In order to correct the misunderstanding of previous studies, this article presents a novel interpretation of inertia response of double fed induction generator (DFIG) from system perspective. The dominant factors affecting frequency dynamics are clarified combined with the regulation process. And the differences of inertia responses between synchronous generator (SG) and DFIG are analyzed and illustrated for the first time. To obtain better insight into physical properties of DFIG, a frequency response linearized model of DFIG with inertia emulation is derived according to vector control strategy, and based on the analytical model, the essential reason of frequency support by DFIG is revealed and rectified from not only frequency dynamics but also rotor angle stability perspective. The simulation of a generic two-machine system and two-machine infinite bus system are implemented in MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results verifies that the linearized model of DFIG is effective for frequency study, and conclusion is acquired that the frequency enhancement of DFIG to system should be recognized as “fast power response” instead of providing virtual inertia.
AkhmatovV (2002) Variable-speed wind turbines with doubly-fed induction generators: Part i: modelling in dynamic simulation tools. Wind Engineering26(2): 85–108.
2.
AndersonPMFouadAA (2008) Power System Control and Stability. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
3.
BoyleJLittlerTFoleyAM (2024) Coordination of synthetic inertia from wind turbines and battery energy storage systems to mitigate the impact of the synthetic inertia speed-recovery period. Renewable Energy223: 120037.
4.
CardenasRPenaRAlepuzS, et al. (2013) Overview of control systems for the operation of DFIGs in wind energy applications. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics60(7): 2776–2798.
5.
ChenCSuYYangT, et al. (2023) Virtual inertia coordination control strategy of DFIG-based wind turbine for improved grid frequency response ability. Electric Power Systems Research216: 109076.
6.
ChuZMarkovicUHugG, et al. (2020) Towards optimal system scheduling with synthetic inertia provision from wind turbines. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems35(5): 4056–4066.
7.
de AlmeidaRGPecas LopesJA (2007) Participation of doubly fed induction wind generators in system frequency regulation. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems22(3): 944–950.
8.
EkanayakeJJenkinsN (2004) Comparison of the response of doubly fed and fixed-speed induction generator wind turbines to changes in network frequency. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion19(4): 800–802.
9.
EkanayakeJBJenkinsNStrbacG (2001) Frequency response from wind turbines. Wind Engineering32: 573–586.
10.
GautamDGoelLAyyanarR, et al. (2011) Control strategy to mitigate the impact of reduced inertia due to doubly fed induction generators on large power systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems26(1): 214–224.
11.
GuoXDonghaiZXudongZ, et al. (2021) Dynamic inertia evaluation for type-3 wind turbines based on inertia function. IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems11(1): 28–38. doi: 10.1109/JETCAS.2021.3051029.
12.
HeWYuanXHuJ (2017) Inertia provision and estimation of PLL-based DFIG wind turbines. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems32(1): 510–521.
13.
HuJSunLYuanX, et al. (2017) Modeling of type 3 wind turbines with df/dt inertia control for system frequency response study. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems32(4): 2799–2809.
14.
HuJYanZChenS, et al. (2022) Distributionally Robust optimization for generation expansion planning considering virtual inertia from wind farms. Electric Power Systems Research210: 108060.
15.
HuangYWangYLiC, et al. (2022) Physics insight of the inertia of power systems and methods to provide inertial response. CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems8(2): 559–568.
16.
JafariMGharehpetianGBAnvari-MoghaddamA (2024) On the role of virtual inertia units in modern power systems: a review of control strategies, applications and recent developments. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems159: 110067.
17.
JiangCCaiGYangD, et al. (2024) Multi-objective configuration and evaluation of dynamic virtual inertia from DFIG based wind farm for frequency regulation. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems158: 109956.
18.
LiYGuYGreenTC (2022) Revisiting grid-forming and grid-following inverters: a duality theory. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems37(6): 4541–4554.
19.
LiuJYangZYuJ, et al. (2020) Coordinated control parameter setting of DFIG wind farms with virtual inertia control. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems122: 106167.
