Forty-nine 5–week-old chickens were inoculated by the intravenous (IV), intratracheal (IT), or intranasal (IN) routes with either a chicken-origin or one of two duck-origin type A influenza virus isolates. Twelve control chickens were inoculated with sterile chorioallantoic fluid. For all viruses, IV inoculation produced predominate lesions of renal tubule necrosis (nephrosis) and nephritis, and influenza virus nuclcoprotein was localized in nuclei and cytoplasm of necrotic renal tubule epithelium. Chickens inoculated by the IT route, and to a lesser extent the IN route, had mild to severe tracheitis, bronchitis, and ventromedial pneumonia associated with secondary bronchi but lacked renal tubule necrosis and nephritis. These data indicate low-virulence avian-origin influenza viruses were nephrotropic during simulated systemic infection (IV inoculation) and pneumotropic during simulated local infection (IT and IN inoculation). Gross and histologic kidney lesions produced by IV inoculation of the chicken-origin influenza virus were similar to changes reported in outbreaks of low-virulence influenza virus in laying chickens.
AclandHMSilverman BachinLAEckroadeRJ: Lesions in broiler and layer chickens in an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection. Vet Pathol21:564–569, 1984
2.
AlexanderDJ: Avian influenza. Recent developments. Vet Bull52:341–359, 1982
3.
AlexanderDJAllanWHParsonsDGParsonsG: The pathogenicity of four avian influenza viruses for fowls, turkeys and ducks. Res Vet Sci24:242–247, 1978
4.
AlexanderDJGoughRE: Isolations of avian influenza virus from birds in Great Britain. Vet Rec118:537–538, 1986
5.
AlexanderDJParsonsGManvellRJ: Experimental assessment of the pathogenicity of eight influenza A viruses of N5 subtype for chickens, turkeys, ducks and quail. Avian Pathol15: 647–662, 1986
6.
BeardCW: Influenza. In: A Laboratory Manual for the Isolation and Identification of Avian Pathogens, ed. PurchaseHGArpLHDomermuthCHPearsonJE, 3rd ed., pp. 110–113. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, IA, 1989
7.
BrownTPFletcherOJOsuna0WyattRD: Microscopic and ultrastructural renal pathology of oosporein-induced toxicosis in broiler chicks. Avian Dis31:868–877, 1987
8.
BrownTPGlissonJRRosalesGVillagesPDavisRB: Studies of avian urolithiasis associated with an infectious bronchitis virus. Avian Dis31:629–636, 1987
9.
BrughM: Highly pathogenic virus recovered from chickens infected with mildly pathogenic 1986 isolates of H5N2 avian influenza virus. Avian Dis32:695–703, 1988
10.
BrughM: Reevaluation of the pathogenicity of A/chicken/Alabama/75 (H4N8) influenza. Poult Sci69(Suppl 1):26, 1990 (Abstract)
11.
BrughMBeardCW: Influence of dietary calcium stress on lethality of avian influenza viruses for laying chickens. Avian Dis30:672–678, 1986
12.
ChoYEdgarSA: Characterization of infectious bursa1 disease. Poult Sci51:60–69, 1971
13.
ChongKTApostolovK: The pathogenesis of nephritis in chickens induced by infectious bronchitis virus. J Comp Pathol92:199–211, 1982
14.
CondoberyPKSlemonsRD: Biological properties of waterfowl-origin type A influenza viruses in chickens. Avian Dis36: 17–23, 1992
15.
CooleyAJVan CampenHPhilpottMSEasterdayBCHinshawVS: Pathological lesions in the lungs of ducks infected with influenza A viruses. Vet Pathol26:1–5, 1989
16.
CowenBSWidemanRFBrauneMOOwenRL: An infectious bronchitis virus isolated from chickens experiencing a urolithiasis outbreak. I. In vitro characterization studies. Avian Dis31:878–883, 1987
17.
CummingRB: The isolation of a virus from “uraemia” infected chickens. Austr J Sci25: 314, 1963
18.
EasterdayBCHinshawVS: Influenza. In: Diseases of Poultry, ed. CalnekBWBarnesHJBeardCWReidWMYoderHWJr, 9th ed., pp. 532–551. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, 1991
19.
GlahnRPWidemanRFCowenBS: Effect of Gray strain infectious bronchitis virus and high dietary calcium on renal function of Single Comb White Leghorn pullets at 6, 10, and 18 weeks of age. Poult Sci67: 1250–1263, 1988
20.
GlahnRPWidemanRFCowenBS: Order of exposure to high dietary calcium and Gray strain infectious bronchitis virus alters renal function and the incidence of urolithiasis. Poult Sci68: 1193–1204, 1989
HooperPT:
Lesions in chickens experimentally infected with 1985 H7N7 avian influenza virus.
Aust Vet J66:
155–156,
1989.
23.
JohnsonDCMaxfieldBG:
An occurrence of avian influenza virus infection in laying chickens.
Avian Dis20:
422–424,
1976.
24.
JohnsonDCMaxfieldBGMoulthropJI:
Epidemiologic studies of the 1975 avian influenza outbreak in chickens in Alabama.
Avian Dis21:
167–177,
1977.
