning and allocation process . Springfield, IL: Office of Mental Health.
12.
Beard, J.H., Propst, R.N., & Malamud, T.J. (1982). The Fountain House model of rehabilitation. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 5(1), 47-53.
13.
Bebout, R.R., Becker, D.R., & Drake, R.E. (1998). A research induction group for clients entering a mental health research project: A replication study. Community Mental Health Journal, 34, 289-295.
14.
Becker, D.R., & Drake, R.E. (1993). A working life: The Individual Placement and Support (IPS) Program. Concord: New Hampshire-Dartmouth Psychiatric Research Center.
15.
Becker, D.R., & Drake, R.E. (1994). Individual placement and support: A community mental health center approach to vocational rehabilitation. Community Mental Health Journal, 30, 193-206.
16.
Becker, D.R., Drake, R.E., Farabaugh, A., & Bond, G.R. (1996). Job preferences of clients with severe psychiatric disorders participating in supported employment programs. Psychiatric Services, 47, 1223-1226.
17.
Bell, M.D., Milstein, R.M., & Lysaker, P.H. (1993). Pay as an incentive in work participation by patients with severe mental illness. Hospital and Community Psychiatry , 44, 684-686.
18.
Bilby, R. (1992). A response to the criticisms of transitional employment . Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 18(2), 69-82.
19.
Black, B.J. (1988). Work and mental illness: Transitions to employment . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press .
20.
Blankertz, L., & Robinson, S. (1996a). Adding a vocational focus to mental health rehabilitation . Psychiatric Services, 47, 1216-1222.
21.
Blankertz, L.E., & Robinson, S.E. (1996b). Who is the psychosocial rehabilitation worker?Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal , 19(4), 3-13.
22.
Bond, G.R. (1984). An economic analysis of psychosocial rehabilitation . Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 35, 356-362.
23.
Bond, G.R. (1992). Vocational rehabilitation. In R. P. Liberman (Ed.), Handbook of psychiatric rehabilitation (pp. 244-275). New York: Macmillan .
24.
Bond, G.R., & Boyer, S.L. (1988). Rehabilitation programs and outcomes. In J. A. Ciardiello & M. D. Bell (Eds.), Vocational rehabilitation of persons with prolonged mental illness (pp. 231-263). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
25.
Bond, G.R., & Dietzen, L.L. (1993). Predictive validity and vocational assessment: Reframing the question. In R. L. Glueckauf , L. B. Sechrest, G. R. Bond, & E. C. McDonel (Eds.), Improving assessment in rehabilitation and health (pp. 61-86). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
26.
Bond, G.R., Dietzen, L.L., McGrew, J.H., & Miller, L.D. (1995). Accelerating entry into supported employment for persons with severe psychiatric disabilities. Rehabilitation Psychology, 40, 91-111.
27.
Bond, G.R., Dietzen, L.L., Vogler, K.M., Katuin, C.H., McGrew, J.H., & Miller, L.D. (1995). Toward a framework for evaluating costs and benefits of psychiatric rehabilitation: Three case examples. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 5, 75-88.
28.
Bond, G.R., & Dincin, J. (1986). Accelerating entry into transitional employment in a psychosocial rehabilitation agency. Rehabilitation Psychology , 31, 143-155.
29.
Bond, G.R., Dincin, J., Setze, P.J., & Witheridge, T.F. (1984). The effectiveness of psychiatric rehabilitation: A summary of research at Thresholds. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 7(4), 6-22.
30.
Bond, G.R., Drake, R.E., & Becker, D.R. (1998). The role of social functioning in vocational rehabilitation . In K. T. Mueser & N. Tarrier (Eds.), Handbook of social functioning in schizophrenia (pp. 372-390). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
31.
Bond, G.R., Drake, R.E., Mueser, K.T., & Becker, D.R. (1997). An update on supported employment for people with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 48, 335-346.
32.
Bond, G.R., & McDonel, E.C. (1991). Vocational rehabilitation outcomes for persons with psychiatric disabilities: An update. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 1, 9-20.
33.
Bond, G.R., Picone, J., Mauer, B., Fishbein, S., & Stout, R. (in press). The quality of supported employment scale. In P. Wehman, G. Revell, & J. Kregel (Eds.), National Supported Employment Consortium: Research monograph1. Richmond: Virginia Commonwealth University.
34.
Bond, G.R., Vogler, K., & Irmscher, S. (1994). Final report on the North Dakota clubhouse evaluation. Indianapolis: Indiana University-Purdue University.
35.
