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Abstract

Background:

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a severe or even fatal inflammatory status. Lymphoma associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (LAHS) is a kind of secondary HLH (sHLH). It suffers the worst outcome among sHLH. Allo-HSCT is often considered necessary. Autologous stem cell transplantation (auto-SCT) is widely used in the treatment of lymphoma, especially for high-risk NHL. There have been no clinical reports on the use of auto-SCT in LAHS in the past 20 years.

Methods:

We retrospectively evaluated 12 LAHS patients who received auto-SCT at our center from January 2013 to January 2020. Follow-up started at the date of LAHS diagnosis and ended at the date of death or last examination. Overall survival (OS) was calculated from the diagnosis of HLH to death of any cause.

Results:

The median period between diagnosis and auto-SCT is 6.7 months. All 12 patients achieved remission after transplantation. Follow-up to 1 January 2021, 8 patients remained disease-free, 4 patients relapsed and 2 of them died eventually. The median follow-up time is 20.9 months, and the median overall survival time has not been reached yet. The 3-year OS rates was 71%. Compared with LAHS patients who did not undergo transplantation during the same period (median OS time is 3.4 months), patients who underwent auto-SCT had a significantly better prognosis (P=0.001). Even if the lymphoma reaches CR after treatment, auto-SCT still provides a better prognosis compared to CR patients without transplantation (P=0.037). Compared with lymphoma patients without HLH who underwent auto-SCT during the same period, they had a similar prognosis (P=0.350).

Conclusion:

LAHS, as a common type in secondary HLH, may have a better prognosis after removing the trigger of HLH. In this study, the autologous transplantation in LAHS can significantly improve the prognosis, and provide LAHS a similar prognosis as high-risk lymphoma without HLH.

Keywords

hematopoietic stem cells hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis autologous transplantation lymphoma prognosis

Background

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a severe or even fatal inflammatory state caused by hereditary or acquired immunoregulatory abnormalities. It is characterized by non-malignant proliferation of lymphocytes and histiocytes and secretion of a large number of inflammatory factors. HLH can be divided into primary HLH due to gene mutation and secondary HLH, which is secondary to infection, autoimmune disease, malignancy and others. Malignancy HLH (M-HLH) is a kind of sHLH, and lymphoma associated (LAHS) is the most common kind of M-HLH. The prognosis of LAHS is very poor. The median survival time of LAHS is considered to be less than 2 months¹. There are often problems in treatment such as difficulty in controlling HLH, difficulty in relieving lymphomas, and high recurrence rate. The reasons may be associated with the pathogenesis of LAHS.

Autologous stem cell transplantation (auto-SCT) is widely used in the treatment of lymphoma, especially for high-risk NHL. Salvage chemotherapy followed by auto-SCT stands the standard of care for relapsed/refractory lymphoma², and auto-SCT is also recommended as a first-line treatment in PTCL³. In the recommendations of histiocyte society for adult HLH in 2019, LAHS patients in remission who are eligible for treatment intensification may be candidates for autologous PBSCT⁴. This suggestion is basing on the assumption demonstrated in a study of peripheral T-cell lymphoma, that the poor prognosis of lymphoma complicated with HLH can be overcome by high-dose etoposide-containing chemotherapy followed by autologous-PBSCT³. But this is only an assumption, and there is not enough clinical evidence to support it. So far, reports of the use of auto-SCT in LAHS have been largely case reports. The one with the largest number of cases was reported in Japan in 2001 with auto-SCT in 5 cases of B-LAHS⁵. There have been no clinical reports on the use of auto-SCT in LAHS in the past 20 years. This study presented the first organized study to investigate the role of auto-SCT in the treatment of LAHS, and whether the use of auto-SCT can improve the short-term efficacy and long-term prognosis of LAHS.

Patients and Methods

Patients

We retrospectively evaluated 12 LAHS patients who received auto-SCT at our center from January 2013 to January 2020.

Eligibility criteria for this study were as follows: (1) patients met HLH-04 diagnostic criteria [4]; (2) pathology confirmed as lymphoma; (3) a diagnosis of primary HLH was excluded; (4) LAHS caused by chemotherapy during lymphoma treatment were excluded.

