The biotoxicity caused by focus releasing of Ag, which associated with the Ag loading mode, is a problematic issue that need to be solved for practical utilization of the keratin based wound dressing. In this study, keratin/AgNPs blend scaffolds (Ker/Ag) and keratin scaffolds with AgNPs attached on the scaffold’s wall surface (Ag@Ker) were prepared. Structure and physical properties of the scaffolds were tested and investigated. In comparison to the Ag@Ker scaffolds, the Ker/Ag scaffolds with uniform dispersion of AgNPs have larger tensile strength and slower degradation rate. Both kind of scaffolds present excellent antibacterial property with 10 μg mL−1 AgNPs addition, while the Ker/Ag displayed a linear Ag releasing ratio in the first 5–7 days, which is beneficial for obtaining a continuous antibacterial property and avoiding the biotoxicity caused by focus release of Ag. Correspondingly, cytotoxicity assay further reveals that the continuously slow release of Ag of the Ker/Ag scaffolds accelerated the proliferation of cell. Infectious animal models and histological studies showed that the Ker/Ag scaffolds can effectively inhibit the inflammatory response and accelerate epithelialization. Thus, it can be concluded that the Ker/Ag scaffolds with uniform dispersion of AgNPs are more attractive as wound repair materials.
ZhaoXWuHGuoB, et al.Antibacterial anti-oxidant electroactive injectable hydrogel as self-healing wound dressing with hemostasis and adhesiveness for cutaneous wound healing. Biomaterials2017; 122: 34–47.
2.
LiangYHeJGuoB. Functional hydrogels as wound dressing to enhance wound healing. ACS Nano2021; 15: 12687–12722.
3.
SadeghianmaryanASardroudHAAllafasghariS, et al.Electrospinning of polyurethane/graphene oxide for skin wound dressing and its in vitro characterization. J Biomater Appl2020; 35: 135–145.
4.
SimõesDMiguelSPRibeiroMP, et al.Recent advances on antimicrobial wound dressing: A review. Eur J Pharm Biopharm2018; 127: 130–141.
5.
AmirianJZengYShekhMI, et al.In-situ crosslinked hydrogel based on amidated pectin/oxidized chitosan as potential wound dressing for skin repairing. Carbohydr Polym2021; 251: 117005.
6.
YuHChenXCaiJ, et al.Novel porous three-dimensional nanofibrous scaffolds for accelerating wound healing. Chem Eng J2019; 369: 253–262.
7.
DoostmohammadiMForootanfarHShakibaieM, et al.Bioactive anti-oxidative polycaprolactone/gelatin electrospun nanofibers containing selenium nanoparticles/vitamin E for wound dressing applications. J Biomater Appl2021; 36: 193–209.
8.
TaoGCaiRWangY, et al.Fabrication of antibacterial sericin based hydrogel as an injectable and mouldable wound dressing. Mater Sci Eng C2021; 119: 111597.
9.
FanJLeiTYuM, et al.Keratin/PEO/hydroxyapatite nanofiber membrane with improved mechanical property for potential burn dressing application. Fibers Polym2020; 21: 366–375.
10.
FerozSMuhammadNRatnayakeJ, et al.Keratin-based materials for biomedical applications. Bioact Mater2020; 5: 496–509.
11.
AgarwalVPanickerAGIndrakumarS, et al.Comparative study of keratin extraction from human hair. Int J Biol Macromol2019; 133: 382–390.
12.
MohamedJMAlqahtaniAAl FateaseA, et al.Human hair keratin composite scaffold: characterisation and biocompatibility study on NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells. Pharmaceuticals2021; 14: 781–795.
13.
BatzerATMarshCKirsnerRS. The use of keratin-based wound products on refractory wounds. Int Wound J2016; 13: 110–115.
14.
ZhangXYinMZhangL-j. Keratin 6, 16 and 17—critical barrier alarmin molecules in skin wounds and psoriasis. Cells2019; 8: 807–820.
15.
KirsnerRSCassidySMarshC, et al.Use of a keratin-based wound dressing in the management of wounds in a patient with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Adv Skin Wound Care2012; 25: 400–403.
16.
KonopMCzuwaraJKłodzińskaE, et al.Evaluation of keratin biomaterial containing silver nanoparticles as a potential wound dressing in full-thickness skin wound model in diabetic mice. J Tissue Eng Regen M2020; 14: 334–346.
17.
RaduCDVerestiucLUleaE, et al.Evaluation of Keratin/Bacterial cellulose based scaffolds as potential burned wound dressing. Appl Sci2021; 11: 1995–2011.
18.
KonopMLaskowskaAKRybkaM, et al.Keratin scaffolds containing casomorphin stimulate macrophage infiltration and accelerate full-thickness cutaneous wound healing in diabetic mice. Molecules2021; 26: 2554–2572.
19.
KumarSSDRajendranNKHoureldNN, et al.Recent advances on silver nanoparticle and biopolymer-based biomaterials for wound healing applications. Int J Biol Macromol2018; 115: 165–175.
20.
NandiSKShivaramABoseS, et al.Silver nanoparticle deposited implants to treat osteomyelitis. J Biomed Mater Res B2018; 106: 1073–1083.
21.
XuLWangY-YHuangJ, et al.Silver nanoparticles: synthesis, medical applications and biosafety. Theranostics2020; 10: 8996–9031.
22.
MayAKopeckiZCarneyB, et al.Antimicrobial silver dressings: a review of emerging issues for modern wound care. Anz J Surg2021; 2021: 1–6.
23.
