This paper presents one of the most important renewable energy candidates, analyzing its viability in light of significant requirements and recent global events, including health and political factors. This candidate is wind energy, which has recently gained wide attention. During this review, we will introduce wind energy technologies, discuss their present development, explore current research challenges and opportunities (current status), and outline future prospects. Furthermore, the top countries in the 19th century (the beginning) and the present top five countries for wind energy capacity in 2021. The primary finding of the proposed study is that the future of this energy is open and promising. Therefore, researchers are working to design wind turbines that can withstand and operate in the most difficult conditions to make their devices and systems more cost-effective and competitive with fossil fuel energy systems.
Abdelateef MostafaMEl-HayEAElkholyMM (2023) Recent trends in wind energy conversion system with grid integration based on soft computing methods: comprehensive review, comparisons and insights. Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering30: 1439–1478.
2.
AdhikariDRTechatoKJariyaboonR (2024) A systematic literature review on renewable energy technologies for energy sustainability in Nepal: key challenges and opportunities. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development13: 206–222.
3.
AsimTIslamSZHemmatiA, et al. (2022) A review of recent advancements in offshore wind turbine technology. Energies15: 579.
4.
BenamimourTBentounsiADjeghloudH (2017) Study of wind turbine based variable reluctance generator using hybrid FEMM-MATLAB modeling. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering7: 1–11.
5.
BensalahABarakatGAmaraY (2022) Electrical generators for large wind turbine: trends and challenges. Energies15: 6700.
6.
BilgiliMAlphanH (2022) Global growth in offshore wind turbine technology. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy24: 2215–2227.
7.
BiswasSChenJSJ (2025) Power coefficient for large wind turbines considering wind gradient along height. Energies18(3): 740.
BlaabjergFIonelDM (2017) Renewable Energy Devices and Systems with Simulations in Matlab® and Ansys®. CRC Press.
10.
ChatterjeeJDethlefsN (2021) Scientometric review of artificial intelligence for operations & maintenance of wind turbines: the past, present and future. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews144: 111051.
11.
ChengKLinJBaoY, et al. (2009) Review of the wind energy generating system. In: DangT (ed) Introduction, History, and Theory of Wind Power. 41st North American Power Symposium, 2009. IEEE, pp. 1–6.
12.
DangT. (2009) Introduction, history, and theory of wind power. 41st North American Power Symposium.IEEE, 1-6.
13.
DesalegnBGebeyehuDTamratB (2022) Wind energy conversion technologies and engineering approaches to enhancing wind power generation: a review. Heliyon8: 01–21.
GaoQErtugrulNDingB, et al. (2020) Offshore wind, wave and integrated energy conversion systems: a review and future. In: 2020 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC). IEEE, pp. 1–6.
16.
GipePMöllerströmE (2022) An overview of the history of wind turbine development: part I—the early wind turbines until the 1960s. Wind Engineering46: 1973–2004.
17.
GipePMöllerströmE (2023) An overview of the history of wind turbine development: part II–The 1970s onward. Wind Engineering47: 220–248.
18.
GomezMAMuñozAGZuluagaDH (2025) A numerical H darrieus hydrokinetic turbine performance assessment with the application of openings in blade geometry. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development14: 1–9.
19.
HansenADHansenLH (2007) Wind turbine concept market penetration over 10 years (1995–2004). Wind Energy10: 81–97.
IRENA (2019) Future of Wind: Deployment, Investment, Technology, Grid Integration and Socio-Economic Aspects (A Global Energy Transformation Paper). Abu Dhabi: International Renewable Energy Agency.
22.
IRENA (2022) Renewable Energy Targets in 2022: A Guide to Design. Abu Dhabi: International Renewable Energy Agency.
23.
IRENA (2024) International renewable energy agency. https://www.irena.org/ (Accessed February 2024).
24.
KhadkaAAfsharAZadehM, et al. (2022) Strain monitoring of wind turbines using a semi-autonomous drone. Wind Engineering46: 296–307.
25.
KinaniKEMeunierSVidoL, et al. (2023) Interdisciplinary analysis of wind energy-a focus on France. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments55: 102944.
26.
LebsirABenamimourT (2023) Renewable energies in the twenty-first century: a global-view. In: 2023 Second International Conference on Energy Transition and Security (ICETS). IEEE, pp. 1–6.
27.
LebsirABentounsiABenbouzidM, et al. (2015) Electric generators fitted to wind turbine systems: an up-to-date comparative study. Journal of Electrical Systems11: 281–295.
28.
LebsirABenbouzidMBentounsiA, et al. (2016) Switched reluctance generator models for wind turbine systems. Electromotion23: 3–9.
29.
LyonsJPRobinsonMCVeersP, et al. (2008) Wind turbine technology–the path to 20% US electrical energy. In: 2008 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting-Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, 2008. IEEE, pp. 1–4.
30.
MckennaRLilliestamJHeinrichsHU, et al. (2025) System impacts of wind energy developments: key research challenges and opportunities. Joule9: 101799.
31.
MriguaKZemamouMAggourM (2022) Numerical investigation of a new modified savonius wind turbines. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development11: 1113–1123.
32.
MsigwaGIghaloJOYapP-S (2022) Considerations on environmental, economic, and energy impacts of wind energy generation: projections towards sustainability initiatives. The Science of the Total Environment849: 157755.
33.
NejadARKellerJGuoY, et al. (2021) Wind turbine drivetrains: state-of-the-art technologies and future development trends. Wind Energy Science2021: 387–411.
OzoemenaMCheungWMHasanR (2018) Comparative LCA of technology improvement opportunities for a 1.5-MW wind turbine in the context of an onshore wind farm. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy20: 173–190.
36.
RajendranSDiazMCárdenasR, et al. (2022) A review of generators and power converters for multi-MW wind energy conversion systems. Processes10: 2302.
37.
RebeccaWFengZJoyceL (2022) Gwec | global offshore wind report 2022. Rue de Commerce31: 1000.
RibeiroJARibeiroBAPimentaF, et al. (2025) Offshore wind turbine tower design and optimization: a review and AI-driven future directions. Applied Energy397: 126294.
40.
RogaSBardhanSKumarY, et al. (2022) Recent technology and challenges of wind energy generation: a review. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments52: 102239.
41.
SayedETWilberforceTElsaidK, et al. (2021) A critical review on environmental impacts of renewable energy systems and mitigation strategies: wind, hydro, biomass and geothermal. The Science of the Total Environment766: 144505.
ThotaKVelpulaSBasettiV (2024) A scientometric analysis on DFIG-based wind energy conversion system research trends. Discover Applied Sciences7: 7.
47.
TongW (2010) Wind Power Generation and Wind Turbine Design. WIT press.
48.
UllahFZhangXKhanM, et al. (2024) A comprehensive review of wind power integration and energy storage technologies for modern grid frequency regulation. Heliyon10: e30466.
WiserRMillsteinDBolingerM, et al. (2021) The hidden value of large-rotor, tall-tower wind turbines in the United States. Wind Engineering45: 857–871.
54.
YaramasuVWuBSenPC, et al. (2015) High-power wind energy conversion systems: state-of-the-art and emerging technologies. Proceedings of the IEEE103: 740–788.
55.
ZhangPHuangS (2011) Review of aeroelasticity for wind turbine: current status, research focus and future perspectives. Frontiers in Energy5: 419–434.