The pathological criteria of the diagnosis of the lymphoma were according to the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms. All pathological biopsies were reviewed double blinded by two pathologists.

All patients were treated with the HLH-94/04 regimen⁶. Patients who showed no response to HLH-94 treatment accepted DEP regimen (liposomal doxorubicin with etoposide and high-dose methylprednisolone) as salvage therapy⁷. Response of HLH to treatment was assessed based on criteria proposed by Marsh et al and revised by Yini Wang et al^7,8. Response of lymphoma to treatment was assessed base on the “Revised response criteria for malignant lymphoma” presented by The International Working Group in 2007⁹.

Conditioning Regimen and Assessment of Hematopoietic Reconstitution

All patients were conditioned with CBV regimen: cyclophosphamide 1.5 g/m²/ d -5, -4, -3 and -2, BCNU 150 mg/m2/ d -8, -7 and etoposide 300 mg/m2/ d -8, -7 and -6. PBSCs were thawed rapidly and reinfused on day 0. The mean number of infused CD34+ cell was 5.025*10⁶/kg (3.344–13.8*10⁶/kg). Neutrophil engraftment was defined as an absolute neutrophil count of >0.5*10⁹/L for three consecutive measurements on different days. Platelet engraftment was defined as a platelet count of >20*10⁹/L for consecutive measurements over 7 days, without requiring platelet transfusions. The median numbers of days to reach neutrophil engraftment and platelet engraftment were 11 (range 9–13) and 12 (range 10–18), respectively.

Survival Time and Statistical Analysis

Follow-up started at the date of LAHS diagnosis and ended at the date of death or last examination. Overall survival (OS) was calculated from the diagnosis of HLH to death of any cause. When the latter date was not reached, the date was censored at the time of the last follow-up evaluation or end of follow-up (1 January 2021).

SPSS 22.0 (IBM, New York/USA) statistical software was adopted, and data that did not fit a normal distribution are presented as median and range. T-test was used for data that fit a normal distribution and homogeneity of variance, and Wilcoxon rank sum test was used for others. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were used to analyze the patients’ survival. Survival duration differences between different groups were compared with log-rank tests. P<0.05 was considered to denote a significant difference.

Results

Patients Characteristics

In the 12 patients, 6 were male, and 6 were female. The median age of the patients was 37.5 years (18–57 years). As for the type of lymphoma, 6 patients were with non-Hodgkin B cell lymphomas (5 Diffuse large B cell lymphoma and 1 follicular lymphoma), 5 patients were with T/NK cell lymphomas (2 NK/T cell lymphoma, 2 ALK+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma, 1 subcutaneous panniculitis like T cell lymphoma), and 1 patient were with Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. Three patients were combined with EBV infection.

All patients (100%) presented with fever and elevated ferritin (>500 ng/mL). 11 patients (92%) presented with elevated soluble CD25, ten patients (83%) presented hepato/splenomegaly, and nine patients (75%) presented cytopenia in two or more lineages. Nine patients (75%) presented with abnormal liver function. 8 (67%) were with low NK-cell activity and 11 (92%) were with hemophagocytosis in bone marrow. (Table 1)

Table 1.

Patient’s Characteristics before Transplantation.