Botterbusch, K.F. (1998, April 13). Employment history of professional persons with psychiatric disabilities. Paper presented at the conference Facilitating Careers for Mental Health Consumers, sponsored by the University of Illinois-Chicago National Research and Training Center , Chicago.
36.
Botterbusch, K.F., & Menz, F.R. (1995). The diffusion network project: Volume 1. Technical report (Final report to Rehabilitation Services Administration, CFDA No. 84.235D) . Menomonie, WI: University of Wisconsin-Stout, Research and Training Center.
37.
Burt, M., & Hargreaves, W.A. (1997, November). Developing the Program Environment Scale: A tool to assess the perceptions of severely mentally ill program clients in community-based programs. Paper presented at the American Public Health Association, Indianapolis.
38.
Campbell, J.F. (1984). An industrially integrated model versus the sheltered workshop in the vocational rehabilitation of mentally-disabled persons. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
39.
Campbell, J.F. (1988). Rehabilitation facilities and community-based employment services. In P. Wehman & M. S. Moon (Eds.), Vocational rehabilitation and supported employment (pp. 193-202). Baltimore: Brookes.
40.
Carey, M.A. (1995). The continuing need for research on vocational rehabilitation programs. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal , 18(4), 163-164.
41.
Chandler, D., Levin, S., & Barry, P. (in press). The menu approach to employment services: Philosophy and five-year outcomes. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal.
42.
Chandler, D., Meisel, J., Hu, T., McGowen, M., & Madison, K. (1997). A capitated model for a cross-section of severely mentally ill clients: Employment outcomes. Community Mental Health Journal, 33, 501-516.
43.
Clark, R.E. (1998). Supported employment and managed care: Can they coexist?Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 22(1), 62-68.
44.
Clark, R.E., Bush, P.W., Becker, D.R., & Drake, R.E. (1996). A cost-effectiveness comparison of supported employment and rehabilitative day treatment. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 24, 63-77.
Connors, K.A., Graham, R.S., & Pulso, R. (1987). Playing the store: Where is the vocational in psychiatric rehabilitation?Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal , 10(3), 21-33.
47.
Cook, J.A. (1992, April). Social work implications of vocational rehabilitation for persons with severe mental illness. Paper presented at the NIMH Workshop on Building Social Work Knowledge for Effective Mental Health Services, Bethesda, MD.
48.
Cook, J.A., & Razzano, L. (1995). Discriminant function analysis of competitive employment outcomes in a transitional employment program for persons with severe mental illness. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation , 5, 127-140.
49.
Cook, J.A., & Solomon, M.L. (1993). The Community Scholar Program: An outcome study of supported education for students with severe mental illness. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 17(1), 83-97.
50.
Danley, K.S., & Anthony, W.A. (1987). The Choose-Get-Keep Model: Serving severely psychiatrically disabled people. American Rehabilitation, 13(4), 6-9, 27-29.
51.
Danley, K.S., Rogers, E.S., MacDonald-Wilson, K., & Anthony, W.A. (1994). Supported employment for adults with psychiatric disability: Results of an innovative demonstration project. Rehabilitation Psychology, 39, 269-276.
52.
Dincin, J. (1975). Psychiatric rehabilitation. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1, 131-147.
53.
Dincin, J. (1995). Core programs in the Thresholds approach. New Directions for Mental Health Services, 68, 33-54.
54.
Dincin, J., & Kaberon, D.A. (1979). Attendance as a predictor of success in rehabilitation of former psychiatric patients (Final report to the Chicago Community Trust) . Chicago: Thresholds.
55.
Dincin, J., & Witheridge, T.F. (1982). Psychiatric rehabilitation as a deterrent to recidivism. Hospital and Community Psychiatry , 33, 645-650.
56.
Drake, R.E. (1998). Individual placement and support: Special issue . Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 22(1).
57.
Drake, R.E., Becker, D.R., & Anthony, W.A. (1994). The use of a research induction group in mental health services research. Hospital and Community Psychiatry , 45, 487-489.
58.
Drake, R.E., Becker, D.R., Biesanz, J.C., Torrey, W.C., McHugo, G.J., & Wyzik, P.F. (1994). Rehabilitation day treatment vs. supported employment: I. Vocational outcomes. Community Mental Health Journal, 30, 519-532.
59.
Drake, R.E., Fox, T.S., Leather, P.K., Becker, D.R., Musumeci, J.S., Ingram, W.F., & McHugo, G.J. (1998). Regional variation in competitive employment for persons with severe mental illness. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 25, 493-504.
60.
