This case report discusses the response to exposure and response prevention therapy in a patient with problem gambling and comorbid early dementia. It further discusses neurobiology of exposure therapy and its application in patients with mild cognitive impairment.
Conclusion:
Studies show good response to the use of exposure therapy in patients with cognitive impairment and further studies are needed to study the neurobiological changes and response to the therapy in patients with cognitive impairment.
KaplanJSTolinDF.Exposure therapy for anxiety disorders. Psychiatric Times, September2011.
2.
CowlishawSMerkourisSDowlingN. Psychological therapies for pathological and problem gambling. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews2012; 11: CD008937.
3.
EtkinAWagerTD.Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: a meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia. Am J Psychiatry2007; 164(10): 1476–1488.
4.
SmithDPBattersbyMWHarveyPW. Cognitive versus exposure therapy for problem gambling: randomised controlled trial. Behav Res Ther2015; 69: 100–110.
5.
JakobJMWaldron-PerrineBRauchSAM. Prolonged exposure therapy for a Vietnam veteran with PTSD and early-stage dementia. Cognit Behav Pract2013; 20(1): 64–73.
6.
JonesRSPBanksR. Behavioural treatment of PTSD in a person with intellectual disability. European Journal of Behavioural Analysis2007; 8(2): 251–256.
7.
FerrisJWynneHJ.The Canadian problem gambling index. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse: Ottawa, 2001.
8.
Ben-TovimDEstermanATolchardB. The Victorian gambling screen. Report prepared for the Victorian Casino and Gaming Authority. 2001. Melbourne, Australia: Gambling Research Panel.
9.
RayluNOeiTP.The gambling related cognitions scale (GRCS): development, confirmatory factor validation and psychometric properties. Addiction2004; 99(6): 757–769.
10.
AndrewsGSladeT.Interpreting scores on the Kessler psychological distress scale (K10). Aust N Z J Public Health2001; 25(6): 494–497.
11.
FolsteinMFFolsteinSEMcHughPR.“Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res1975; 12(3): 189–198.
12.
DuboisBSlachevskyALitvanI. The FAB: a frontal assessment battery at bedside. Neurology2000; 55(11): 1621–1626.
13.
RileyBSmithDOakesJ.Exposure therapy for problem gambling in rural communities: a program model and early outcomes. Aust J Rural Health2011; 19(3): 142–146.
14.
OakesJBattersbyMWPolsRG. Exposure therapy for problem gambling via videoconferencing: a case report. Journal of Gambling Studies2008; 24(1): 107–118.
15.
GrovesPMThompsonRF.Habituation: a dual-process theory. Psychol Rev1970; 77(5): 419–450.
16.
MowrerOH.Learning theory and behaviour. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1960.
17.
BanduraA.Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev1977; 84(2): 191–215.
18.
FoaEBKozakMJ.Emotional processing of fear: exposure to corrective information. Psychol Bull1986; 99(1): 20–35.
19.
HeathertonTFWagnerDD.Cognitive neuroscience of self-regulation failure. Trends Cognit Sci2011; 15(3): 132–139.
20.
KandelE.In search of memory: the emergence of new science of mind. New York: WW Norton and Company, 2007.
21.
LustigCShahPSeidlerR. Aging, training, and the brain: a review and future directions. Neuropsychol Rev2009; 19(4): 504–522.
22.
MufsonEJMahadyLWatersD. Hippocampal plasticity during the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience [Epub ahead of print] 12 March 2015.
23.
BoutonME.Context, ambiguity, and unlearning: sources of relapse after behavioral extinction. Biol Psychiatry2002; 52(10): 976–986.
24.
HaunerKKMinekaSVossJL. Exposure therapy triggers lasting reorganization of neural fear processing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2012; 109(23): 9203–9208.
25.
IpserJCSinghLSteinDJ.Meta-analysis of functional brain imaging in specific phobia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci2013; 67(5): 311–322.