Case	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
Age	43	27	57	18	39	57	36	40	27	46	34	36
Gender	F	F	F	M	M	M	F	M	M	F	F	M
Lmmunophenotype of lymphoma	B	NK/T	B	T	T	B	B	NK/T	B	B	B	T
International Prognostic Index	4	1	4	2	2	3	3	4	3	3	2	2
Previous therapy	RE-CHOP	E-CHOP	RE-CHOP	LE-CHOP	E-CHOP	RE-CHOP	RE-CHOP	L-CHOP	E-CHOP	R-CHOP	RE-CHOP	E-CHOP
HLH’s presentation
Fever (T>38.5°C)	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
Hepato/splenomegaly (n)	Y	N	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
Hemophagocytosis	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
WBC (*10⁹/L)	2.5	2.4	1	0.5	2.96	5.7	1.65	5.32	2.8	7.31	1.71	6.03
HGB (g/L)	128	85	59	102	116	132	79	97	121	76	63	127
PLT (*10⁹/L)	27	171	61	61	10	55	71	25	171	239	4	328
Ferritin (ng/ml)	1218	601	4097.8	1500	7816	1046	26169	1500	5726	2685	2694	2000
sCD25 (pg/mL)	44000	7202.2	29678	44000	44000	41419	39008	44000	6983	31820	44000	2317
NK-cell activity (%)	9.05	14.06	3.68	14.28	25.87	14.17	13.94	16.53	15.33	14.91	17.91	14.71
ALT (U/L)	207	111	15	95	124	146	35	48	94	10	20	59
AST (U/L)	249	99.2	12.5	204	117	265	30	61	100	18	47	26
Fbg (g/L)	0.89	0.84	3.88	2.12	2.31	4.13	5.53	1.7	2.6	4.29	4.81	4.97
TG (mmol/L)	5.68	3	1.07	2.03	5.93	5.2	6.48	2.71	2	2.7	4.92	2.56
EBV-DNA (PBMC) copies/ml	0	<500	<500	0	<500	<500	0	-	<500	5.7*10⁵	0	0
EBV-DNA (plasma) copies/ml	0	<500	0	0	0	<500	0	4.60*10⁴	3.30*10⁴	4.50*10⁴	0	0

All patients received HLH-directed therapy, including HLH-94/04 regimen and DEP regimen. After all patients achieved remission of HLH, they began to go through lymphoma-directed chemotherapy, including R-CHOP, E-CHOP, RE-CHOP, L-CHOP, and LE-CHOP. All patients achieved at least partial remission of lymphoma before transplantation (8 CR and 4 PR). The median period between diagnosis and auto-SCT is 6.7 months.

Outcome

All 12 patients achieved remission after transplantation. Follow-up to 1 January 2021, 8 patients remained disease-free, 4 patients relapsed and 2 of them died eventually 14.7 and 3.4 months after auto-SCT. 1 patient were lost to follow-up after 7.1 months. The median follow-up time is 20.9 months [95% CI 7.1, 34.7], and the median overall survival time has not been reached yet. The 3-year OS rates was 71%. The overall survival curve is shown in Fig. 1. The disease-free survival (DFS) of these 12 patients is 33.5 [95% CI 0.6, 66.4]. The DFS survival curve is shown in Fig. 2. The characteristics of transplantation were presented in Table 2.

Figure 1.

The overall survival curve of 12 LAHS patients.

Figure 2.

The DFS survival curve of 12 LAHS patients.

Table 2.

Characteristics of Transplantation.

Case	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
Disease status at transplantation	CR	CR	CR	CR	PR	CR	CR	PR	PR	CR	CR	PR
Conditioning regimen	CVB	CVB	CVB	CVB	CVB	CVB	CVB	CVB	CVB	CVB	CVB	CVB
Infused CD34+ cells (´10⁶/kg)	3.52	3.344	8.098	3.928	5.44	11.31	3.5	3.1	7.1	4.84	5.21	13.8
Date of engraftment of neutrophils (days)	10	11	9	9	12	11	11	12	13	13	11	11
Date of engraftment of platelets (days)	11	11	10	9	12	11	12	18	16	17	11	16
Relapse (months from HSCT)	-	33.5	-	-	-	-	11.1	11.8	-	3.3	-	-
Final outcome	Survival	Survival	Lost	Survival	Survival	Survival	Survival	Death	Survival	Death	Survival	Survival

There were multi reasons why some of LAHS patients didn’t undergo auto-HSCT, such as financial considerations, patient and/or families’ refusal, age limitation and poor performance status. Compared with LAHS patients who did not undergo transplantation during the same period (median OS time is 3.4 months [95% CI 1.5, 5.4]), LAHS patients who underwent auto-SCT had a significantly better prognosis (P=0.001; Fig. 3). There was no significant difference in the age comparison of LAHS patients who received and did not receive HSCT (38.3 vs 45.5, P=0.134). The performance status was evaluated by ECOG score standard, and there was no difference between them (P=0.660).

Figure 3.

Compared with LAHS patients who did not undergo transplantation during the same period (median OS time is 3.4 months [95% CI 1.5, 5.4]), LAHS patients who underwent auto-SCT had a significantly better prognosis (P=0.001).