Drake, R.E., McHugo, G.J., Becker, D.R., Anthony, W.A., & Clark, R.E. (1996). The New Hampshire study of supported employment for people with severe mental illness: Vocational outcomes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 391-399.
61.
Forbrich, C.B. (1986). OVR/OMH grant program review. Rehabilitation in the community (Bulletin #10). Harrisburg, PA: Division of Community Support Programs, Office of Mental Health.
62.
Forman, J.D. (1988). Sheltered work in a non-sheltered setting. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 10(3), 19-28.
63.
Gervey, R., & Bedell, J.R. (1994). Supported employment in vocational rehabilitation . In J. R. Bedell (Ed.), Psychological assessment and treatment of persons with severe mental disorders (pp. 139-163). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
64.
Gervey, R., Parrish, A., & Bond, G.R. (1995). Survey of exemplary supported employment programs for persons with psychiatric disabilities. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 5, 115-125.
65.
Hatfield, A.B. (1989). Serving the unserved in community rehabilitation programs. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 13(2), 71-82.
66.
Hutchinson, D., Salafia, R., & Wyse, A.J. (1998, April 13). The Training for the Future Program: Fostering career opportunities and social responsibility. Paper presented at the seminar Facilitating Careers for Mental Health Consumers, sponsored by the University of Illinois-Chicago National Research and Training Center, Chicago.
67.
International Association of Psychosocial Rehabilitation Services. (1990). A national directory: Organizations providing psychosocial rehabilitation and related community support services in the United States. Columbia, MD: Author.
68.
International Association of Psychosocial Rehabilitation Services (1997). Practice guidelines for the psychiatric rehabilitation of persons with severe and persistent mental illness in a managed care environment. Columbia, MD: Author.
69.
Jennings, J.A. (1981). The effects of prevocational training on the vocational maturity of outpatients of a community mental health clinic. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
70.
Kaufmann, C.L. (1995). The Self-Help Employment Center: Some outcomes from the first year. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 18(4), 145-162.
71.
Kim, S.H. (1997). Persons with severe mental illness: A meta-analysis of vocational programs. Unpublished master's thesis, Indiana University-Purdue UniversityIndianapolis.
72.
Kirszner, M.L., Baron, R.C., & Donegan, K. (1994). Employer participation in employment programs for persons with long-term mental illness (Final report to the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, Report No. E-G008720122). Philadelphia, PA: Matrix Research Institute.
73.
Kregel, J., Wehman, P., & Banks, P.D. (1989). The effects of consumer characteristics and type of employment model on individual outcomes in supported employment. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 22, 407-415.
74.
Kuldau, J.M., & Dirks, S.J. (1977). Controlled evaluation of a hospital-originated community transitional system. Archives of General Psychiatry,34, 1331-1340.
75.
Laird, M., & Krown, S. (1991). Evaluation of a transitional employment program . Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 15(1), 3-8.
Lehman, A.F., Steinwachs, D.M., & PORT Co-Investigators. (1998 a). At issue: Translating research into practice: The Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) treatment recommendations. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24, 1-10.
78.
Lehman, A.F., Steinwachs, D.M., & PORT Co-Investigators. (1998 b). Patterns of usual care for schizophrenia: Initial results from the Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) Survey. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24, 11-20.
79.
Liberman, R. P. (Ed.). (1988). Psychiatric rehabilitation of chronic mental patients. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
80.
Lucca, A.M. (1998). Relationships among program components, social environment, and member functioning in psychosocial rehabilitation programs for seriously mentally ill individuals. Unpublished doctoral dissertation , University of Connecticut, Storrs .
81.
Macias, C., & Jackson, R. (1993). The Self-Report Inventory: An interview schedule for adults with serious mental illness. New York: Fountain House.
82.
Macias, C., Jackson, R., Schroeder, C., & Wang, Q. (1999). What is a clubhouse? Report on the ICCD 1996 survey of USA clubhouses. Community Mental Health Journal, 35, 181-190.
83.
Macias, C., Kinney, R., & Rodican, C. (1995). Transitional employment: An evaluative description of Fountain House practice. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation , 5, 151-158.
84.
Malamud, T.J., & McCrory, D.J. (1988). Transitional employment and psychosocial rehabilitation . In J. A. Ciardiello & M. D. Bell (Eds.), Vocational rehabilitation of persons with prolonged mental illness (pp. 150-162). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
85.
Marrone, J. (1993). Creating positive outcomes for people with severe mental illness. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 17(2), 43-62.
86.
Marrone, J., & Gold, M. (1994). Supported employment for people with mental illness: Myth & facts. Journal of Rehabilitation, 60(4), 38-47.
