M-aramid fibers have very good flame-retardant properties and are mostly used in protective textiles such as racing or firefighter suits. The dyeing and fastness properties of m-aramid fibers are investigated in this article in a batch process to optimize dyeing parameters such as dye concentration, salt, swelling agent, and temperature. The exhaustion at an acidic pH, preferably in the range of 4–5, indicated good results. The color yield of m-aramid fibers was found to be dependent on the concentration of swelling agent, salt, and dye, as well as the dyeing temperature. The effect of swelling agent on the K/S of m-aramid fibers with cationic dyes, along with their fastness properties, is investigated and reported in detail.
AitkenD.BurkinshawS. M.PriceD. M. (1992). The effect of benzyl alcohol on the glass-transition temperature and dyeing behaviour of wet Courtelle S by means of DMA. Dyes and Pigments, 18, 23–33. doi:10.1016/0143-7208(92)80003-6
2.
BaevaN. N.ManyukovE. A.SadovaS. F.KonovalovaL. Ya.NegodyaevaG. S. (2007). Sorption and densitometric properties of meta/para-aramid fibres. Fiber Chemistry, 39, 26–30. doi:10.1007/s10692-007-0041-8
3.
BealW.HulmeC.HobdayC.DidsE.JackJ.EdmundJ. F.HulmeC. (1973). U.S. Patent No. 3,713,769. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
4.
HanS. Y.JaungJ. Y. (2009). Acid dyeing properties of meta-aramid fiber pretreated with PEO 45-MeDMA derived from [2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride. Fibers and Polymers, 10, 461–465. doi:10.1007/s12221-009-0461-6
5.
HearleJ. W. S. (Ed.). (2001). High-performance fibres. Cambridge, England: Woodhead. doi:10.1533/9781855737549
6.
HermsJ. (1973). U.S. Patent No. 3,771,949. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
7.
HolstenJ. R.SmithM.,Jr. (1993). U.S. Patent No. 5,207,803. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
8.
IngamellsW.PetersR. H.ThorntonS. R. (1973). The mechanism of carrier dyeing. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 17, 3733–3746. doi:10.1002/app.1973.070171215
9.
International Organization for Standardization. (1989). ISO 105-C03: Textiles—Tests for colour fastness—Part C03: Colour fastness to washing: Test 3. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
10.
International Organization for Standardization. (1993). ISO 105-A02: Textiles—Tests for colour fastness—Part A02: Colour fastness to washing. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
11.
International Organization for Standardization. (2016). ISO 105-X12: Textiles—Tests for colour fastness—Part X12: Colour fastness to rubbing. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
12.
KimE.ChoiJ. (2011). Dyeing properties and color fastness of 100% meta-aramid fiber. Fibers and Polymers, 12, 484–490. doi:10.1007/s12221-011-0484-7
13.
KimE.MinB. G.JangJ. (2011). Reactive dyeing of meta-aramid fabrics photografted with dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide. Fibers and Polymers, 12, 580–586. doi:10.1007/s12221-011-0580-8
14.
KimM. R.KimH.LeeJ. J. (2013). Dyeing and fastness properties of vat dyes on meta-aramid woven fabric. Fibers and Polymers, 14, 2038–2044. doi:10.1007/s12221-013-2038-7
15.
ManyukovE. A.SadovaS. F.BaevaN. N.PlatonovV. A. (2005). Study of dyeing of thermostable para/meta-aramid fibre. Fibre Chemistry, 37, 54–58. doi:10.1007/s10692-005-0053-1
16.
MooreR. A. F.WeigmannH. D. (1986). Dyeability of Nomex® aramid yarn. Textile Research Journal, 56, 254–260. doi:10.1177/004051758605600405
17.
NechwatalA.RossbachV. (1999). The carrier effect in the m-aramid fiber/cationic dye/benzyl alcohol system. Textile Research Journal, 69, 635–641. doi:10.1177/004051759906900903
18.
PrestonJ.HofferbertW. L. (1979). A solvent-dyeing process for aramid fibers. Textile Research Journal, 49, 283–287. doi:10.1177/004051757904900506
19.
RigginsP. H. (2005). U.S. Patent No. 6,840,967 B1. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
20.
SapersI. (1972). U.S. Patent No. 3,674,420. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
21.
TajulM.AimoneF.FerriA.RoveroG. (2015). Dyes and pigments use of n-methylformanilide as swelling agent for meta-aramid fibers dyeing: Kinetics and equilibrium adsorption of Basic Blue 41. Dyes and Pigments, 113, 554–561. doi:10.1016/j.dyepig.2014.08.029
22.
VolokhinaA. V. (2003). Modified thermostable fibres: A review. Fibre Chemistry, 35, 250–260. doi:10.1023/B: FICH.0000003474.37759.22
23.
XieJ.YangM.YanK.YaoP. (2010). Surface modification of Nomex fabric by a 172 nm Xe2 * Excimer UV lamp. Research Journal of Textile and Apparel, 14, 38–44. doi:10.1108/RJTA-14-02-2010-B005
24.
ZhengH.ZhengL. (2014). Dyeing of meta-aramid fibers with disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide. Fibers and Polymers, 15, 1627–1634. doi:10.1007/s12221-014-1627-4
