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Abstract

Objective

AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1A (ARID1A) is frequently mutated or deficient in various types of tumors. However, the role of ARID1A in bladder cancer remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate ARID1A expression and its biological role and correlation with prognosis in patients with urothelial bladder carcinoma (BUC).

Methods

ARID1A expression levels in BUC and normal tissues were assessed by immunohistochemistry and correlated with clinicopathological characteristics and patient outcomes. Downregulation of ARID1A was mimicked by transfection with small interfering RNA in T24 bladder cancer cells, and the effects on cell proliferation and migration were evaluated.

Results

ARID1A expression was significantly reduced in BUC tissues and was significantly associated with T stage and AJCC stage. Upregulation of ARID1A predicted a better prognosis in BUC patients. ARID1A expression and lymph node status were identified as independent prognostic factors for overall survival. Silencing of ARID1A promoted the proliferation of BUC cells.

Conclusions

ARID1A may represent a novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in patients with BUC.

Keywords

ARID1A bladder cancer tumor suppressor proliferation migration prognosis

Introduction

Bladder cancer (BC) is the fourth most common malignant neoplasm worldwide, with a morbidity of 7% and mortality of 4%.^1,2 Despite rapid advancements in the treatment of BC over recent years, the overall survival (OS) rate of patients remains unoptimistic.³ In the United States, BC poses a considerable burden on patients due to the long-term follow-up and monitoring required to detect progression and recurrence.⁴ The prognosis of patients with BC is mainly predicted by clinical and pathological stages, such as the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and TMN staging. However, the main disadvantage of these systems is the lack of relevant tumor markers. In addition, the precision of forecasting by the current staging systems is low in the era of precision medical treatment.⁵ There is thus an urgent need for novel molecular biomarkers for therapeutic and prognostic prediction, to improve disease management and treatment efficacy.⁶

AT-rich interactive domain 1A (ARID1A) is tumor-suppressor that interacts with brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1, a component of the evolutionarily conserved SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex) to form a switch/sucrose non-fermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling protein complex. The ARID1A gene has been shown to be frequently mutated in ovarian clear cell carcinoma (57%),⁷ endometrioid carcinoma (23%–42%),⁸ liver cancer (10%–16.8%),^9,10 and lung cancer (8%).¹¹ These mutations, which are primarily frameshift or nonsense mutations resulting in mRNA decay, protein folding errors, or domain dysfunction, are the main cause of ARID1A deficiency.

Functional studies have revealed that ARID1A influences cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. Specifically, colony formation in soft agar was suppressed in a breast cancer cell line with re-expression of ARID1A.¹² Silencing of ARID1A in gynecologic cancer cell lines enhanced cell proliferation and colony formation, while recovery of ARID1A expression exerted the opposite effect.¹³ Furthermore, ARID1A silencing increased the migration and invasion abilities of liver cancer cells.¹⁴ ARID1A regulated cell migration and invasion by mediating of E-cadherin signaling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastric cancer.¹⁵ Together with p53, ARID1A regulated p21 and SMAD3 transcription and mediated tumor growth in gynecologic cancers.¹⁶ These results suggest that ARID1A suppresses cell proliferation by modulating the cell cycle.

Gui et al.¹⁷ discovered inactivation of ARID1A in 18.5% of patients with urothelial bladder carcinoma (BUC). Furthermore, a recent study⁷ established that low expression of ARID1A was associated with reduced recurrence in patients with non-muscular invasive BC treated by transurethral resection of the bladder. Low ARID1A expression tended to predict a better outcome. In addition, ARID1A expression gradually and significantly increased from normal through noninvasive urothelial carcinoma to invasive urothelial carcinoma.¹⁸ In a previous study, ARID1A inactivation was found to be a critical regulator in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3-wild-type bladder carcinoma tumors.¹⁹ However, the biological role of ARID1A in BC remains unclear.^17,19 In this study, we assessed ARID1A expression in patients with BUC by immunohistochemistry (IHC). We also evaluated the associations between ARID1A expression and clinicopathological and prognostic features, and assessed the biological role of ARID1A in BC cells.

Materials and methods

Patient cohort

We collected surgical tissue specimens from patients undergoing radical cystectomy for BC at the Department of Urology, XinHua Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine between February 2012 and December 2018. The indications for radical cystectomy were based on European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines. Follow-up information was collected by the authors from May 2012 to June 2019 at 3-month intervals after surgery. OS was calculated from the date of surgery to the date of death or final follow-up. Cancer-specific survival (CSS) was defined as the time from surgery to the date of death from BC. All pathological specimens were confirmed by a professional urological pathologist. All patients provided signed informed consent, and the study was approved by the ethics committee of XinHua Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine.