87.
Mastbloom, J. (1992). Forty clubhouses: Models and practices. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 16(2), 9-23.
88.
McAlpine, J.K. (1991). The effectiveness of the community based outreach model on the community adjustment of the chronically mentally ill. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Saybrook Institute, San Francisco.
89.
McCall, B. (1994). Survey of psychosocial rehabilitation programs: Research notes. Richmond: Virginia Department of Mental Health, Mental Retardation, & Substance Abuse Services .
90.
McCarthy, D., Thompson, D., & Olson, S. (1998). Planning a statewide project to convert day treatment to supported employment. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal , 22(1), 30-33.
91.
McCoy, M. (1998). Unpublished program evaluation data. Chicago: Thresholds.
92.
McDonnell, J., Nofs, D., & Hardman, M. (1989). An analysis of the procedural components of supported employment programs associated with employment outcomes. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 22, 417-428.
93.
McFarlane, W.R., Stastny, P., Deakins, S.A., & Dushay, R. (1995, October). Employment outcomes in Family-aided Assertive Community Treatment (FACT). Paper presented at the American Psychiatric Association Institute on Psychiatric Services, Boston.
94.
McGrew, J.H., Bond, G.R., Dietzen, L.L., & Salyers, M.P. (1994). Measuring the fidelity of implementation of a mental health program model. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 670-678.
95.
McHugo, G.J., Drake, R.E., & Becker, D.R. (1998). The durability of supported employment effects . Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 22(1), 55-61.
96.
Mellen, V., & Danley, K. (1987). Special issue: Supported employment for persons with severe mental illness. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal , 9(2).
97.
Meltzoff, J., & Blumenthal, R.L. (1966). The day treatment center: Principles, application, and evaluation. Springfield, IL : Thomas.
98.
Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act of 1963. P.L. 88-164.
99.
Mowbray, C.T., McCrohan, N.M., & Bybee, D. (1995). Integrating vocational services into case management: Implementation analysis of Project WINS. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 5, 89-102.
100.
Moxley, D.P. (1993). Clubhouse standards as a program development tool . Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 17(2), 177-183.
101.
Moxley, D.P., Mowbray, C.T., & Brown, K.S. (1993). Supported education. In R. W. Flexer & P. L. Solomon (Eds.), Psychiatric rehabilitation in practice (pp. 137-153). Boston: Andover Medical.
102.
Mueser, K.T., Drake, R.E., & Bond, G.R. (1997). Recent advances in psychiatric rehabilitation for patients with severe mental illness. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 5, 123-137.
103.
National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors. (1998, Summer). Five-state feasibility study on state mental health agency performance measures. Outlook , 11-14. Available from Evaluation Center @ HSRI, Cambridge, MA.
104.
Noble, J.H. (1991). The benefits and costs of supported employment for people with mental illness and with traumatic brain injury in New York State (Report No. C-0023180). Buffalo: Research Foundation of the State University of New York.
105.
Noble, J.H., Honberg, R.S., Hall, L.L., & Flynn, L.M. (1997). A legacy of failure: The inability of the federal-state vocational rehabilitation system to serve people with severe mental illness . Arlington, VA: National Alliance for the Mentally Ill.
106.
Okpaku, S.O., Anderson, K.H., Sibulkin, A.E., Butler, J.S., & Bickman, L. (1997). The effectiveness of a multidisciplinary case management team on the employment of SSDI applicants and beneficiaries. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 20(3), 34-41.
107.
Olah, R.J. (1989). Facilitating the development of self-efficacy in severely mentally disabled adults: Application of a group intervention in a supported employment program. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Kent State University, Kent, OH.
108.
Parker, S., & Knoll, J.L. (1990). Partial hospitalization: An update. American Journal of Psychiatry,147, 156-160.
109.
Prieve, K., & DePoint, B. (1987). Making it work: Supported employment for persons with severe and persistent mental illness. Minneapolis : Rise.
110.
Propst, R. (1992). Standards for clubhouse programs: Why and how they were developed. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 16(2), 25-30.
111.
Ridgway, P., & Rapp, C.A. (1998). The active ingredients in achieving competitive employment for people with psychiatric disabilities: A research synthesis . Lawrence: University of KansasSchool of Social Welfare.
112.
Rogers, E.S., Anthony, W.A., Toole, J., & Brown, M.A. (1991). Vocational outcomes following psychosocial rehabilitation: A longitudinal study of three programs. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 1, 21-29.
113.
Rosie, J.S. (1987). Partial hospitalization: A review of recent literature . Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 38, 1291-1299.