Considering the influence of lymphoma remission status on the prognosis, the survival analysis of LAHS patients who achieved lymphoma-CR after chemotherapy and LAHS patients who underwent AHSCT were also compared. The results showed that the OS of LAHS patients who achieved lymphoma-CR (LAHS-CR) after chemotherapy (median OS time is 11.7 months [95% CI 0, 27.5]) was significantly better than those who didn’t (11.7 months [95% CI 0, 27.5] vs 2.1 months [95% CI 1.4, 2.9], P<0.001), but LAHS patients who underwent AHSCT still have a better prognosis than LAHS-CR patients (P=0.037; Fig. 4).

Figure 4.

The OS of LAHS patients who achieved lymphoma-CR (LAHS-CR) after chemotherapy (median OS time is 11.7 months [95% CI 0, 27.5]) was significantly better than those who didn’t (11.7 months [95% CI 0, 27.5] vs 2.1 months [95% CI 1.4, 2.9], P<0.001), but LAHS patients who underwent AHSCT still have a better prognosis than LAHS-CR patients (P=0.037).

Compared with lymphoma patients without HLH who underwent auto-SCT during the same period, they had a similar prognosis (no statistically significant difference in overall survival, P=0.350; Fig. 5).

Figure 5.

Compared with lymphoma patients without HLH who underwent auto-SCT during the same period, they had a similar prognosis (no statistically significant difference in overall survival, P=0.350).

Discussion

Malignancy associated HLH (M-HLH) may occur in up to 1% of patients with hematologic malignancies¹⁰. HLH is a severe or even fatal inflammatory status caused by a hereditary or acquired immunoregulatory abnormality, non-malignant proliferation of lymphocytes and histiocytic cells, and secretion of a large number of inflammatory cytokines. M-HLH is the most common type of secondary HLH, and the most common type of M-HLH is lymphoma associated HLH (LAHS). LAHS secondary to NK / T-cell lymphoma is more common, and the incidence of LAHS in NK / T-cell lymphoma can be as high as 20%¹¹. The prognosis of M-HLH is extremely poor, which is the worst type of prognosis among HLH. The mortality of HLH secondary to s-JIA is only 8%, while the mortality of M-HLH is even> 80%, and the median survival time is only 2 months¹². Obviously, many previous clinical observations have found out that only using chemotherapy to treat LAHS has a higher recurrence rate and a worse prognosis¹. At present, the general opinion is that allo-SCT after remission of regular chemotherapy is the only way to achieve long-term survival for patients with LAHS¹³. However, after all, allo-SCT has difficulties such as high risks, high costs, and donor requirements. The role of auto-PBSCT in relapsed and refractory lymphoma has been confirmed by many studies, and it is also widely used in clinical practice. Especially in some certain high-risk lymphomas, it is even considered as a first-line solution³. There is a lack of study on the role of auto-SCT in patients with LAHS. Auto-SCT in the treatment of LAHS has only been reported as single case report in previous literature. In a report of B-LAHS in 1999, auto-SCT was used in LAHS for the first time. All 5 cases had a long-term disease-free survival of more than 2 years¹⁴. In the later period, there were also reports of complete remission and long-term survival using auto-SCT in T, NK / T-cell lymphoma HLH^15
–17.

The reason for auto-SCT’s effectiveness in LAHS is closely related to the possible pathogenesis of LAHS. In the 2017 M-HLH consensus, the pathogenesis of HLH was considered to be based on the relationship between the occurrence of HLH and the primary malignancy. When HLH was triggered by malignancy, the hyperinflammation is triggered by the neoplasm due to an excessive secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and persistent antigen stimulation by the tumor cells. When HLH occur during chemotherapy, the immunodeficiency generated by the loss of immune homeostasis due to chemotherapy or infection, but not the malignancy itself¹¹. All the 12 patients in this study, HLH appeared at the same time with lymphoma, indicating that the hyperinflammation of HLH in these patients was induced by tumor cells but not chemotherapy related immune homeostasis. Under this condition, avoiding tumor recurrence by reducing the residual disease of lymphoma, and thereby reducing the trigger of HLH recurrence, is obviously the key to the long-term disease-free survival of LAHS patients. Autologous HSCT has become a standard treatment for patients with relapsed and refractory Hodgkin lymphoma. Also, for relapsed or refractory (R/R) NHL patients, use of high dose chemotherapy (HDT) consolidation with autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) can be curative^18
–20. The main mechanism is to eradicate disease activity by high-dose chemotherapy prior to PBSCT, and then supporting by stem cells infusion²¹. The usage of high-dose etoposide is important¹⁴. The reason why AHSCT is effective for LAHS is that by reducing the residual tumor cells of lymphoma, avoiding the recurrence of lymphoma, and achieving the long-term disease-free remission of LAHS.