The inclusion criteria were: (1) age 18 years or above; (2) confirmed BUC; (3) no distant metastasis; (4) complete clinical characteristics and outcome data; (5) indicated for radical resection of BC according to EAU guidelines; and (6) underwent standardized radical surgery for BC. Exclusion criteria were incomplete clinical or follow-up data and non-urothelial carcinoma.

Most high-risk patients (pT3+ disease or with one positive lymph node) were treated with a standard postoperative cisplatin-based regimen (gemcitabine 1000 mg/m² on days 1 and 8; cisplatin 70 mg/m² on day 2; once every 3 weeks for 6 cycles) according to EAU recommendations. Some high-risk patients did not receive chemotherapy because of advanced age or poor general condition.

ARID1A IHC and scoring system

IHC was performed using a polyclonal rabbit anti-ARID1A antibody (HPA005456; Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) at 1:6000 dilution.¹⁹ Antigen retrieval was carried out by submerging the tissue sections in hydrogen peroxide block for 10 to 15 minutes, followed by blocking with serum for 30 minutes and incubation with the rabbit antibody at a dilution of 1:1000 at 4°C overnight. Only nuclear staining was evaluated.

The staining intensities of the specimens were evaluated independently by two professional pathologists. A histochemistry score (H score) was applied to select the cutoff value for staining intensity. The H score is a method of scoring the results of immunohistochemical analyses. The number of positive cells and their staining intensity in each section were transformed into corresponding values to produce semi-quantitative staining scores as follows: percent stained area (0 = 0%; 1 = 1%–25%; 2 = 26%–50%; 3 = 51%–75%; 4 = 76%–100%) and staining intensity (0 = negative, 1 = weakly positive, 2 = moderately positive, and 3 = strongly positive).¹⁸

Proliferation assay

Cell proliferation was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay. T24 BUC cells (Shanghai Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China) were transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) and a single cell suspension was prepared. Approximately 2000 cells were seeded in each well of a 96-well plate. Each experiment included at least three replicates. After 24 hours, CCK8 reagent (10 µL; GLPBIO, Montclair, CA, USA) was added to each plate and the absorbance of the dye at 450 nm was measured at different time points using an Epoch microplate spectrophotometer (BioTek Instruments, Inc., Winooski, VT, USA).

Cell migration assay

Cell migration was evaluated by Transwell assay. Briefly, T24 BUC cells were transfected with ARID1A siRNA (GCCCUAACAUGGCCAAUAUTT) and incubated in serum-free medium for 24 hours, and then used to prepare a cell suspension. The treated cells were seeded into the upper chamber of a Transwell plate (diameter 0.8 µm) and medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum as a chemotactic factor was then added to the lower chamber and cultured for 24 hours at 37°C. The chamber was fixed for 30 minutes and stained with 0.1% crystal violet for 20 minutes. Residual cells in the upper chamber were scraped off carefully with cotton swabs and residual dye was washed off using phosphate-buffered saline. The cells were then observed under a light microscope and cell numbers were calculated in three randomly selected fields.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses were carried out using GraphPad Prism 7.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). ARID1A expression levels in tumor and normal tissues were compared using unpaired Student’s t-test. Correlations between ARID1A expression and clinicopathological characteristics in patients with BC were evaluated by χ² tests. Survival curves were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier algorithm and log-rank (Mantel–Cox) test. Independent prognostic variables were evaluated by univariate and Cox multivariate analyses. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of covariates were calculated. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Patients

We collected surgical tissue specimens, pathological data, and clinical characteristics for 78 patients undergoing radical cystectomy for BC. Nine of these patients were excluded because of incomplete clinical or follow-up data, and three were excluded because of non-urothelial carcinoma. The remaining 66 patients included six cases of T1G3 non-muscle invasive BC, three bladder tumor in situ (Tis), and 57 cases of T2–T4 muscle invasive BC Table 1). The average follow-up time for the entire cohort was 51.0 months (range, 4–82 months).

Table 1.

Correlation between ARID1A expression and clinicopathological variables in patients with bladder urothelial carcinoma.

	Low ARID1A expression (n = 31)	High ARID1A expression (n = 35)	P-value
Sex
Male	23	31	0.131
Female	8	4	0.131
Age, years	68.32 ± 10.989	69.86 ± 8.738	0.530
Tumor grade
Low	7	12	0.295
High	24	23	0.295
Tumor stage
T1–T2, Tis	13	24	0.03
T3–T4	18	11	0.03
Lymph node stage
N0	25	27	0.728
N1	6	8	0.728
AJCC stage
1–2	10	20	0.043
3–4	21	15	0.043
Tumor volume (cm³)	12.43 ± 12.93	20.98 ± 21.72	0.086

Values given as number or mean ± standard deviation.