114.
Ruffner, R.H. (1986). The last frontier: Jobs and mentally ill persons . Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 9(3), 35-42.
115.
Russert, M.G., & Frey, J.L. (1991). The PACT vocational model: A step into the future . Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 14(4), 7-18.
116.
Rutman, I.D. (1993). And now, the envelope please .... Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 16(3), 1-3.
117.
Rutman, I.D. (1994). Introduction. In L. Spaniol, M.A. Brown, L. Blankertz, D. J. Burnham , J. Dincin, K. Furlong-Norman, N. Nesbitt, P. Ottenstein, K. Prieve , I. Rutman, & A. Zipple (Eds.), An introduction to psychiatric rehabilitation (pp. 4-8). Boston: International Association of Psychosocial Rehabilitation Services.
118.
Rutman, I.D., & Armstrong, K. (1985). A comprehensive, national evaluation of transitional employment programs for the psychiatrically disabled. Philadelphia, PA: Matrix Research Institute.
119.
Ryan, E.R., & Bell, M.D. (1985, August). Rehabilitation of chronic psychiatric patients: A randomized clinical study. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles.
120.
Schultheis, A.M., & Bond, G.R. (1993). Situational assessment ratings of work behaviors: Changes across time and between settings. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 17(2), 107-119.
121.
Selleck, V., & Courtney, C. (1997). Minnesota mental health/rehabilitation services: Coordinated Employability Project evaluation. St. Paul : Minnesota Department of Human Services.
122.
Setze, P.J., & Bond, G.R. (1985). Psychiatric recidivism in a psychosocial rehabilitation setting. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 36, 521-524.
123.
Solomon, M.L. (1998, April 13). Partners in transition: Outcomes and services of a vocational program for youth with severe emotional difficulties . Paper presented at the seminar Facilitating Careers for Mental Health Consumers, sponsored by the University of Illinois-Chicago National Training Center, Chicago.
Test, M.A. (1992). Training in community living. In R. P. Liberman (Ed.), Handbook of psychiatric rehabilitation (pp. 153-170). New York: Macmillan .
126.
Torrey, W.C., Becker, D.R., & Drake, R.E. (1995). Rehabilitative day treatment versus supported employment: II. Consumer, family and staff reactions to a program change. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 18(3), 67-75.
127.
Trochim, W.M., Cook, J.A., & Setze, R.J. (1994). Using concept mapping to develop a conceptual framework of staff's views of a supported employment program for individuals with severe mental illness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 766-775.
128.
Trotter, S., Minkoff, K., Harrison, K., & Hoops, J. (1988). Supported work: An innovative approach to the vocational rehabilitation of persons who are psychiatrically disabled. Rehabilitation Psychology, 33, 27-36.
129.
Unger, K.V. (1998). Handbook on supported education: Services for students with psychiatric disabilities. Baltimore: Brookes.
130.
Unger, K.V., Danley, K.S., Kohn, L., & Hutchinson, D. (1987). Rehabilitation through education: A university-based continuing education program for young adults with psychiatric disabilities on a university campus. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 10(3), 35-49.
131.
Vogler, K.M. (1998). A fidelity study of the Indiana Supported Employment Model for individuals with severe mental illness. Unpublished doctoral dissertation , Indiana University-Purdue UniversityIndianapolis.
132.
Wallace, C.J., Tauber, R., & Wilde, J. (in press). Keep your job: Teaching fundamental workplace skills to mentally ill workers. Psychiatric Services.
133.
Wehman, P. (1986). Supported competitive employment for persons with severe disabilities. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling , 17, 24-29.
134.
Wehman, P. (1988). Supported employment: Toward zero exclusion of persons with severe disabilities. In P. Wehman & M. S. Moon (Eds.), Vocational rehabilitation and supported employment (pp. 3-14). Baltimore : Brookes.
135.
Wehman, P., & Moon, M. S. (Eds.). (1988). Vocational rehabilitation and supported employment. Baltimore: Brookes.
136.
Wehman, P., Revell, G., & Kregel, J. (1998). Supported employment: A decade of rapid growth and impact. American Rehabilitation, 24(1), 31-43.
137.
Wehman, P., & Revell, W.G. (1996). Supported employment: A national program that works. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities , 11, 235-242.
138.
Wennberg, J.E. (1988). Improving the medical decision-making process . Health Affairs, 7, 99-106.
139.
Zivolich, S., & Weiner-Zivolich, J.S. (1997). A national corporate employment initiative for persons with severe disabilities: A 10-year perspective . Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 8, 75-87.