25.
JungherrELTyzzerEEBlandlyCAMosesHE:
The comparative pathology of fowl plague and Newcastle disease.
Am J Vet Res7:
250–288,
1946.
26.
KawaokaYWebsterRG:
Molecular mechanism of acquisition of virulence in influenza virus in nature.
Microb Pathog5:
311–318,
1988.
27.
KubenaLFHarveyRBHuffWECorrierDEPhilipsTDRottinghausGE:
Influence of ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin singly and in combination on broiler chickens.
Poult Sci68:
867–872,
1989.
28.
LipkindMWeismanYShihmanterEShohamD:
Review of the three-year studies on the ecology of avian influenza viruses in Israel.
Proc Int Symp Avian Influenza1:
69–78,
1981.
29.
MaedaMImadaTTaniguchiTHoriuchiT:
Pathological changes in chicks inoculated with the picornavirus “avian nephritis virus”.
Avian Dis23:
589–596,
1979.
30.
MedhiNAQCarltonWWBoonGDTuiteJ:
Studies in the sequential development and pathogenesis of citrinin mycotoxicosis in turkeys and ducklings.
Vet Pathol21:
216–223,
1984.
31.
MeulemansG:
Avian influenza in Belgium.
Proc Int Symp Avian Influenza1:
19–20,
1981.
32.
MeulemansG:
Status of avian influenza in western Europe: 1981–1986.
Proc Int Symp Avian Influenza2:
79–83,
1987.
33.
NaritaMOhtaKKawamuraHShiraiJNakamuraKAbeF:
Pathogenesis of renal dysfunction in chicks experimentally induced by avian nephritis virus.
Avian Pathol19:
571–582,
1990.
34.
OlanderHJBrownCCSenneD:
Immunohistochemical demonstration of the distribution of avian influenza virus subtype H5N2 in mature chickens after experimental exposure.
Proc Annu Meet Am Coll Vet Pathol42:
191,
1991.
35.
PalmerDFColemanMTDowdleWDSchildGO:
Advanced Laboratory Techniques for Influenza Diagnosis.
Immunology scries no. 6,
US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, Centers of Disease Control,
Atlanta, GA,
1975.
PomeroyBS:
Avian influenza in turkeys in U.S.A. (1981–86).
Proc Int Symp Avian Influenza2:
14–21,
1986.
38.
SillerWG:
Renal pathology of the fowl—a review.
Avian Pathol10:
187–262,
1981.
39.
SlemonsRDCondoberyPKSwayneDE:
Assessing pathogenicity potential of waterfowl-origin type A influenza viruses in chickens.
Avian Dis35:
210–215,
1991.
40.
SlemonsRDJohnsonDCOsbornJSHayesF:
Type-A influenza viruses isolated from wild free-flying ducks in California.
Avian Dis18:
119–124,
1974.
41.
SlemonsRDLockeLNSheerarMGDuncanRMHinshawVSEasterdayBC:
Kidney lesions associated with mortality in chickens inoculated with waterfowl influenza viruses.
Avian Dis34:
120–128,
1990.
42.
SlemonsRDShieldcastleMCHeymanLDBednarikKESenneDA:
Type A viruses in waterfowl in Ohio and implications for domestic turkeys.
Avian Dis35:
165–173,
1991.
43.
SlemonsRDSwayneDE:
Experimental evidence for kidney tropism properties among waterfowl-origin avian influenza viruses.
Proc Am Vet Med Assoc127:
107,
1990.
44.
SlemonsRDSwayneDE:
Replication of waterfowl-origin influenza virus in the kidney and intestine of chickens.
Avian Dis34:
277–284,
1990.
45.
SiemonsRDSwayneDE:
Nephrotropic properties demonstrated by A/chicken/Alabama/75 (H4N8) following intravenous challenge of chickens.
Avian Dis36:
926–931,
1992.
46.
SwayneDESlemonsRD:
Renal pathology in specific-pathogen-free chickens inoculated with a waterfowl-origin type A influenza virus.
Avian Dis34:
285–294,
1990.
47.
UysCJBeckerWB:
Experimental infection of chickens with influenza A/tern/South Africa/1961 and A/chicken/Scotland/1959 viruses.
J Comp Pathol77:
167–173,
1967.
48.
Van CampenHEasterdayBCHinshawVS:
Destruction of lymphycytes by a virulent avian influenza A virus.
J Gen Virol70:
467–472,
1989.
49.
Van CampenHEasterdayBCHinshawVS:
Virulent avian influenza A viruses: their effect on avian lymphocytes and macrophages in vivo and in vitro.
J Gen Virol70:
2887–2895,
1989.
50.
WidemanRFClosserJARoushWBCowenBS:
Urolithiasis in pullets and laying hens: role of dietary calcium and phosphorus.
Poult Sci64:
2300–2307,
1985.
51.
WinterfieldRWAlbassamMA:
Nephropathogenicity of infectious bronchitis virus.
Poult Sci63:
2358–2363,
1984.
52.
WinterfieldRWHitchnerSB:
Etiology of an infectious nephritis-nephrosis syndrome of chickens.
Am J Vet Res23:
1273–1279,
1962.