Thirty patients (18 T3–T4N0M0, 6 T3–4N1M0, and 6 T2N1M0) received adjuvant chemotherapy, with the dose calculated individually.

ARID1A was significantly downregulated in BC tissue

We investigated changes in ARID1A expression levels in 66 BUC and 22 normal urothelium samples from patients with BUC by IHC. ARID1A expression was significantly downregulated in BUC tissues (n = 66) compared with normal tissues (n = 22) (P = 0.002) (Figure 1a). ARID1A staining in BUC and normal tissues is shown in Figure 1b. This result suggested that ARID1A may act as a tumor suppressor in the development of BUC.

Figure 1.

ARID1A expression in bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) tissues and normal tissues. (a) ARID1A expression was decreased in 66 BUC tissue samples compared with 22 normal tissue samples. P-values were calculated by unpaired Student’s t-tests. (b) Representative immunohistochemical staining of ARID1A in tumor and normal tissues. IHC, immunohistochemistry.

Association of ARID1A expression with clinicopathological features in patients with BUC

We analyzed the relationships between ARID1A expression levels and various clinicopathological characteristics in 66 patients undergoing radical cystectomy for BUC. Patients were divided into high-ARID1A expression (n = 35) and low-ARID1A expression groups (n = 31), according to the cutoff value for immunoreactivity score (H score). Representative high and low staining patterns of ARID1A in BUC tissues are presented in Figure 2. The coefficients of correlation between ARID1A expression and clinicopathological characteristics are listed in Table 1. ARID1A expression was significantly associated with T stage (P = 0.03) and AJCC stage (P = 0.043) in patients with BC (Table 1). These results suggested that ARID1A could serve as a histological screening and diagnostic biomarker.

Figure 2.

ARID1A expression in bladder urothelial carcinoma tissues. Representative immunohistochemistry staining of ARID1A in low-expression (upper panel) and high-expression groups (lower panel). ARID1A-positive staining was predominantly located in the nucleus.

High expression of ARID1A was associated with OS and CSS, and was an independent indicator of better OS in patients with BUC

The relationships of ARID1A expression with OS and CSS in the 66 BUC patients were revealed by Kaplan–Meier analysis. Patients with high ARID1A expression had significantly better OS (log-rank test = 4.038, P = 0.0445) (Figure 3a) and CSS (log-rank test = 5.113, P = 0.0237) (Figure 3b) compared with patients with low ARID1A expression. Univariate analysis and multivariate Cox analysis of clinicopathological characteristics and ARID1A expression were used to identify independent prognostic factors for OS in BUC patients. The results of univariate analysis are shown in Table 2. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was subsequently performed involving all variables to identify independent prognostic factors. ARID1A expression (HR = 0.454, 95%CI: 0.224–0.920, P = 0.029) and lymph node status (HR = 2.996, 95% CI: 1.422-6.313, P = 0.004) were both identified as independent prognostic factors for OS (Table 2).

Figure 3.

Overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) in patients with urothelial bladder carcinoma based on ARID1A expression. Kaplan–Meier analysis of OS (a) and CSS (b). P-values were calculated using the log-rank (Mantel–Cox) test.

Table 2.

Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses of overall survival.

	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	B	P-value	HR (95% CI)	B	P-value	HR (95% CI)
ARID1A	−0.554	0.145	0.575 (0.273–1.210)	−0.789	0.029	0.454 (0.224–0.920)
Sex	−0.652	0.210	0.521 (0.188–1.443)
Age	0.027	0.194	1.028 (0.986–1.071)
Tumor grade	−0.079	0.887	0.924 (0.341–2.508)
Tumor volume	−0.027	0.78	0.973 (0.944–1.003)
T stage	1.198	0.123	3.313 (0.724–15.158)
Lymph node stage	1.738	0.004	5.684 (1.753–18.429)	1.097	0.004	2.996 (1.422–6.313)
AJCC stage	−0.483	0.589	0.617 (0.107–3.555)
Adjuvant chemotherapy	−1.195	0.067	0.303 (0.084–1.088)

B, regression coefficient; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Silencing of ARID1A enhanced the proliferation and migration of BC cells

We analyzed the functional role of ARID1A by silencing its expression in T24 BC cells using siRNA. Western blot analysis confirmed that ARID1A was silenced (Figure 4a). CCK8 assay revealed that downregulation of ARID1A enhanced the proliferation of T24 cells compared with controls (Figure 4b). Loss of ARID1A also significantly promoted the migration of T24 cells, as determined by Transwell assay (Figure 4c).