In this study, all 12 LAHS patients achieved remission after auto-SCT, and 10 patients survived until the follow-up. Once lymphoma complicated with HLH (LAHS), its prognosis is significantly worse than those without HLH, which has been widely recognized. The overall survival rate of patients undergoing auto-SCT was significantly better than that of LAHS patients who did not undergo auto-SCT. This suggests that undergoing auto-SCT can indeed improve the prognosis of LAHS in a certain extent. But to what extent? Can auto-SCT provide LAHS a similar prognosis as high-risk lymphoma without HLH? The results support this opinion by showing that patients with LAHS receiving auto-SCT can achieve the same survival as patients with simple high-risk lymphoma undergoing auto-SCT. After auto-SCT, the cause of HLH is removed, reducing the possibilities of HLH recurrence, and HLH as the high-risk factor for lymphoma is also removed. Of course, the small number of cases may limit the reliability of this conclusion. Considering the high transplantation-related mortality rate of allo-SCT (48% vs 4%) compared with auto-HSCT²², and the difficulties with lack of donors, financial issues and et al, LAHS patients in remission who are eligible for treatment intensification may be candidates for autologous PBSCT. Also, for LAHS patients whose lymphoma can achieve complete remission through chemotherapy, they will indeed have a significantly better prognosis than patients who cannot achieve CR. However, for these LAHS patients who have already achieved CR, auto-SCT can further improve survival.

One of the main concerns of auto-SCT is relapse. Compared with allo-SCT, its higher recurrence rate cannot be avoided. In this study, there was four cases of lymphoma recurrence. It has been reported that the use of high-dose VP-16 for myeloablative chemotherapy as a pretreatment before auto-SCT may reduce the recurrence rate by eliminating potential small residual lesions¹⁴. Cyclosporine and prednisolone used after auto-SCT as maintenance therapy may also reduce the relapse rate²¹. Even though this study was not involved, the remission status of lymphoma before transplantation is closely related to the probability of recurrence. Considering the important role of lymphoma recurrence for the long-term survival of LAHS patients, we recommend that it is best for LAHS patients with lymphoma to achieve complete remission to undergo auto-HSCT, while patients who do not achieve CR need to consider allo-HSCT.

Conclusion

LAHS, as a common type in secondary HLH, may have a better prognosis after removing the trigger of HLH. Unlike EBV-HLH or primary HLH, which must rely on allogeneic transplantation to remove incentives, autologous transplantation itself is an effective means in the treatment of lymphoma and can significantly prolong the disease-free survival of refractory relapsed lymphoma. In this study, the use of autologous transplantation in LAHS can significantly improve the prognosis, and provide LAHS a similar prognosis as high-risk lymphoma without HLH. Further research is still needed on recurrence and other issues, which has certain implications for the future direction of LAHS treatment.

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

We thank the patients and their families for participating in our study.

Authors’ Contributions

ZW contributed to the design of the study. JSW and QXY helped with the study design and data analyses. YS conducted the data analysis and wrote the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Ethics approval

All Procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee at Beijing Friendship Hospital.

Data Availability Statements

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81871633); Beijing Natural Science Foundation (No.7181003). The funding body did not contribute to the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, or in writing the manuscript.

ORCID iD

Yue Song

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Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Patients with Lymphoma-Associated Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

Abstract

Background:

Methods:

Results:

Conclusion:

Keywords

Background

Patients and Methods

Patients

Conditioning Regimen and Assessment of Hematopoietic Reconstitution

Survival Time and Statistical Analysis

Results

Patients Characteristics

Outcome

Discussion

Conclusion

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

Authors’ Contributions

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

Ethics approval

Data Availability Statements

Funding

ORCID iD

References