20.
MorrenJde HaanSWHKlingWL, et al. (2006) Wind turbines emulating inertia and supporting primary frequency control. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems21(1): 433–434.
21.
OchoaDMartinezS (2018) Frequency dependent strategy for mitigating wind power fluctuations of a doubly-fed induction generator wind turbine based on virtual inertia control and blade pitch angle regulation. Renewable Energy128(Part A): 108–124.
22.
SinghGSundaramK (2020) Manufacturing deformation impact on the performance of electrical generator for the wind turbine application. Wind Engineering45(1): 0309524X2096881.
23.
SinghGSundaramK (2021) Common mode current effects and challenges for wind turbine generator application. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2021 Power Conference. ASME 2021 Power Conference. 20–22 July2021. V001T09A002.https://doi.org/10.1115/POWER2021-63236
24.
SinghGSundaramK (2022) Methods to improve wind turbine generator bearing temperature imbalance for onshore wind turbines. Wind Engineering46(1): 46–159.
25.
SinghGSalehAAmosJ, et al. (2018) IC6A1A6 vs. IC3A1 squirrel cage induction generator cooling configuration challenges and advantages for wind turbine application. In: ASME 2018 Power Conference Collocated with the ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2018 Nuclear Forum. DOI: 10.1115/POWER2018-7159.
26.
SinghGMatuontoMAmosJ, et al. (2019a) System of systems strand tilt analysis perspective on MediuMHigh voltage stator bar and a non-destructive testing case study. In: 2019 IEEE International Systems Conference (SysCon). Orlando, FL, 1–8. DOI: 10.1109/SYSCON.2019.8836934.
27.
SinghGSundaramKSalehA (2019b) Addressing reduced ingress protection class & proper filter selection for open ventilated (IC3A1) wind turbine generator. In: 2019 10th International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC). Sousse, Tunisia, 1–5. DOI: 10.1109/IREC.2019.8754542.
28.
SinghGMatuontoMSundaramK (2019c) Impact of imbalanced wind turbine generator cooling on reliability. In: 2019 10th International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC). Sousse, Tunisia, 1–6. DOI: 10.1109/IREC.2019.8754545.
29.
SinghGLentijoSSundaramK (2019d) The impact of the converter on the reliability of a wind turbine generator. In: ASME 2019 Power Conference. DOI: 10.1115/power2019-1966.
30.
SinghGSundaramKMatuontoM (2021) A solution to reduce overheating and increase wind turbine systems availability. Wind Engineering45(3): 491–504.
31.
VenkatramanAMarkovicUShchetininD, et al. (2021) Improving dynamic performance of low-inertia systems through eigensensitivity optimization. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems36(5): 4075–4088.
32.
WangJZhangX (2024) Transient virtual inertia optimization strategy for virtual synchronous generator based on equilibrium point state assessment. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems155(Part B): 109588.
33.
WangSHuJYuanX (2015) Virtual synchronous control for grid-connected DFIG-based wind turbines. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics3(4): 932–944.
34.
WuY -KYangW -HHuY -L, et al. (2019) Frequency regulation at a wind farm using time-varying inertia and droop controls. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications55(1): 213–224.
35.
YaghobiHAlinejad-BeromiYBustanD, et al. (2020) Power-control and speed-control modes of a DFIG using adaptive sliding mode type-2 neuro-fuzzy for wind energy conversion system. IET Renewable Power Generation14(15): 2946–2954.
36.
YangDJinhoKCheolYK, et al. (2018) Temporary frequency support of a DFIG for high wind power penetration. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems33(3): 3428–3437. doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2018.2810841.
37.
YeHPeiWQiZ (2016) Analytical modeling of inertial and droop responses from a wind farm for short-term frequency regulation in power systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems31(5): 3414–3423.
38.
ZhangXZhuZYuanF, et al. (2020) Optimized virtual inertia of wind turbine for rotor angle stability in interconnected power systems. Electric Power Systems Research180: 106157.