Figure 4.

Silencing of ARID1A enhanced the proliferation and migration of bladder cancer (BC) cells. (a) ARID1A expression was reduced in cells transfected with ARID1A siRNA. (b) Silencing of ARID1A promoted the proliferation of BC T24 cells determined by CCK-8 assay (c) and promoted the migration of T24 BC cells determined by Transwell assay. **P<0.01. NC, negative control.

Discussion

Proteins involved in chromatin remodeling modifications have been indicated to be effective tumor suppressors inactivated in many cancers.^7–11 A variety of human cancers contain ARID1A mutations.^6,9,11 However, the biological functions and molecular mechanism of ARID1A in BC remain to be elucidated. The identification of cancer susceptibility associated with ARID1A deficiency provides multiple opportunities for cancer treatment, and a combination of different strategies might be an effective, if costly, clinical option.

p53 is involved in the regulation of a wide range of tumors. ARID1A mutations were related to a poor prognosis in TP53 wild-type tumors, suggesting that p53 and ARID1A functioned synergistically.^20,21 Furthermore, ARID1A has been shown to regulate the expression of c-Myc by antagonizing Myc activity and promoting cell differentiation by binding to its target promoters.²² ARID1A mutations have been detected in numerous cancers, suggesting that these mutations could be exploited to identify a potential common vulnerability of human cancers. The lethality of ARID1A deficiency has been used in strategies targeting PI3K/Akt signaling.^23–25 However, these strategies have only been evaluated in ovarian cancer cells, and there is thus an urgent need to identify or verify such strategies in different types of cancers, including BC.

We evaluated ARID1A expression in BUC tissue specimens and assessed its correlation with patients’ clinical characteristics and prognosis. ARID1A expression was significantly lower in BUC compared with normal tissues, and was significantly associated with both T and AJCC stages. These results suggest that ARID1A might play an important role during tumor suppression and tumor progression of BC. Furthermore, upregulation of ARID1A was associated with a better prognosis in patients with BC, and ARID1A expression level and lymph node stage were revealed as independent prognostic factors for OS in BUC patients.

ARID1A participates in cell-cycle arrest and interacts with p53,²⁶ BRG1/BRM (the main catalytic subunits with ATPase activity in the BAF complex, which is in turn a component of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex),¹⁶ and topoisomerase IIα²⁷ to regulate tumor oncogenesis and development. Previous studies showed that ARID1A expression levels were significantly associated with prognosis in patients with tumors including lung,¹³ gastric,^15,28 and breast cancer,²⁹ with high ARID1A expression usually indicating a relatively better prognosis. This was confirmed by the current results for BC. Overall, these results suggest that ARID1A acts as a tumor suppressor with an important role in tumor prognosis, and may thus be a useful indicator of prognosis in patients with bladder tumors.

Silencing ARID1A enhanced the proliferation and migration of BC cells, indicating that ARID1A may be a potential molecular therapeutic target. ARID1A deficiency was previously shown to promote the proliferation, growth, and nutrient consumption of gastric cancer cells, accompanied by activation of PI3K/Akt signaling.¹⁵ ARID1A silencing also upregulated the phosphorylation of Akt and p70S6K in endometrial cancer and glioma.^23,30 However, the direct targets of ARID1A in the PI3K/Akt pathway remain unknown, and global changes in phosphorylation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in BUC cells remains to be elucidated. Further studies are also required to determine the mechanisms by which ARID1A mediates tumor progression, and how it modulates other tumor suppressors or cell factors, thus laying the foundations for effective BC therapies. Additional in vivo experiments are also needed to verify the biological function of ARID1A.

This study had some limitations, including its single-center, retrospective design and relatively small sample size. Further prospective cohort studies or clinical trials are therefore needed to confirm our results.

Conclusions

The current analysis suggests that ARID1A is involved in the tumorigenesis and malignancy of BC, and may thus serve as an independent diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarker in patients with BC.

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

ORCID iDs

Haibo Shen

Jun Qi

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ARID1A upregulation predicts better survival in patients with urothelial bladder carcinoma

Abstract

Objective

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Keywords

Introduction

Materials and methods

Patient cohort

ARID1A IHC and scoring system

Proliferation assay

Cell migration assay

Statistical analysis

Results

Patients

ARID1A was significantly downregulated in BC tissue

Association of ARID1A expression with clinicopathological features in patients with BUC

High expression of ARID1A was associated with OS and CSS, and was an independent indicator of better OS in patients with BUC

Silencing of ARID1A enhanced the proliferation and migration of BC cells

Discussion

Conclusions

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interest

Funding

ORCID iDs

References