JúniorAFRibeiroCALeyvaME, et al.Biophysical properties of electrospun chitosan-grafted poly(lactic acid) nanofibrous scaffolds loaded with chondroitin sulfate and silver nanoparticles. J Biomater Appl2021; 36: 1098–1110.
24.
YangJWangKYuD-G, et al.Electrospun Janus nanofibers loaded with a drug and inorganic nanoparticles as an effective antibacterial wound dressing. Mater Sci Eng C2020; 111: 110805.
25.
BrunaTMaldonado-BravoFJaraP, et al.Silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial applications. Int J Mol Sci2021; 22: 7202–7222.
26.
YanXHeBLiuL, et al.Antibacterial mechanism of silver nanoparticles in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: proteomics approach. Metallomics2018; 10: 557–564.
27.
LvHCuiSYangQ, et al.AgNPs-incorporated nanofiber mats: relationship between AgNPs size/content, silver release, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial activity. Mater Sci Eng C2021; 118: 111331.
28.
ZouJFengHMannerströmM, et al.Toxicity of silver nanoparticle in rat ear and BALB/c 3T3 cell line. J Nanobiotechnol2014; 12: 52.
29.
MilićMLeitingerGPavičićI, et al.Cellular uptake and toxicity effects of silver nanoparticles in mammalian kidney cells. J Appl Toxicol2015; 35: 581–592.
30.
AkterMSikderMTRahmanMM, et al.A systematic review on silver nanoparticles-induced cytotoxicity: Physicochemical properties and perspectives. J Adv Res2018; 9: 1–16.
31.
YeHChengJYuK. In situ reduction of silver nanoparticles by gelatin to obtain porous silver nanoparticle/chitosan composites with enhanced antimicrobial and wound-healing activity. Int J Biol Macromol2019; 121: 633–642.
32.
SkładanowskiMGolinskaPRudnickaK, et al.Evaluation of cytotoxicity, immune compatibility and antibacterial activity of biogenic silver nanoparticles. Med Microbiol Immun2016; 205: 603–613.
33.
Miethling-GraffRRumpkerRRichterM, et al.Exposure to silver nanoparticles induces size-and dose-dependent oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in human colon carcinoma cells. Toxicol in Vitro2014; 28: 1280–1289.
34.
ParkMVDZNeighAMVermeulenJP, et al.The effect of particle size on the cytotoxicity, inflammation, developmental toxicity and genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles. Biomaterials2011; 32: 9810–9817.
35.
LiuWWuYWangC, et al.Impact of silver nanoparticles on human cells: Effect of particle size. Nanotoxicology2010; 4: 319–330.
36.
FanJLeiT-DLiJ, et al.High protein content keratin/poly (ethylene oxide) nanofibers crosslinked in oxygen atmosphere and its cell culture. Mater Des2016; 104: 60–67.
37.
MehrabaniMGKarimianRMehramouzB, et al.Preparation of biocompatible and biodegradable silk fibroin/chitin/silver nanoparticles 3D scaffolds as a bandage for antimicrobial wound dressing. Int J Biol Macromol2018; 114: 961–971.
38.
Jalili TabaiiMEmtiaziG. Transparent nontoxic antibacterial wound dressing based on silver nano particle/bacterial cellulose nano composite synthesized in the presence of tripolyphosphate. J Drug Delivery Sci Technol2018; 44: 244–253.
39.
ChenHLanGRanL, et al.A novel wound dressing based on a Konjac glucomannan/silver nanoparticle composite sponge effectively kills bacteria and accelerates wound healing. Carbohydr Polym2018; 183: 70–80.
40.
Sudheesh KumarPTSrinivasanSLakshmananV-K, et al.β-Chitin hydrogel/nano hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Carbohydr Polym2011; 85: 584–591.
41.
AugustineRAugustineAKalarikkalN, et al.Fabrication and characterization of biosilver nanoparticles loaded calcium pectinate nano-micro dual-porous antibacterial wound dressings. Prog Biomater2016; 5: 223–235.
42.
KalantariKMostafaviESalehB, et al.Chitosan/PVA hydrogels incorporated with green synthesized cerium oxide nanoparticles for wound healing applications. Eur Polym J2020; 134: 109853.
43.
HuangDPengZHuZ, et al.A new consolidation system for aged silk fabrics: effect of reactive epoxide-ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether. React Funct Polym2013; 73: 168–174.
44.
RamyaKRThangamRMadhanB. Comparative analysis of the chemical treatments used in keratin extraction from red sheep’s hair and the cell viability evaluations of this keratin for tissue engineering applications. Process Biochem2020; 90: 223–232.
AugustineRKalarikkalNThomasS. Electrospun PCL membranes incorporated with biosynthesized silver nanoparticles as antibacterial wound dressings. Appl Nanosci2015; 6: 337–344.
47.
HebeishAEl-RafieMHEl-SheikhMA, et al.Antimicrobial wound dressing and anti-inflammatory efficacy of silver nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol2014; 65: 509–515.
48.
YangXWangBShaD, et al.Injectable and antibacterial ε-poly(l-lysine)-modified poly(vinyl alcohol)/chitosan/AgNPs hydrogels as wound healing dressings. Polymer2021; 212: 123155.
49.
KawataKOsawaMOkabeS. Vitro toxicity of silver nanoparticles at noncytotoxic doses to HepG2 human hepatoma cells. Environ Sci Technol2009; 43: 6046–6051.
50.
TakamiyaASMonteiroDRBernabéDG, et al.Vitro and in vivo toxicity evaluation of colloidal silver nanoparticles used in endodontic treatments. J Endodont2016; 42: 953–960.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
